41. Tara's World Of Islam: Disputation in himself and how can those brothers perhaps be musa (as) held Harun (as) responsiblefor allowing the the day of the expedition to banu Quraydhah “Let http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/scarves/disputation.html

Tara's World Of Islam: Disputation PROHIBITION OF DISPUTATION IN RELIGION © 1995 Al-Haneef Publications If someone comes to debate with you, beware of him. For debating involves argumentation, disputing, seeking to overcome, wrangling and anger. You have been forbidden from all of this. It diverts you both away from the truth. It has not reached us that any of our scholars or people of knowledge argued, debated or disputed. Al-Hasan (al-Basree) said, "The wise man does not argue or seek to overcome with stratagem rather he propagates his wisdom. If it is accepted he praises Allaah and if it is rejected he praises Allaah."[Reported by Abu Nu`aim ibn Hammaad in his Zawaa'id `alaz-Zuhd libnil Mubaarak (no. 30) and Ibn Battah in Ibaanatul-Kubraa (no. 611). A man came to al-Hasan (al-Basree) and said, "I wish to debate with you about the Religion." Al-Hasan replied, "I know my Religion. If you have lost your Religion go out and look for it." [Reported by al-Aajurree in ash-Sharee`ah (p. 57), al-Laalikaa'ee in as-Sunnah (no. 215) and Ibn Battah (no. 586) and it is saheeh.] The Messenger of Allaah (sal-Allaahu `alayhe wa sallam) heard some people arguing outside his apartment, one of them saying, 'Did not Allaah say so and so?' and the other saying, 'Did not Allaah say so and so?' So he came out angry and said, "Is this what I have ordered you, or is this what I was sent with, that you should set one part of the Book of Allaah against some other parts?" [Reported by Ahmad (2/178, 181 and 196), Ibn Maajah (no. 85), `Abdullaah ibn Ahmad in as-Sunnah (no. 86) and al-Baghawee in Sharhus-Sunnah (1/260). Al-Boosayree declared it saheeh in Zawaa'id Ibn Maajah (1/4) as did >al-Albaanee in Sharh `Aqeedah at-Tahaawiyyah (p. 218)] So he forbade them from argumentation.

42. Allah , Prophet Muhammad, Prophet's Companions, Prophet's Wives, Prophet's  Bat ABOUT US ABOUT N.brothers ADVERTISE FEEDBACK CONTACT US. PROPHET musa. Badr, Uhud , Tabuk , AlAhzab , Conquest of Mecca Hunain , banu Quraizah , Mu'tah http://www.anwary-islam.com/

ABOUT US ABOUT N.BROTHERS ADVERTISE FEEDBACK ... CONTACT US Best View 800x600 Ayah of the Week Full View in Detailed HAJJ URDU RAMADAN URDU Audio NEW ADDED Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) complete (MP3) Audio Life History Asmay-Husna (MP3) Audio Audio NEW ADDED Original camera snaps shots as WALL PAPERS NEW ADDED PROPHETS STORIES PROPHET MUHAMMAD PROPHET ADAM PROPHET IBRAHIM PROPHET AYOUB ... CAMERA SNAP SHOTS 300 Pictures First Time in the web History in this pictures gallery , All the snaps are quite new and you have never seen before such snaps on any website. Others Subjects: Select Subcect Holy Prophet Biography Prophet Lif Year by Year Muslims Womens Holy Prophet Major Events New New THE SIX PILLARS OF IMAN New 72 SIGNS NEAR DOOMSDAY ETIQUETTES OF LIFE IN ISLAM Ramadan (English) URDU New Added HIJAB MARRIAGE 72 Signs Near Doomsday Aqiqa Prayer ... PROPHET COMPANIONS Blessed Ten A bu Bakr Siddiq U'mer-e-Farooq Uthman Bin Affaan ... Talhah ibn Ubaydullah Zubayr bin Al-Awam FAMOUS COMPANIONS Abbad ibn Bishr Abdullah ibn Abbas Abdullah ibn Jahsh Abdullah ibn Mas'ud ... Hakim ibn Hazm Designed by:

43. Apollonio Di Tiana Translate this page Harun died in 809 and there was an armed conflict between the brothers. Al-Khwarizmiand his colleagues the banu musa were scholars at the House of Wisdom in http://web.tiscali.it/no-redirect-tiscali/alberto_consulenze/LA STORIA DELLA MAT

LA STORIA DELLA MATEMATICA Indice I più antichi documenti matematici a noi pervenuti consistono nelle tavolette di terracotta provenienti dalla Mesopotamia. Pare risalga ai Sumeri (IV millennio a.C.) il sistema di numerazione sessagesimale ancora oggi in uso per gli angoli e la misura del tempo, e la risoluzione di problemi numerici che noi riconduciamo ad equazioni di primo e secondo grado. La geometria egiziana, secondo alcuni autori greci, ebbe origine dalla misura dei terreni e si è sviluppata anche per altre esigenze della tecnica (edilizia, orientamento degli edifici, idraulica). Matematica e filosofia nel mondo greco hanno inizio con uno stesso personaggio: TALETE DI MILETO , che insieme a PITAGORA I principali esponenti di questa che è definita " l’età eroica della matematica" sono: DEMOCRITO ANASSAGORA e ZENONE Il personaggio che ha caratterizzato la matematica nel IV secolo a.C. è PLATONE EUDOSSO DA CNIDO e ARISTOTELE Al 300 a. C. risale il più autorevole manuale di matematica di tutti i tempi : gli "Elementi" di EUCLIDE , modello di rigore e perfezione didattica insuperato per secoli.

44. Introduction To Islam The brothers banu musa who lived in the 9th century may be said to be the firstoutstanding Muslim geometers while their contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah used http://www.iad.org/Islam/math.html

THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND PHYSICS The Muslim mind has always been attracted to the mathematical sciences in accordance with the "abstract" character of the doctrine of Oneness which lies at the heart of Islam. The mathematical sciences have traditionally included astronomy, mathematics itself and much of what is called physics today. In astronomy the Muslims integrated the astronomical traditions of the Indians, Persians, the ancient Near East and especially the Greeks into a synthesis which began to chart a new chapter in the history of astronomy from the 8th century onward. The Almagest of Ptolemy, whose very name in English reveals the Arabic origin of its Latin translation, was thoroughly studied and its planetary theory criticized by several astronomers of both the eastern and western lands of Islam leading to the major critique of the theory by Nasir al-Din Al-Tusi and his students, especially Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi, in the 13th century. Astronomical observations also had practical applications including not only finding the direction of Makkah for prayers, but also devising almanacs (the word itself being of Arabic origin). The Muslims also applied their astronomical knowledge to questions of time-keeping and the calendar. The most exact solar calendar existing to this day is the Jalali calendar devised under the direction of 'Umar Khayyam in the 12th century and still in use in Persia and Afghanistan. The Muslims also excelled in geometry as reflected in their art. The brothers Banu Musa who lived in the 9th century may be said to be the first outstanding Muslim geometers while their contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah used the method of exhaustion, giving a glimpse of what was to become integral calculus. Many Muslim mathematicians such as Khayyam and al-Tusi also dealt with the fifth postulate of Euclid and the problems which follow if one tries to prove this postulate within the confines of Euclidian geometry.

