41. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence 2000, Tornado and Hurricane suppression, Microwaves and Tornadoes,sonoluminescence 2002, sonoluminescence 2003, Prior Publications, http://www.geocities.com/sonoluminescence2000/

Sonoluminescence 2000 Sonoluminescence (SL) is the ultraviolet and visible light observed from the collapse of bubbles containing atmospheric air during the ultrasonic cavitation of water, although bubble collapse without ultrasound also produces SL light. SL from bubble collapse is related to the dissociation of water molecule during bubble nucleation. Bubble related applications include: sonochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, lightning, the Lenard effect and waterfall electricity, thundercloud electrification, Sprites, St. Elmo's fire, ball lightning, tornado warning devices, and weather modification to reduce the intensity of tornadoes and hurricanes. SL is proposed caused by the cavity QED induced frequency up-conversion of IR radiation to the VUV. During bubble nucleation, surface tension forms a spherical liquid particle leaving an annular gap with the expanding bubble wall,the annular gap resonant at far VUV frequencies. At ambient temperature, the thermal kT energy of atoms and molecules is emitted at mid to far IR frequencies while bubbles having highly absorptive (or reflective) liquid surfaces suffice as high quality QED cavities having resonant frequencies in the near IR. Thus,the mid to far IR radiation from the particle is suppressed by the near IR resonant frequency of the bubble. The suppression of IR radiation might be conserved by the lowering of the particle temperature to absolute zero. But this does not occur as cooling of the particle takes time, and therefore EM energy cannot be conserved.

42. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries alternative.energy The Solutions, Now sonoluminescence Energy. What issonoluminescence? sonoluminescence can also be used to create fusion. http://library.thinkquest.org/26366/text/alternative/sl.html

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, alternative.energy , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to alternative.energy click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... alternative.energy click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1999 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption Alternative.energy is an interactive forum where students and teachers can come to learn about alternative energies. Energies of the present are becoming endangered and may no longer be able to provide us with the one thing we rely on so heavily, electricity. With new and improved technologies, energy production is becoming more efficient and environmentally friendly. The purpose of this site is to present these alternatives to students and teachers, and evaluate them on various criteria. This site has also been developed to allow the audience to take part in the search for the "best" energy source. A forum has been put into place so that students can give their opinions. Also there has been an interactive quiz designed to encourage the learning of these alternatives. "Bad Acid", a cartoon character, has been added to the site to provide interactive and entertaining tours of the web site and its content. These tours equal twenty minutes of animated learning.

43. Summary Of Sonochemistry And Sonoluminescence, Suslick Research Group Chemistry Instead, sonochemistry and sonoluminescence arises from acoustic cavitationthe formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/suslick/execsummsono.html

Overview Outline of Research Projects Introduction to Sonochemistry ... Chem 315: Inorganic Chemistry EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND Kenneth S. Suslick The research team led by Professor Suslick has pioneered the exploration of ultrasound as a tool for chemists. He has developed new applications of sonochemistry in organometallic, inorganic, materials, and biological chemistry. His research at the UIUC has developed new approaches to amorphous and nanostructured materials, has shown great promise for the activation of heterogeneous catalysts, and has created a whole new class of medically important biomaterials. For a listing of commercially available sonochemical equipment, click here. Background — The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Instead, sonochemistry and sonoluminescence arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. Cavitational collapse produces intense K/sec). Acoustic cavitation provides a unique interaction of energy and matter, and ultrasonic irradiation of liquids causes high energy chemical reactions to occur, often accompanied by the emission of light [1].

