21. Aiken Biography of howard aiken (19001973) howard aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html

Howard Hathaway Aiken Born: 9 March 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA Died: 14 March 1973 in St Louis, Missouri, USA Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. While he was a graduate student and an instructor in the Department of Physics at Harvard Aiken began to make plans to build a large computer. These plans were made for a very specific purpose, for Aiken's research had led to a system of differential equations which had no exact solution and which could only be solved using numerical techniques. However, the amount of hand calculation involved would have been almost prohibitive, so Aiken's idea was to use an adaptation of the punched card machines which had been developed by Hollerith Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine. He listed four main points [2]:- ... whereas accounting machines handle only positive numbers, scientific machines must be able to handle negative ones as well; that scientific machines must be able to handle such functions as logarithms, sines, cosines and a whole lot of other functions; the computer would be most useful for scientists if, once it was set in motion, it would work through the problem frequently for numerous numerical values without intervention until the calculation was finished; and that the machine should compute lines instead of columns, which is more in keeping with the sequence of mathematical events.

22. Kzoo.edu/~k98hj01/aiken.html Similar pages howard aiken Translate this page howard aiken (1900 - 1973). howard Hathaway aiken nació el 9 de Marzo de1900 en Hoboken (NJ, EE.UU) y falleció el 14 de Marzo de 1973 en St. http://kzoo.edu/~k98hj01/aiken.html

23. Aiken, Howard Hathaway aiken, howard Hathaway. March 9, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey March14,1973 in St Louis, Missouri. Mathematician. Contents. Claim to Fame. http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/hall_of_fame/aiken.htm

Aiken, Howard Hathaway March 9, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey - March 14,1973 in St Louis, Missouri Contents Claim to Fame Research/Career Highlights Trivia Bibliography Claim to Fame The inventor of the world's largest digital calculator was Howard Aiken, whose automatic sequence-controlled calculator carried out any selected sequence of the five fundamental arithmetical operations (addition, subtracti on, multiplication, division, and reference to previously computed results) without further human direction. A professor of applied mathematics at Harvard University , Aiken was also head of its computation laboratory. Back to top Research/Career Highlights Howard Hathaway Aiken, the son of Daniel and Margaret Emily Aiken, was born at the turn of the century, on March 8, 1900, in Hoboken, New Jersey . However, he was reared in Indianapolis, Indiana , where he attended the Arsenal Technical High School. After his graduation in 1919, Aiken attended the University of Wisconsin , where he majored and did outside work in electrical engineering - in con junction with his studies, he held a job as operating engineer at the Madison (Wisconsin) Gas and Electric Company from 1919 to 1923. Aiken received his B.S. in electrical engineering from the university in 1923. The next position the young engineer held was with the Westinghouse Electric Manufacturing Company , which predated his postgraduate studies at Harvard . It was at this university that he received his M.A. (1937) and Ph.D. (19379) degrees in physics. Aiken remained at

24. Howard Aiken NAME aiken, howard Hathaway. DATES 19001973. ADDRESS E-MAIL He founded howardaiken Industries Inc., a New York consulting firm. AWARDS OFFICES http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/ISP/aiken.htm

NAME: Aiken, Howard Hathaway DATES: ADDRESS: E-MAIL: WORKED AT: Harvard; Computation Laboratory; Miami University OTHER INFORMATION: Aiken worked at: Madison Gas 1923-28; General engineer, Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company 1928-31; Line Material Company 1931-32; Harvard University Master's degree in physics 1937 and doctorate in physics 1939. He wanted to created an automatic calculating machine which could handle most mathematical functions. He began research on large-scale calculating machine with IBM in 1939. At Harvard University he was: Faculty instructor 1939-41; Associate Professor 1941-46; Professor 1946. He was Director of Computation Laboratory from 1947-1961. He was a Professor of Information Technology at Miami University 1961-1973. He completed the Mark I in 1944. The Mark I was different from Bush's differential analyzer, because it could solve almost all mathematical problems. (Bush's machine only solved differential equations.) Mark I was important, since it was available to people outside of the government. Mark I was electromechanical rather than electronic.

25. Encyclopædia Britannica aiken, howard Hathaway Encyclopædia Britannica Article. To cite this page MLA style aiken, howard Hathaway. 2003 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=4231

26. Aiken, Howard aiken, howard (1900 ). (Hathaway) US mathematician and computer pioneer.In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM, he started http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/A/Aiken/1.html

Aiken, Howard (Hathaway) US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM, he started work on the design of an automatic calculator using standard business-machine components. In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards. Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, and studied engineering at the University of Wisconsin. His early research at Harvard in the 1930s was sponsored by the Navy Board of Ordnance and in 1939 he and three IBM engineers were placed under contract to develop a machine to produce mathematical tables and to assist the ballistics and gunnery divisions of the military. The Harvard Mark I was principally a mechanical device, although it had a few electronic features; it was 15 m/49 ft long and 2.5 m/8 ft high, and weighed more than 30 to nes. Addition took 0.3 sec, multiplication 4 sec. It was able to manipulate numbers of up to 23 decimal places and to store 72 of them. The Mark II, completed 1947, was a fully electronic machine, requiring only 0.2 sec for addition and 0.7 sec for multiplication. It could store 100 ten-digit figures and their signs.

