41. Astrologia: Astrologiczna Witryna Tuty - Czytelnia-Poczet Astrologów 90 r. ne po 161 r.). Antiochus z Aten (ii/ii w. ne). Maternus Firmicus JuliuszMlodszy (348 r. ne - ?). Hephaestio Thebanus (380 - ?). aryabhata (476 - ok. 550). http://www.damar.home.pl/Astrologia/Czytelnia/poczet.htm

Poczet astrologów Prezentujemy tu, w kolejno¶ci mo¿liwie chronologicznej, osoby, które wnios³y znacz±cy wk³ad w rozwój królewskiej dziedziny wiedzy, jak± jest astrologia. I oczywi¶cie jak zwykle zapraszamy do wspó³redagowania tego dzia³u. Manilius Marek (I w. p.n.e. - I w. n.e.) Dorotheus Sidonius (I w. n.e) Ptolomeusz Klaudiusz (ok. 90 r. n.e. - po 161 r.) Antiochus z Aten (II/II w. n.e.) Maternus Firmicus Juliusz M³odszy (348 r. n.e. - ?) Hephaestio Thebanus Aryabhata (476 - ok. 550) Boecjusz Seweryn (ok. 480 - 524) Olimpiodor (VI w. ne.) Retorius z Egiptu (1 po³. VII w. n.e.) Bhãskara I (1 po³. VII w. n.e.) Al-Fazari (? - ok. 777) An-Naubacht (? - ok. 777) Theophilus Edessenus (ok. 695 - 785) D¿abir ibn Hajjan (ok.721-803) Maszallach (740 - ok. 815) Al-Asni (? - ok. 815) Al-Fadl Ibn Naubacht Abu Sahl (? - ok. 815) At-Tabari Umar (? - ok. 815) As-Sarahsi Jahja Ibn Abi Mansur AL-Haijat Ali-Kaijar Al-Hasan Ibn Sahil Ibn Naubacht ( IX w.) Ibn-Abbah (VIII i 1-sza po³. IX w.) Kanaka - (VIII w. - IX w.) Ibn Simwajh al Jahudi ( Ibn Sajmuja) (IX w.)

42. Re: [HM] Indian Astronomy And Mathematics By Kim Plofker part summarized the teachings of aryabhatasiddhanta without making any alteration,modification or addition (except one or two rules). Part ii set forth http://mathforum.org/epigone/historia_matematica/pawesming/v04011702b4c2b8c6bac5

Re: [HM] Indian astronomy and mathematics by Kim Plofker reply to this message post a message on a new topic Back to messages on this topic Back to Historia-Matematica Discussion Group Subject: Re: [HM] Indian astronomy and mathematics Author: Kim_Plofker@Brown.edu Date: The Math Forum

43. 19752 Type Atmosphere. Spacecraft aryabhata. Perigee 398 km. LV ConfigurationTitan 3C s/n 23C7. FAILURE Partial Failure. DSCS ii-05 Program DSCS. http://www.friends-partners.ru/partners/mwade/chrono/19752.htm

Encyclopedia Astronautica Home Chronology - 1975 - Quarter 2 Previous Quarter Next Quarter 01 April 1975 12:28 GMT. Nation : USSR. Launch Site Plesetsk Launch Vehicle Vostok 8A92M Meteor 1-21 Payload : Meteor M no. 21. Mass : 3,800 kg. Class: Earth Type : Weather. Spacecraft: Meteor M Perigee : 852 km. Apogee : 883 km. Inclination : 81.2 deg. Period : 102.3 min. COSPAR Summary : Acquisition of meteorological information needed for use by the weather service. . References: 02 April 1975 11:02 GMT. Nation : USSR. Launch Site Baikonur Launch Complex Launch Vehicle Tsyklon 2 Cosmos 723 Program: RORSAT Payload : US-A no. 10. Mass : 3,800 kg. Class: Surveillance Type : Naval Radarsat. Spacecraft: US-A Perigee : 899 km. Apogee : 961 km. Inclination : 64.7 deg. Period : 103.6 min. COSPAR Summary : Ocean surveillance; nuclear powered. References: 05 April 1975 11:02 GMT. Nation : USSR. Launch Site Baikonur Launch Vehicle Soyuz 11A511 LV Configuration : Soyuz 11A511. FAILURE : During second-third stage seperation third stage failed to separate from second stage but still ignited. Soyuz 18A Program: Salyut Payload : Soyuz 7K-T s/n 39.