45. 1Up Info > Banu Musa (Mathematics, Biographies) - Encyclopedia banu musabän ´ m sä´ Pronunciation Key, family of Arab AD The name means sonsof musa and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, Ahmad, and al http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/B/BanuMusa.html

You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Mathematics, Biographies Banu Musa ... News Search 1Up Info ENCYCLOPEDIA Mathematics, Biographies Banu Musa Related Category: Mathematics, Biographies Banu Musa Pronunciation Key , family of Arab mathematicians and astronomers of the 9th cent. A.D. The name means "sons of Musa" and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, Ahmad, and al-Hasan. They supervised the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic and helped to found the Arabic school of mathematics. The most important work ascribed to them is the geometrical treatise Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures. Related Resources and Utilities AMAZON All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones Computers Outlet Read articles on eLibrary: Encyclopedia Topics History People Places Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

46. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #13 (10/21/1994) Apollonius, on the basis of the Arabic version translated from the Greek by ThabitIbn Qurra (d. 901) and corrected by the brothers banu musa (11th century). http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_13.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-13 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #13 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. MEETINGS 2.1 Interregional Seminar for the Harmonisation of Mathematics Programmes of the French speaking countries in Africa and the Indian Ocean At the Interregional Seminar for the Harmonisation of Mathematics Programmes of the French-speaking countries in Africa and the Indian Ocean (N'Djamena, Tchad, June 6-10, 1994), Salimata Doumbia conducted a workshop on "Mathematics and Cultures". The workshop consisted of two parts. In the first, the participants had to reflect upon their expectations of the possible contributions of the study of "Mathematics and Cultures" to the elaboration of the new textbook series "Interafrican Collection of Mathematics" (Collection Inter Africaine de Mathématiques, CIAM). The second part consisted of the study of the example "The study of probabilities with cowrie games". 2.2 National Congress of the Association for Mathematics Education of South Africa

47. Loq-Man Translations He gained favour at court through the Bukhtyishu family and through the banu musa,three wealthy brothers who were patrons of learning and wrote on mathematics http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/Translation.html

HISTORY OF ARABIC TRANSLATION Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us The acquisition and adaptation of Greek knowledge by scientists working in the Arab empire became crucial to the rediscovery of Aristotle by Western Europe in the 12th century, and ultimately to the European Renaissance. After the 'Umayyad dynasty collapsed in the 740s and the caliphate was assumed by Abu 'l-'Abbas (founder of the 'Abbasid dynasty, in 749). The 'Abbasids received much support from Persian Muslims who had resented the dominance of the Arabs under the 'Umayyads. However, they were themselves an Arabic family, the language of government continued to be Arabic, the language of religion had to be Arabic. The most influential Persian supporters of the 'Abbasid takeover were the Barmakid family, led by Khalid ibn Barmak, who became governor of Mesopotamia under the second 'Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur. They were the sponsors of the enigmatic Jabir ibn Hayyan, who synthesized the new science of alchemy from a mixture of Pythagorean ideals and Indian and Persian mysticism. When the Barmakids fell from power in 804, Jabir fell from court favour as well. Al-Mansur founded a new capital for the caliphate at

48. Nineth Century History 869 Greek brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius develop the Cyrillic alphabet recordof an automatic instrument, an organbuilding treatise called banu musa. http://www.didyouknow.cd/history/9thcentury.htm

H I S T O R Y The 9th Century History Before Christ Coronation of Charlemagne, king of the Franks and now first Holy Roman Emperor, on Christmas day of this year. Crowned by Pope Leo III in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, he would become Charles I of France, called Charles the Great. Nile frozen over (happens again in 1010). Toilet paper thought be used first in China. Iceland discovered. Greek brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius develop the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek alphabet of the time, for the Slavic peoples. (The Cyrillic alphabet is now used in Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and other languages. The original alphabet had 43 letters, but the modern languages have fewer: Bulgarian 30, Russian has 32, Serbian 30, and Ukrainian 33. First record of an automatic instrument, an organ-building treatise called Banu Musa. Before Christ History What happened what year Fascinating facts ... Back to top

49. Astronomy The brothers banu musa who lived in the ninth century may be said to be the firstoutstanding Muslims in the field of geometry while their contemporary Thabit http://www.salaam.co.uk/themeofthemonth/october01_index.php?l=3