44. KLUWER Academic Publishers | Sonochemistry And Sonoluminescence Books » Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence. Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence.Add to cart. A section on single bubble sonoluminescence follows. http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-5549-0

Title Authors Affiliation ISBN ISSN advanced search search tips Books Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence Add to cart Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Leavenworth, WAshington, USA, 18-29 August 1997 edited by Lawrence A. Crum Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Timothy J. Mason School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Coventry University, UK Jacques L. Reisse Kenneth S. Suslick School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Book Series: NATO SCIENCE SERIES: C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences (continued within NATO SCIENCE SERIES II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Volume 524 Sonochemistry is studied primarily by chemists and sonoluminescence mainly by physicists, but a single physical phenomenon - acoustic cavitation - unites the two areas. The physics of cavitation bubble collapse, is relatively well understood by acoustical physicists but remains practically unknown to the chemists. By contrast, the chemistry that gives rise to electromagnetic emissions and the acceleration of chemical reactions is familiar to chemists, but practically unknown to acoustical physicists. It is just this knowledge gap that the present volume addresses. The first section of the book addresses the fundamentals of cavitation, leading to a more extensive discussion of the fundamentals of cavitation bubble dynamics in section two. A section on single bubble sonoluminescence follows. The two following sections address the new scientific discipline of sonochemistry, and the volume concludes with a section giving detailed descriptions of the applications of sonochemistry.

45. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence. (SE Jones). When a liquid is ultrasonically agitated, voidsform in the liquid and collapse emitting visible light, sonoluminescence. http://physics1.byu.edu/atomic/sonoluminescence.htm

Sonoluminescence (S. E. Jones) When a liquid is ultrasonically agitated, voids form in the liquid and collapse emitting visible light, sonoluminescence. During cavitation extremely high temperatures and pressures are possible in the collapsing bubbles. (Predicted temperatures are greater than 10 K .) At temperatures greater than 10 K in deuterium gas, measurable levels of tunneling fusion occur. We are studying the range and structure of the spectra produced by sonoluminescing bubbles in order to gain better insight into the actual temperatures and pressures achieved during cavitation. We are also using neutron production rates to investigate the possibility that cavitation can be used to produce inertial confinement fusion. Links: Department Home Page BYU Home Page Atomic Physics Home Page Last modified 12 July 2001 by S. D. Bergeson

46. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence. sonoluminescence (SL) is the mysterious and fascinatingphenomenon of the ultrashort flashes of light emitted during http://www.sunysb.edu/metcalf/sonoluminescence.htm

Sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence (SL) is the mysterious and fascinating phenomenon of the ultrashort flashes of light emitted during the catastrophic collapse of a gas bubble caused by an acoustic wave. In some sense, it's the conversion of sound into light. Although the phenomenon was observed as far back as 60 years ago [1], it wasn't until 1990 that it was produced in a single isolated bubble [2], and 1991 that serious studies of it first appeared in the literature [3]. Now Hiller et al. have carried out a precise and careful measurement of the temporal properties of this luminescence [4], further narrowing the range of models to explain the phenomenon. or O J and the spectral density is consistent with a black-body spectrum near 10 [1] H. Frenzel and H. Schultes, Z. Phys. Chem., [2] D. Gaitan and L. Crum, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., [3] B. Barber and S. Putterman, Nature, [4] R. Hiller, S. Putterman, and S. Weninger, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.

47. The Duration Of Sonoluminescence (sl) Pulses The duration of sonoluminescence (sl) pulses. THE DURATION OF sonoluminescence(SL) PULSES has been resolved for the first time. http://www.phys.uni.torun.pl/~jkob/physnews98/node211.html

Next: Single-layer carbon nanotubes can Up: January 20/1998 Previous: The universe will expand The duration of sonoluminescence (sl) pulses Next: Single-layer carbon nanotubes can Up: January 20/1998 Previous: The universe will expand Jacek Kobus

48. Cryogenic Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence in Cryogenic Liquids Another line of research is a search forthe phenomenon of sonoluminescence in cryogenic liquids, such as alcohols http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~gaw/sono.html