44. Dream 2047-Article the immortal works of this period were Aryabhatia (by aryabhata I), Brahmasphutasiddhanta(by Brahmagupta) and Siddhanta-Shiromani (by Bhaskara ii). http://www.vigyanprasar.com/dream/august99/AUGUSTArticle2.htm

Mahamahopadhyaya Samanta Chandra Sekhara Harichandan Mohapatra 100 Years of Siddhanta-Darpana -Subodh Mahanti Leading astronomers of this period were Aryabhata I (born A.D. 476), Varahamihira (6th century A.D.), Bhaskara I (born c. A.D. 600), Brahmagupta (born c. A.D. 598), and Bhaskara II (born A.D. 1114). Besides the compilation work of Varahamihira, the immortal works of this period were Aryabhatia (by Aryabhata I), Brahmasphuta-siddhanta (by Brahmagupta) and Siddhanta-Shiromani (by Bhaskara II). with the help of commentaries. By the age of 15 he mastered the rules for calculating the ephemerides (tables showing the positions of heavenly bodies at regular intervals in time) of the planets. While calculating the positions of the planets he found that neither the stars appeared on the horizon at the right moment nor could the planets be seen in the right places. He began to observe and calculate the movement of heavenly bodies night after night. At the age of 23 he began to note down systematically the results of his observations. The journal Knowledge which reviewed the book in 1899 wrote: Pathani Samanta made contributions to the following four important aspects of astronomy: (1) Observations (2) Calculation (3) Method of measurement and instrumentation (4) Theory and models Siddhanta-Darpana wrote: The instruments used for his practical observation of the night sky were made by himself indigenously. His instruments which were mostly made up of wood and bamboo pieces can be broadly classified into three categories :

45. Dream 2047 : VP News Ruldolph ii (15521612), king of Hungary and Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor textbooksof mathematics we do not find even the names of aryabhata, Brahmagupta or http://www.vigyanprasar.com/dream/oct2000/oct2000.htm

VPNEWS PARTING THOUGHTS (II) To continue from where we left off last time, Vigyan Prasar can really make a difference to the overall science popularisation scene in the country! It has all the essential ingredients, in the form of major programmes/efforts, I mentioned last time, to transform itself into a powerhouse of incredible and unimaginable strengths capable of delivering unheard of results! Each one of the VP's major programmes referred to earlier, if handled appropriately, could develop into an independent, self-sustaining entity in its own right, under the overall VP umbrella, with greatly enhanced output. What would that mean in terms of the goals we are seeking to achieve? Vigyan Prasar books would also be distributed worldwide in many countries and also in many other non-Indian languages. Dream-2047 would develop into a very popular science magazine with a large circulation and several other language editions, besides Hindi and English. . NKS (To be continued) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Dr. Subodh Mahanti

46. Chronology - 1975 - Quarter 2 Type Atmosphere. Spacecraft aryabhata. Agency ISRO. LV Configuration Titan 3Cs/n 23C7. FAILURE Partial Failure. DSCS ii-05 Nation USA. Program DSCS. http://www.astronautix.com/chrono/19752.htm

www.astronautix.com Chronology - 1975 - Quarter 2 topic index www.spacedaily.com SPACE.WIRE Previous Quarter Chronology Index Next Quarter - 1975 Apr 1 - - 12:28 GMT. Launch Site Plesetsk Launch Vehicle Vostok 8A92M Meteor 1-21 Nation : USSR. Payload : Meteor M no. 21. Mass : 3,800 kg. Class: Earth Type : Weather. Spacecraft Meteor M Agency : MOM. Perigee : 852 km. Apogee : 883 km. Inclination : 81.2 deg. Period : 102.3 min. COSPAR Acquisition of meteorological information needed for use by the weather service. References: - 1975 Apr 2 - - 11:02 GMT. Launch Site Baikonur Launch Complex Launch Vehicle Tsyklon 2 Cosmos 723 Nation : USSR. Program: RORSAT Mass : 3,800 kg. Class: Surveillance Type : Naval Radarsat. Spacecraft US-A Agency : MO SSSR. Perigee : 899 km. Apogee : 961 km. Inclination : 64.7 deg. Period : 103.6 min. COSPAR Ocean surveillance; nuclear powered. References: - 1975 Apr 5 - - 11:02 GMT. Launch Site Baikonur Launch Vehicle Soyuz 11A511 LV Configuration : Soyuz 11A511. FAILURE : During second-third stage seperation third stage failed to separate from second stage but still ignited. Soyuz 18-1 Nation : USSR. Program:

47. Geometry In Ancient And Medieval India/T.A. Sarasvati Amma Canonical works and of the Hindu Siddhantas and with the contributions to geometrymade by the astronomer mathematicians aryabhata I ii, Sripati, Bhaskara I http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14207.htm

Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India/T.A. Sarasvati Amma. 2nd revised edition. 1999, 277 p., ISBN 81-208-1344-8. "This book is a geometrical survey of the Samskrit and Prakrt scientific and quasi-scientific literature of India beginning with the Vedic literature and ending with the early part of the 17th century. It deals in detail with the Sulbasutras in the Vedic literature, with the mathematical parts of Jaina Canonical works and of the Hindu Siddhantas and with the contributions to geometry made by the astronomer mathematicians Aryabhata I & II, Sripati, Bhaskara I & II, Sangamagrama Madhava, Paramesvara, Nilakantha, his disciples and a ahost of others. The works of the mathematicians Mahavira, Sridhara and Narayana Pandita and the Bakshali Manuscript have also been studied. "The work seeks to explode the theory that the Indian mathematical genius was predominantly algebraic and computational and that it eschewed proofs and rationales. There was a school in India which delighted to demonstrate even algebraical results geometrically. In their search for a sufficiently good approximation for the value of py Indian mathematicians had discovered the tool of integration, which they used equally effectively for finding the surface area and volume of a sphere and in other fields. This discovery of integration was the sequel of the inextricable blending of geometry and series mathematics." (jacket) Return to History and Politics of India Catalogue: New Additions

48. Indian Cosmology Reflections In Religion And Metaphysics But aryabhata, and for that reason even Bhaskaracharya ii in the twelfth centuryreplied that a super wind, Pravaha vayu drives the planets in circular orbits. http://ignca.nic.in/ps_04016.htm

THE NATURE OF MATTER Previous Page Contents of the Book Next Page Indian Cosmology Reflections in Religion and Metaphysics A. K. Chakravarty The exact origin of astronomical studies in India is not known to us though it is fairly clear that it eventually formed part of ancient Vedic people. The earliest text on this subject now available, Vedanga Jyotisa , aims at determining the most suitable time for performing a yajna in consideration of the luni-solar-stellar situation at that time. The subject was based on so crude astronomical parameters that its failure could not escape the notice of any sky-watcher, till then it was never questioned by anybody perhaps because of its association with religious yajnas . This scheme of astronomy survived for some 2000 years. In later India, these parameters were scraped, scope of astronomy was extended to include natural phenomena, like, eclipses, identification of planets and formulations of their motions, etc., till then astronomers often invoked metaphysics to explain cosmological facts. It occurs to us that the general people of that period in that class-ridden society was more interested in earning punyaphala through religious functions than acquiring pure knowledge. Astronomers could not or did not ignore this sentiment and so, to honour this sentiment, they found it necessary to blend religion and metaphysics with cosmology in an astronomical background. Science in ancient times had to be supplemented by speculative materials and was thus mixed up with myths and metaphysics.

49. New Page 1 of Mathematics in Various Countries PART SIX Tributes to Ancient Indian MathematicsPART SEVEN Concluding Remarks CHAPTER ii LIFE HISTORY OF aryabhata PART ONE http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=6403

50. 80.07.11: A Chronological History Of ¹ With Developmental Activities In Problem Refer to Activity ii). During the sixth century, there lived a Hindu mathematician,aryabhata, whose best known work, written in 499 was the Aryabhatiya, a slim http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/7/80.07.11.x.html

Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Home A Chronological History of ¹ with Developmental Activities in Problem Solving by Anthony P. Solli Contents of Curriculum Unit 80.07.11: Introduction Prerequisites Level Part I: Chronological History ... To Guide Entry Introduction : The unit begins with a historical development of ¹ and proceeds with examples of activities to help students develop a deeper appreciation of the mathematical beauty and values of ¹. Prerequisites : Students should have at least a working knowledge of fractions and decimals, plus an intuitive understanding of the nomenclature, terminology, vocabulary, and formulae of basic geometry. Level: The historical part of this unit may be used in any grade level, preferably middle school. The activities part could be used in any middle school level, although it is recommended for average and above average groups working in small groups or independently. It also may be used as a motivational or summary part of a geometry unit or pre algebra course. The length of time needed could be a week or two, depending on the amount of time you would spend on the history of ~r and doing all or some of the suggested activities.

51. Time Scavengers Timeline- 6th Century CE (501-600 CE) Alaric ii is killed by Clovis in the Battle of the Campus Volgladenis; the religionthrough the area; India Astronomer and mathemetician aryabhata creates a http://www.incwell.com/Scavenger/6ad.html

6th Century CE 501 - 600 CE Want to learn more about history? Select Category Books Music Video Enter keywords (Suggested keywords shown) No biographies are currently available for this century. Back to Top Back to Top China - Wu-Ti becomes emperor Back to Top Back to Top Back to Top Back to Top Aquitaine, France - Alaric II, Visigothic king, creates his law code (Lex Romana Visigothorum) Back to Top France - Clovis leading the Franks drives most of the Visigoths from Aquitaine. Alaric II is killed by Clovis in the Battle of the Campus Volgladenis Copan, Honduras - Sculpture of death god appears on a Mayan altar Spain - Visigoth kingdom established, but it is weak Back to Top Byzantine Empire (formerly known as the East Roman Empire) - Future empress Theodora is born Back to Top Back to Top Provence, France - Ostrogoths from Italy take the area Rome - Boethius becomes a Roman consul Back to Top France - Clovis, the first recognised king of the Franks dies. His sons divide the kingdom. Theodoric I has a court at Soissons, Chlodomer has one in Paris, Childebert I has his court in Metz and Chlothar's court is in Orleans Arles, France - Founding of the convent of Saint Cesaire

52. Time Scavengers Timeline- 5th Century CE (401-500 CE) 466; Visigothic king Theodoric ii is killed by his brother Euric. Buddha figuresin cave temples (c. 476); India Astronomer and mathematician aryabhata born http://www.incwell.com/Scavenger/5ad.html

5th Century CE 401 - 500 CE Want to learn more about history? Select Category Books Music Video Enter keywords (Suggested keywords shown) No biographies are currently available for this century. Back to Top Italy - The Visigothic invasion lead by king Alaric Rome - Innocent I becomes pope Back to Top Back to Top Polentia, Italy - Visigoths are defeated by Flavius Stilicho a half-Vandal soldier who was head of the Roman army Back to Top Back to Top Back to Top Worms, Germany - The Germanic tribe Burgundii establish the kingdom of Worms North Africa - Gunderic becomes king of the Teutonic tribe the Vandals Fiesole (Western Roman Empire) - Flavius Stilicho defeats the Ostrogoths, ending their invasion Back to Top Back to Top Western Roman Empire - Emperor Honorius accusses Stilicho of treason and has him executed Back to Top Back to Top Rome, Italy - King Alaric and the Visigoths invade the city and destroy it. Alaric dies while on his way south to invade Africa Britain - Roman legions leave the region to provide aid in Italy Begining of the spread of alchemy, a pseudoscience concerned with changing metals into gold, finding the key to eternal life and a single cure for all disease. The search for Philosopher's Stone and the Elixer to Life (c. 410)

53. Classicalindia aryabhata, mathematician and astronomer, Chandragupta ii (also known as Vikramaditya),. establishment of Nalanda university, development of 0 (zero), . http://www.auburn.edu/english/gb/gbsite/india/classical/classicalindia.html