27. Dictionary Of Computers, Multi-Media And The Internet - Aiken, Howard Hathaway COMPUTERS. aiken, howard Hathaway (1900–1973). US mathematicianand computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/computers/data/m0017360.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Email ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.DICTIONARIES") REFERENCE DICTIONARIES Animals Computers Difficult Words English ... Plants TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us INDEX: A B C D ... Z COMPUTERS US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM , he started work on the design of an automatic calculator using standard business-machine components. In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, and studied engineering at the University of Wisconsin. His early research at Harvard in the 1930s was sponsored by the Navy Board of Ordnance and in 1939 he and three IBM engineers were placed under contract to develop a machine to produce mathematical tables and to assist the ballistics and gunnery divisions of the military. The Harvard Mark I was principally a mechanical device, although it had a few electronic features; it was 15 m/49 ft long and 2.5 m/8 ft high, and weighed more than 30 tonnes. Addition took 0.3 sec, multiplication 4 sec. It was able to manipulate numbers of up to 23 decimal places and to store 72 of them. The Mark II, completed 1947, was a fully electronic machine, requiring only 0.2 sec for addition and 0.7 sec for multiplication. It could store 100 ten-digit figures and their signs.

28. Aiken, Howard Hathaway Y, Z. Or search the encyclopaedia HUTCHINSON ENCYCLOPEDIA. aiken,howard Hathaway. US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0017360.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Email ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.HOME") REFERENCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Country Facts On This Day ... Wildlife TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: HUTCHINSON ENCYCLOPEDIA Aiken, Howard Hathaway US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM, he started work on the design of an automatic calculator using standard business-machine components. In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards. PAGE TOOL BOX Send to a friend Print now Related articles Related offers makeButtonNoSize("REFERENCE.HOME","R2") SITE MAP SERVICE STATUS HELP CONTACT US refreshads("REFERENCE.HOME",1); //refresh ads servePixl("REFERENCE.HOME"); //accipter 1x1 pixel

29. NetLibrary - EBook Summary ISBN 0262032627 eBook ISBN 0585077991 Subject aiken, howard H.(howardHathaway),19001973. Computer engineersUnited StatesBiography. http://www.netlibrary.com/SUMMARY.ASP?ID=9344

30. NetLibrary - EBook Summary ISBN 0262032635 eBook ISBN 0585130434 Subject aiken, howard H.(howardHathaway),19001973. Computer engineersUnited StatesBiography. http://www.netlibrary.com/SUMMARY.ASP?ID=9255

31. Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC) 1939 AD to 1944 AD howard aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC). Clickhere to visit GottaGlow. Many I. howard aiken Copyright (c) 1997. http://www.maxmon.com/1939ad.htm

1939 AD to 1944 AD Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC) Many consider that the modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer, which was developed between 1939 and 1944 (see also Konrad Zuse and his Z3 computer This device, the brainchild of a Harvard graduate, Howard H. Aiken, was officially known as the IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC), but is more commonly referred to as the Harvard Mark I. Howard Aiken a The Mark I was constructed out of switches, relays , rotating shafts, and clutches, and was described as sounding like a "roomful of ladies knitting." The machine contained more than 750,000 components, was 50 feet long, 8 feet tall, and weighed approximately 5 tons! a IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC) (Courtesy of IBM) Although the Mark I is considered to be the first digital computer, its architecture was significantly different from modern machines. The device consisted of many calculators which worked on parts of the same problem under the guidance of a single control unit. Instructions were read in on paper tape, data was provided on punched cards, and the device could only perform operations in the sequence in which they were received. a This machine was based on numbers that were 23 digits wide it could add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second, multiply them in four seconds, and divide them in ten seconds.

32. Howard Aiken And Grace Hopper - Inventors Of The Mark I Computer The Harvard MARK I Computer howard aiken and Grace Hopper. howard aiken andGrace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa052198.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Inventors Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Inventors with Mary Bellis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS 20th Century Inventions History of Computers/Internet A to Z Inventions ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Inventors of the Modern Computer The Harvard MARK I Computer - Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper Harvard Mark 1 Computer Grace Hopper Howard Aiken Inventors of the Modern Computer Series Table of Contents Next Chapter ENTER More on Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken Complete Biography of Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken By Mary Bellis Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a giant roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results. It had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By today's standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring 3-5 seconds for a multiplication operation.