Sonoluminescence in Cryogenic Liquids Another line of research is a search for the phenomenon of sonoluminescence in cryogenic liquids, such as alcohols, liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen. The emission of ultrashort light pulses (less than 100 ps in length) from small gas bubbles in water has been extensively studied, but the details of the light-emitting mechanism are still not known. A problem with water is that it completely absorbs the light emitted in the ultraviolet, which is where the sonoluminescence intensity is the highest. The cryogenic liquids absorb considerably less in the ultraviolet, and could allow this region of the spectrum to be studied in much greater detail. Initial experiments were undertaken to see if sonoluminescence could be observed in these liquids. We were able to trap bubbles in alcohol at temperatures down to -150 F, where the intensity of the sonoluminescence increased by a factor of more than 100 from its value at room temperature. At the lowest temperatures we discovered that hemispherical bubbles could be stably trapped on solid surfaces in the cell, and that they could still emit

49. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence In 1996 I chose Single Bubble sonoluminescence for my senior honorsthesis topic. The word sonoluminescence simply means light from sound. http://www.sciencemeetsart.com/wade/Projects/Sonoluminescence/

H O M E R E S U M E P R O J E C T S I N T E R E S T S S O N O L U M I N E S C E N C E In 1996 I chose Single Bubble Sonoluminescence for my senior honors thesis topic. The word "sonoluminescence" simply means light from sound. It turns out that if you trap an air bubble in a resonating chamber with a standing sound wave at just the right frequency, it will give off short bursts of light at extremely regular intervals. As far as I know, there is no universal agreement about how this happens, but there are several theories. The thesis is unique and potentially valuable in several ways. First, there are no books on sonoluminescence, so it is difficult to find a source that compiles and organizes the work that has been done up until now. My thesis outlines most of the experimental observations and covers the theories devised to explain them. Second, it details the setup and operation of a simple SBSL device. Third, it presents new results concerning the relationship between SBSL intensity and surface tension. I used to have several links to relevant SBSL research from my web site. However, since the half life of any given web site seems to be much shorter than my update frequency, I've decided to forgo any links for now. Instead, I'd recommend taking a look at my thesis or giving

50. Sonoluminescence of course without the electrical resonance overlaying the acoustic I can't expectto see any sonoluminescence; there were several frequencies at which the http://akbar.marlboro.edu/~johna/sonolum/note.html

Lab Notes These are the notes from my cumulative laboratory notebook/journal from 9/01/98 till present. There are two possible experiments I can try when I finally duplicate the phenomenon. 1. use mie scattering technique to get bubble radius with respect to time 2. show that optical pulse widths and spectra are sensitive to max. bubble radius 3. analyze spectrum of SL suggesting Ar bubble explaining why SL in noble gasses is more intense then in diatomic gasses (two-atom molecules) 4. calculate emmisivity note : Omega Optical Inc. - Kelly Snowdon; use of spectrometer or phototubes looking for flask need a 100ml spherical (round bottom) flask about 65mm in diameter quartz has better sound quality want the least amount of energy lost to glass as possible; small neck define Q as the quality factor of the cavity E = energy stored; avgE = average power lost; = resonant frequency; avgF = width of voltage-frequency curve: Q = [2 (pi) f0 E] / avgE need to maximize Q resonant frequency f = [velocity of sound] / [2*radius] = [1500m/s] / [2*3cm] = 25kHz circuit resonance must match at 25kHz need audio amplifier a 100 watt P.A. amp would do

51. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence Overview. Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) is aphenomenon where light is emitted from a collapsing bubble of air. http://akbar.marlboro.edu/~johna/sonolum/sono3.html