50. GADGETTO On The History Of Music 835 Theophilus, mechanical throne. 890 banu musa. 1300 Chinese abacus. 1927Philo Farnsworth, electric television. 1927 Warner brothers, soundies. http://www.gadgetto.com/history.html

gadgetto: history of music Home Music Discography Performance ... Contact BEFORE COMMON ERA 5th Century: Pythagorus, musical scale. 540: Thespis of Attica, actors. 500: Babalonyan abacus 2nd Century: Ktesibios, the Hydraulis. 2nd Century: Hero of Alexandria, mechanical theater. 65: Lucretius, persistence of vision. COMMON ERA 807: Clepsydra. 835: Theophilus, mechanical throne. 890: Banu Musa. 1300: Chinese abacus. 12th Century: Mechanical bells brought from China to Europe. 13th Century: Al Jazari, peacock fountain. 14th Century: Mechanical bells in astronomical clock tower, Strassbourge. 1456: Johannes Gutenberg, movable type printing. 1480: Southwold Church of Suffolk features mechanical human bell ringer. 1500 Leonardo da Vinci, cog-based mechanical calculator. 1502: Saltberg Hornwerke organ. 1530: Zytglogge performing clock.1 1549: Watergarden of Villa d'Este. 1589: Aleotti Gli artificioso et curiosi meti spiritueli di Herrone. 1600: Athanasius Kircher, description of mechanical device that composed music. 1614: John Napier, logarithms.

51. Journey Of Al-Mahdi In the interim, one of the brothers, Abul Abbas had banu Balwa, banu Fakhdash, banuHudhayl and banu Ziyad. The governor, Abu musa Isa bin Muhammad Nushari had http://ismaili.net/histoire/history05/history503.html

Journey of al-Mahdi Apprehending lest the sons of dai Abu Muhammad and the Qarmatians would resort to the violent and stormy operations, al-Mahdi gave orders to prepare for a journey. He took with him only his son Abul Kassim, Jafar bin Ali, the Chamberian, Ibn Barka and Tayyib, the tutor of Abul Kassim. He abandoned his residence with all that it contained: precious carpets, clothing, property, servants and also the family of his uncle and brother, male and female. He entrusted all his wealth, with his house, wares and granaries, to Hence, al-Mahdi quited Salamia in a thick of insecure milieu in 286/899. He relinquished his house at the time of the evening prayer, unnoticed by any one and travelled the whole night escorted by an Arab and thirty other horsemen. He arrived at Hims in the morning. Sending back the Arab escort from Hims, al-Mahdi's caravan first left for Damascus when Haroon bin Khamruya bin Ahmad bin Tulun (283- 292/896-904) was the then governor of Syria. They continued to travel whole of that day and the next and arrived in Tiberias on the third. The long journey from Syria was beset with great perils, therefore he continued without a halt in Tiberias and went to Palestine and alighted in Ramla, and putting up with the governor, who was his devout follower. Ramla was a town, 25 miles from Jerusalem and on the road between Syria and Egypt, covering an area of a square mile. Its chief gates were Darb Bir al-Askar, Darb Masjid Annaba, Darb Bait al-Makdis, Darb Bila, Darb Ludd, Darb Yafa, Darb Misr and Darb Ajun. Ramla was rich in fruits, especially figs and palms. It was famous for comfortable baths, commodious dwellings and broad streets.