Note: Almost all of the links on this page will lead off this web site. If you know of any information or other web pages that would allow me to fill gaps, please contact me timeline literature music art/architecture science/technology politics economics ideas daily life maps 2nd century Panchatantra (fables) some information on Indian medicine essay on democracy in India development of numbers 3rd century 4th century Sanskrit drama: Sakuntala by Kalidasa Gupta empire: Chandragupta (320) Gupta Empire 5th century Satakatrayam : anthology of lyric poems=muktakas by Bhartrhari Kamasutra Cilappatikaram or The Poem of the Anklet (Tamil epic) (This link leads to a Real Player perfomance of the abridged poem, prefaced with a couple of minutes of introduction) Hindu temples Aryabhata, mathematician and astronomer Chandragupta II (also known as Vikramaditya establishment of Nalanda university development of (zero) 6th century drama: Vasentasena go to this site for a puzzle Elephanta temple Elephanta inside invasion of the Huns development of tantric buddhism 7th century Amaru's anthology of love poems: Amarusataka Ellora cave temple more images of this temple bladder, peristalsis, and plastic operations

54. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page Siegfried (1819 - 1884) Artin, Emil (3.3.1898 - 20.12.1962) aryabhata der Ältere 16.8.1705)Bernoulli, Johann I. (6.8.1667 - 1.1.1748) Bernoulli, Johann ii. http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

55. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (past, Present And Future aryabhata, 1975; Bhaskara I, 1979; Bhaskara ii, 1981; Rohini Series, 198083;SROSS Series, 1985-92; IRS-1A, 1988; IRS-P1, 1993. Presently Working Satellites. http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites Past Satellites Aryabhata, 1975 Bhaskara I, 1979 Bhaskara II, 1981 Rohini Series, 1980-83 ... IRS-P1, 1993 Presently Working Satellites IRS-1B, 1991 IRS-P2, 1994 IRS-1C, 1995 IRS-P3, 1996 ... IRS-P4, 1999 (Oceansat) Future Satellites IRS-P5, 2000-2001 (Cartosat) IRS-P6, 2001-2002 (Resourcesat) IRS-2 Series, 2002 IRS-3 Series, 2003 ... IRS-Digital Products Links to ISRO Centres IPDPG of Space of Application Centre (SAC) Ahmedabad Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Head Quarters National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad Last update: 11-May-2000 / ysrao@csre.iitb.ac.in

56. HinduNet Forums Chat Annouce Calender DigiCards Recommend Remote (ii) mathematics required for computations. aryabhata took the earth tospin on its axis; this idea appears to have been his innovation http://www.hinduweb.org/home/general_sites/vande/great_hindu_personalities.html

Search Home Hinduism Intro Christian Missionaries Great Hindu Personalities ... Links Great Hindu Personalities Aryabhata I (476 - 550 A.D.) - mathematician and astronomer. He is "the author of the first of the later sidhantas [mathematical treatises] called Aryabhatiyam which sketches his mathematical, planetary, and cosmic theories. This book is divided into four chapters: (i) the astronomical constants and the sine table (ii) mathematics required for computations (iii) division of time and rules for computing the longitudes of planets using eccentrics and epicycles (iv) the armillary sphere, rules relating to problems of trigonometry and the computation of eclipes... Aryabhata took the earth to spin on its axis; this idea appears to have been his innovation... That Aryabhata was aware of the relativity of motion is clear from this passage in his book, 'Just as a man in a boat sees the trees on the bank move in the opposite direction, so an observer on the equator sees the stationary stars as moving precisely toward the west.'" "The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry and spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums of power series and a table of sines." Aryabhata gave a value for pi correct to five digits (3.1416); he also gave a close approximation for the circumference of the Earth (62832 miles); believed that the planets and the Moon reflected sunlight and also that the orbits of the plantes were ellipses.

57. The Àryabhatíya Of Àryabhata By J. Q. Jacobs The oldest exact astronomic constant? The ratio of earth rotations to lunar orbits in aryabhata's Category Science Astronomy History...... AD 498, 27.3216638, 29.530591. aryabhata, 27.321668, 29.530582. Paulisa Siddhanta,27.321673, 29.530587. Chapter ii is mathematics required for computation. http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aryabhata.html