Sonoluminescence Overview Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) is a phenomenon where light is emitted from a collapsing bubble of air. This bubble is acoustically levitated in degassed water and driven to oscillate, collapsing and expanding synchronously with the driving sound field. With each collapse of the bubble an ultra short pulse of light is emitted. The leading theory is that the bubble collapses at supersonic speeds (possibly mach 4), and the resulting shock wave causes a trillionfold energy concentration which heats the interior gas causing radiation. Experimentation shows the spectrum content suggests gas temperature as high as 10,000 deg. or much higher. In fact the gas becomes a partially ionized plasma and the radiation is emitted by an energy cascade from ions to electrons and finally to photons. William C. Moss et al explains this process which I will attempt to summarize, in Science (vol. 276, p.139). The shock-wave strength increases as it moves toward the bubble's center causing very high density and pressure. A two-component plasma of ions and electrons forms and they all immediately collide with each other (ions into ions and electrons into electrons). The resulting energy loss is called plasma thermal conduction, which happens at different rates whether dealing with the electrons in the plasma or the ions in the plasma. The electron conduction is most likely the dominant mechanism for energy loss (see text/equations), and it is from the electrons that the photon field gets its energy, producing the flashes. The specific mechanism for this electron/photon coupling from which the radiation emerges is called the Bremsstrahlung mechanism. Another mechanism for energy loss in this system is atomic thermal conduction, but I am unsure what this is and how any of this happens quantitatively.

52. Single-bubble Sonoluminescence Singlebubble sonoluminescence. Introduction. sonoluminescence is a wordmeaning 'light from sound'. Single-bubble sonoluminescence http://web.bham.ac.uk/mjb594/sbsl.html

Single-bubble sonoluminescence Introduction Facts and figures The light is actually emitted from the centre of an imploding bubble in the liquid. The size of the bubble starts at around 5µm, increases to (typically) 50µm then plummets in the implosion phase to around 0.5µm. A graph of the radius against time can be found in my Computing Experience section, where I calculated this theoretical radius-time curve. The animation below shows what this bubble might look like. The size of the window is around 100µm on a side (i.e. magnified approximately 500 times), and the film is slowed down from the actual speed by a factor of 100,000. The actual conditions inside this bubble towards the end of its implosion are fantastic - pressures of over 100,000 times atmospheric pressure and temperatures above 10,000°C are predicted. At its fastest point, the bubble wall may be moving at over 25,000 m.p.h. and have an acceleration of several million times that due to gravity. Because of the extreme speeds involved, some scientists think that this may launch a shock wave (like a sonic boom) towards the centre of the bubble. This shock has the effect of increasing the temperature of the contents even further, possibly even up to 100,000°C. At these temperatures, or slightly higher, it may be possible to achieve fusion, whereby atoms (such as deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen) are forced together, producing large quantities of cheap, clean energy. Thus a simple table-top apparatus may, in future, be the answer to the Earth's energy supply!

53. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence. Links to sono groups SBSL at the Eotvos University(not updated) SBSL at the University of Twente Nonlinear Physics http://www.nbi.dk/~simon/Sonopage.html

SONOLUMINESCENCE Links to sono groups: SBSL at the Eotvos University (not updated) SBSL at the University of Twente Nonlinear Physics Group in Darmstadt National Center for Physical Acoustics, U.of Mississippi Dep. of Aerospace and Mech. Engineering, Boston University ... Sonoluminescence at UCLA SBSL at the Niels Bohr Institute (coming soon..) Related links: SBSL pictures from the Eotovos University PCS-32 PC-Scope Some material properties of water Last updated: 1999.11.19.

54. SONOLUMINESCENCE Ask A Scientist. Physics Archive. sonoluminescence. Question Cananyone provide general information about sonoluminescence. I read http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy99/phy99xx6.htm

Ask A Scientist Physics Archive SONOLUMINESCENCE Back to Physics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

55. Sonoluminescence In Space At Boston University Project overview We have proposed a benchmark experiment that will probethe effects of gravity on Single Bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). http://www.bu.edu/paclab/sono/sono.html

Project overview: We have proposed a benchmark experiment that will probe the effects of gravity on Single Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). SBSL has been the topic of many exciting research efforts in the past decade, yet there still remain several critical characteristics of the phenomenon to "decipher": (1) the light emission mechanism; (2) the disappearance of the bubble at some critical acoustic pressure; and (3) the appearance of quasiperiodic and chaotic oscillations in flash timing. Gravity, in the context of time-varying buoyancy , is implicated in these unexplained phenomena which have all been observed in 1g experiments. The project will include both numerical analysis' and KC-135 Parabolic Flight Experiments Further information: Preliminary analysis: "The effects of ambient acceleration on Bubble dynamics and single bubble sonoluminescence", by Sean C. Wyatt, R. Glynn Holt, and Ronald A. Roy. Results presented at the 136th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Norfolk, VA, October 13, 1998. Project personnel: Glynn Holt Ronald Roy Charles Thomas Sean Wyatt Funding agency: NASA Acoustics in Bubbly Media Acoustic Time Reversal Lithotripsy Nonlinear Wave Propagation ... Sonoluminescence in Space