33. Howard Aiken And Grace Hopper howard aiken and Grace Hopper computer inventors with the Mark computer series. howardaiken and Grace Hopper The Inventors of the Harvard MARK 1 Computer http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaiken_hopper.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Inventors Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Inventors with Mary Bellis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS 20th Century Inventions History of Computers/Internet A to Z Inventions ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper The inventors of the Harvard MARK 1 Computer were Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken. Harvard Mark 1 Computer Featured Story Howard Aiken with the assistance of Grace Hopper, designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Looking Back: Grace Murray Hopper's Younger Years Remembering Grace Murray Hopper A Legend in Her Own Time Related Innovations Computers Women Inventors By Mary Bellis Grace Hopper - Biography Grace Hopper (1906-1992) was one of the first programmers to transform large digital computers from oversized calculators into relatively intelligent machines capable of understanding "human" instructions. Hopper invented the first computer "compiler" in 1952. A compiler is software that makes other computer software called programming languages easier to write. Computer programmers had been required to write programming instructions in binary code, a series of 0's and 1's. Grace Hopper's compiler allowed programmers to use more human sounding language commands to replace repetitive commands.

34. FRANK DAHLHAUS COLLECTION: INDEX MAGAZINE, 9/1/75) 2 21 AGGARWAL, YASH SIGNATURE (TIME MAGAZINE COVER, 9/1/75)1 22 aiken, howard - ARTICLE ABOUT (TIME MAGAZINE, 1/23/50) 2 1 aiken, howard http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/index/i124}1.htm

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS HOME PAGE GO TO COLLECTION DETAIL GO TO FOLDER LIST GO TO BOTTOM OF SEGMENT INDEX TO FRANK DAHLHAUS COLLECTION AGGARWAL, YASH - ARTICLE ABOUT (TIME MAGAZINE, 9/1/75) 2 21 AGGARWAL, YASH - SIGNATURE (TIME MAGAZINE COVER, 9/1/75) 1 22 AIKEN, HOWARD - ARTICLE ABOUT (TIME MAGAZINE, 1/23/50) 2 1 AIKEN, HOWARD - BIOGRAPHICAL INFO. 2 1 ... SPECIAL COLLECTIONS HOME PAGE

35. Aphorisms Galore! -- Authors: Howard Aiken howard aiken. Showing Results 1 through 1 of 1, Sorted Randomly. Resultsper Page 10 Sort Results Randomly. http://www.ag.wastholm.net/author/Howard_Aiken

It's 04:48 GMT. You are not logged in. [Log In] [Sign Up] Howard Aiken Showing Results 1 through 1 of 1, Sorted Randomly Results per Page: Sort Results: Randomly by Modification Date Search for: Aphorisms Authors Forum Messages Items in Shopping Web Pages Discuss this Author Advertisement Don't worry about people stealing your ideas. If your ideas are any good, you'll have to ram them down people's throats. [Select] Category: Success and Failure Showing Results 1 through 1 of 1, Sorted Randomly Results per Page: Sort Results: Randomly by Modification Date Search for: Aphorisms Authors Forum Messages Items in Shopping Web Pages Discuss this Author Wastholm Media Contact: Feedback discussion forum webmaster@aphorismsgalore.com more addresses

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It's 04:49 GMT. You are not logged in. [Log In] [Sign Up] Don't worry about people stealing your ideas. If your ideas are any good, you'll have to ram them down people's throats. Howard Aiken Category: Success and Failure Related Links Success and Failure 377 more aphorisms in this category. Shopping: Most Popular Titles The Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce The College Blue Book A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare 63 more aphorism-related titles and other products in the Shopping section. Forums: Recent Messages Re: Disraeli info request , by Jenny Easy Way Out , by J. D. Can't Kill Them , by J. D. Go to the forum for this aphorism or this author Wastholm Media Contact: Feedback discussion forum webmaster@aphorismsgalore.com more addresses

37. Quotation Playground back to letter A. search within aiken, howard.Total Quotes 3 aiken, howard Categories http://quotesland.com/view.php?do=view&author_id=2559

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40. Howard H. Aiken History of Computing. howard Hathaway aiken. The work of howard aiken is characterizedby some basic rules he applied Always use proven technology. http://www.digidome.nl/howard_h__aiken.htm

basic Altair Konrad Zuse Alan Turing John Vincent Atanasoff History of Computing Howard Hathaway Aiken Howard Hathaway Aiken was born on March 9 1900 in Hoboken , New Jersey, USA, the same year German inventor Konrad Zuse was born in Berlin. Aiken started his studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, but in 1939 he got his Ph.D. in Physics from Harvard. Babbage As early as 1936, he still was a student and worked as an instructor, Aiken started making plans for a calculating device that had to be able to give answers to problems he ran into when developing a system of differential equations. He needed those when working on space charge conduction in vacuum tubes. So, he proposed the construction of a large calculating device. As a result of discussions, it appeared that "something similar" had been tucked away in the Science Attic. This "something similar" proved to be a remnant of Babbage’s unfinished Differential Engine, just over a 100 years old at the time. Charles Babbage This discovery of Babbage’s brass wheels proved to be a turning point in the development of Aiken. Later, he got several books by Babbage, given to him by Babbage’s grandson. There, Aiken found what he had been thinking himself all the time. Now he was certain that the construction he had in mind was the right one.

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