52. ISMAIL BIN JAFAR SADIK (148-158/765-775) unaware of the physical resemblance of two brothers as well also boosted to legitimizethe line of banu Abbas on house of Jafar Sadik by bringing musa Kazim to http://ismaili.net/histoire/history04/history401.html

ISMAIL BIN JAFAR SADIK (148-158/765-775) Abu Muhammad Ismail, surnamed al-Wafi was born in Medina between 100/719 and 103/722. Ismail (Listening by God) is also known as an absolute Lord (az-azbab-i itlaq). He was born by the first wife of Jafar Sadik, named Fatima. According to "Sharhu'l Akhbar" (comp. 350/960), the mother of Ismail was Fatima bint Hasan bin al-Hussain bin Ali, but Ahmad Inaba (d. 825/1422) writes in "Umadatu't-talib"that she was Fatima bint al-Hussain al-Athram bin al-Hasan bin Ali. Shahrastani (1076-1153) writes in his "Kitab al-milal wa'l nihal"that during the lifetime of Fatima, Jafar Sadik never got another marriage like Muhammad with Khadija and Ali with Fatima. Hatim bin Imran bin Zuhra (d. 498/1104) writes in "al-Usul wa'l Ahakam" that, "Ismail was the most perfect, the most learned and the most excellent of the sons of Jafar as-Sadik." He is also reported to have well steeped in the esoteric interpretation of the Koran. Ismail was declared many times by his father as his successor, and said on an occasion, while Ismail was present, according to "Asraru'n-Nutaqa" (comp. 380/990) that "He is the Imam after me, and what you learn from him is just the same as if you have learnt it from myself." It is also related that when the health of Imam Jafar Sadik became impaired, he summoned the most trusted amongst his followers, and those members of his family who were alive, and did what his predecessors had done, i.e., he handed over the authority of Imamate to Ismail. It must be known that the most trusted followers of Imam Jafar Sadik had supported Ismail, notably Abu Hamza Thabit bin Abu Sufiya Dinar as-Samali (d. 150/767), a mawla (freed slave) from Kufa. Jafar Sadik is reported to have said that Abu Hamza was in his time like Salman al-Faras in his own time (Abu Hamza fi zamani'hi mithl Salman fi zamani'hi).

53. Golden Age Of Arab And Islamic Culture Three brothers, the sons of musa ibn Shakir The banu musa were themselves scholarswho made advances in mathematics and astronomy.Kindi, who was to be http://www.khamush.com/sufism/golden.htm

Home Page Life of Rumi Books on Rumi Works of Rumi ... Search Pick Language Deutsch Dutch Greek Espanol Estonian Francais Italiano Melayu Portugues Svenska Turkce Golden age of Arab and Islamic Culture by Gaston Wiet, " Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate " Chapter 5: THE GOLDEN AGE THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARAB AND ISLAMIC CULTURE "Baghdad, at the confluence of two cultures, Aramaean and Greek, became, in the tenth century, the intellectual center of the world." As capital of the caliphate, Baghdad was also to become the cultural capital of the Islamic world. Our purpose is to show, as briefly as possible, the role that this region played in the transmission of the knowledge of antiquity, in the evolution of religious attitudes, and in the flowering of Arabic literature. We shall not try to find out, any more than did the caliphs of the period, whether the actors were Iranians, Arabs, Moslems, Christians, or Jews. Men of letters and of science had gathered in this city either through cultural affinity or because they had been summoned to the caliph's court for their worth or their Two of the founders of the four schools of jurisprudence lived in Baghdad and exerted

54. Haq Char Yaar - Anti Shia, Ahmedi, Qadiani Website that despite them being the progeny of Ambiya, the brothers of Yusuf Allah decidedto send musa to their assistance hands would lie the freedom of the banu Israil http://www.kr-hcy.com/statichtml/files/10428606723712.shtml