The oldest exact astronomic constant? © 1998 by James Q. Jacobs In the work translated by William Eugene Clark, Professor of Sanskrit in Harvard University (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 1930), I found the following to be written: "In a yuga the revolutions of the Sun are 4,320,000, of the Moon 57,753,336, of the Earth eastward 1,582,237,500, of Saturn 146,564, of Jupiter 364,224, of Mars 2,296,824 . . . " (page 9). Astronomy Formulas Astronomy Constants AD 2000.0 AD 500 1604 BC Rotations per solar orbit Days per solar orbit Days per lunar orbit Rotations per lunar orbit COMPARISONS Lunar orbit Lunar synodic AD 2000.0 AD 498 Aryabhata Paulisa Siddhanta 1604 BC Here follows a comparative chart of the astronomical numbers presented by the ancient Indian authorities and sources. The Surya Siddhanta is dated to approximately AD 1100. ASTRONOMIC AUTHORITY (from Clarke and Kay) Surya Siddanta Years in Cycle Rotations Days Lunar Orbits Synodic Months Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn *Kay notes 57,753,339 lunar orbits rather than 57,753,336 per Clarke.

58. Sulbasutra Geometry In the postChristian era aryabhata I (b. 475 CE) dominated Indian mathematics although BhaskaraI (c. 522 CE), Bramhagupta (628 CE) and Bhaskara ii (b. 1114 CE http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-01a/kong/sulbasutra_geometry.htm

Sulbasutra Geometry For Prof. W. Casselman By Susanna Kong Math 309 April 2001 Introduction The basis and inspiration for the whole of Indian mathematics is geometry. The beginnings of algebra can be traced to the constructional geometry of the Vedic priests preserved in the Sulbasutras , a manual of geometrical constructions from the 5 th to the 8 th centuries. Earlier remnants of geometrical knowledge of the Indus Valley Civilisation can be found in excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro where there is evidence of circle-drawing instruments from as early as 2500 B.C.E. (Amma 1) Early geometry of the Sulbasutras was based on religious needs with regards to the construction of altars such as agnicitis, vedis, mandapas etc. that are required for sacrificial ritual (Kulkarni 19, Amma 3). The history of Indian geometry can be divided into three distinct periods: pre-Aryan, such as excavated in Indus Valley. Vedic or Sulbasutra post-Christian. Evidence of the pre-Aryan period includes well-planned towns and geometric designs including circles, squares and triangles. A link between this and the Vedic period can be found in the motif of a rectangle with the four sides curved inwards resembling a stretched hide; in the former period it can be seen as a decorative pattern while in the later period it is seen in the shape of the sacrificial altars or vedi . The vedi as well as the fireplaces or agni had such exact measurements and geometric shapes that they were codified and became the Sulbasutras . However, it is not known from how far back such knowledge originated as the sacrificial act is as old as the Vedas or older (Amma 5).

59. A Timeline Of Ancient India in the rock at Bamiya, Bactria (Afghanistan) 390 Chandra Gupta ii extends the Gupta workat the Ajanta caves 499 the Hindu mathematician aryabhata writes the http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/indians.html

A time-line of ancient India World News Politics History Editor See a timeline of the Near East 5000 BC : the Kurgan culture in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains (Indo-Aryans) 3000 BC : the proto-indo-european language develops in Central Asia 3000 BC : Dravidian speaking people develop the civilization of the Indus Valley 2500 BC : the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley 2000 BC : the civilization of the Indus Valley declines 2000 BC : the Kurgan culture spreads to eastern Europe and northern Iran 1700 BC : Indo-Iranians separate from the other Indo-European tribes and migrate eastward to settle in Iran 1600 BC : Indo-Aryans invade India from the west and expel the Dravidians 1500 BC : religious texts are written in Vedic, an Indo-European language 1100 BC : the Indo-Aryans use iron tools 1000 BC : the Rig-Veda are composed 900 BC : Indo-Aryans discover iron and invade the Ganges Valley 750 BC : Indo-Aryans rule over 16 mahajanapadas ("great states") in northern India, from the Indus to the Ganges 700 BC : the caste system emerges, with the Brahman priests at the top

60. Kommentiertes Vorlesungsverzeichnis Sommersemester 2001 Translate this page Appendix I-ii. Überblick über das begriffliche und klassifikatorische System derklassischen indischen Astronomie (Varahamihira, aryabhata, Bhaskara), um http://www.fu-berlin.de/indologie/kvv_ss2001.htm

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