56. Sonoluminescence: Bubble Power sonoluminescence Bubble power. These flashes of light, known as 'sonoluminescence',occur as the bubble implodes, or cavitates. http://www.nature.com/nature/links/020725/020725-1.html

25 July 2002 Sonoluminescence: Bubble power (Cover photo: Ken Suslick and Ken Kolbeck) When a gas bubble in a liquid is excited by ultrasonic acoustic waves, it can emit short flashes of light suggestive of extreme temperatures inside the bubble. These flashes of light, known as 'sonoluminescence', occur as the bubble implodes, or cavitates. Now Didenko and Suslick show that chemical reactions occur during cavitation of a single, isolated bubble, and they go on to determine the yield of photons, radicals and ions formed. The energy efficiency of formation of photons, radicals and ions during single-bubble cavitation Nature First Paragraph Full Text (HTML / PDF) Sonoluminescence: Inside a micro-reactor DETLEF LOHSE Gas bubbles in a liquid can convert sound energy into light. Detailed measurements of a single bubble show that, in fact, most of the sound energy goes into chemical reactions taking place inside this 'micro-reactor'. Nature Full Text (HTML / PDF) 25 July 2002 table of contents

57. Nature Publishing Group A simple explanation of light emission in sonoluminescence Figure 3 Calculated andmeasured sonoluminescence pulse widths as a function of light intensity. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v398/n6726/full/

58. Single Bubble Sonoluminescence Fred Seeley, University of Alabama in Huntsville Physics Department Laboratory Coordinatoris performing original research in Single Bubble sonoluminescence. http://www.uah.edu/physics/seeleypg/sbsl.htm

Single Bubble Sonoluminescence Synchronous sonoluminescence in acrylic resonant chambers , Am. J. of Physics, Vol66, No.3, Mar 98, p 259-260 Additional Photographs of Apparatus Main SBSL Personal Contact ... Email

59. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence. Dustin H. Froula. Physics Department. As the nameindicates, sonoluminescence is the creation of light by sound. http://www.llnl.gov/adiv/projects/dfroula/SL.html

Sonoluminescence Dustin H. Froula Physics Department California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 September 20, 1996 FORWARD Over the summer of 1996 I began studying a phenomenon that has recently been brought into the forefront of science, after lying dormant for over sixty years. As the name indicates, sonoluminescence is the creation of light by sound. By driving acoustic waves through water cavitation bubbles are created that will emit visible light provided the proper conditions. This paper describes the history, theory, my experiments, and my methodology of sonoluminescence. I am presently investigating the relationship between water temperature and the gas concentration as they relate to bubble intensity and am planning to publish my findings in late June. History Theory Experiments Methodology ... Meeting Abstracts If you would like a hard copy of this paper email me at dfroula@trumpet.calpoly.edu

60. Sonoluminescence - Wikipedia sonoluminescence. sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts oflight from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoluminescence

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Sonoluminescence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound . The effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in as a result of work on sonar . Interest in the topic rose again when an inner temperature of such a bubble well above one million degrees Celsius was postulated, making it a possible source for nuclear fusion energy. A major breakthrough occurred when Gaitan et al. were able to produce single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL), in which a single bubble, trapped in a standing acoustic wave, emits light with each pulsation. This development allowed the systematic study of the phenomena, because it allowed the isolation of the effects of just one bubble, rather than the complex environment of many bubbles. Here are some facts about sonoluminescence: The light flashes from the bubbles are extremely short - less than 12 picoseconds long.

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