www.kr-hcy.com Back Home Main Page Important Message ... Contact Us Return Back Printable Version of This Page The Twelfth (Shia) Imam Peace and blessings be to Prophet Muhammad whenever his name is mentioned. COMPILER'S NOTE For quite some time now the discussion "The end of the world" has been brought to the fore, and there are some who believe this "inevitable act of fate" to be very near. We the Muslims, however, believe that the exact date of its occurrence is known only to Allah. We also believe that certain major events and advents will have to come to pass before the destruction of this world. One of those advents is that of the coming of the vicerengent of Allah, Mahdi, on earth, with regards to whom Nabi has informed us that he will be born a few years before the return of Eesa Alaihis Salam. His mother's name is Aminah and his Father is Abdullah. Alas. the Shi'ah have outrightly contradicted Nabi's description of the Mahdi, and instead, painted a picture of an immodest, vile and ruthless man, who will "strip Abubakr and Umar of their kafn and burn their bodies." Having listened to this lecture on cassette, I have attempted to translate and compile it, which I now humbly present with the hope that readers will find clarity with regard to questions such as "Who is the Mahdi/ twelfth Imam of the Shi'ah?", "What is his mission?", and why is it imperative to the Shi'ah to concoct a Mahdi who is so different form the Mahdi of the Muslims?"

55. 1 - Number One - Haq Chaar Yaar - In History the Egyptians known as the Coptic's- over the banu Israil them being the progenyof Ambiya, the brothers of Yusuf Allah decided to send musa to their assistance http://www.kr-hcy.com/Shiisms/sapae/Twelfth.htm

In the Name of ALLAH, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful document.write(now) Haq Char Yaar Religious Audio Cassettes On Real player Please visit our Audio Cassettes section daily to listen the New Bayans 1st Khalifa 3rd Khalifa Books About Ahmadi's by: M.Y. Ludihanvi Dr. S. M. Iqbal Inst. of Islam Audio Cassettes About Shiaism by: S. A. R. Al-Huzaifi Sheikh M. Makki M. H. N. Jhungavi M. A. G. Nadeem ... Sultan Hydri Audio Cassettes Miscellaneous Topics M. Tariq Jameel Mufti M. Rasheed M. I. Haq Thaanvi Qari M. Haneef ... Contact Us Haq Char Yaar website do not represents any Muslim association or society. Haq Char Yaar website is for general information for Muslims awareness of true Islamic faith. Haq Char Yaar devoting their lives to protect the name of Sahaba e karam. We believe in peace but inclination to peace is not our weakness. We are revealing the truth and facts about the Anti Sahaba propaganda of non Muslim organizations. FAQ Subscription "And hold fast, all of you together, onto the rope of Allah"

56. QIBLA Bukhari Hadith Book 5, Hadith From Number 521 are one and the same. So the Prophet did not give anything to banu Abd Shams andbanu Nawfal. 539) Narrated Abu musa We were (three) I and my two brothers. http://qibla.dhs.org/alim_online/bukhari/sb5_27.htm

Sahih Bukhari Hadith Book 5 Hadith From Number 521 ) Narrated Sahl bin Sad: ) Narrated Anas bin Malik: We arrived at Khaibar, and when Allah helped His Apostle to open the fort, the beauty of Safiya bint Huyai bin Akhtaq whose husband had been killed while she was a bride, was mentioned to Allah's Apostle. The Prophet selected her for himself, and set out with her, and when we reached a place called Sidd-as-Sahba,' Safiya became clean from her menses then Allah's Apostle married her. Hais (i.e. an 'Arabian dish) was prepared on a small leather mat. Then the Prophet said to me, "I invite the people around you." So that was the marriage banquet of the Prophet and Safiya. Then we proceeded towards Medina, and I saw the Prophet, making for her a kind of cushion with his cloak behind him (on his camel). He then sat beside his camel and put his knee for Safiya to put her foot on, in order to ride (on the camel). ) Narrated Anas bin Malik: The Prophet stayed with Safiya bint Huyai for three days on the way of Khaibar where he consummated his marriage with her. Safiya was amongst those who were ordered to use a veil. ) Narrated Anas: The Prophet stayed for three rights between Khaibar and Medina and was married to Safiya. I invited the Muslims to his marriage banquet and there was neither meat nor bread in that banquet but the Prophet ordered Bilal to spread the leather mats on which dates, dried yogurt and butter were put. The Muslims said amongst themselves, "Will she (i.e. Safiya) be one of the mothers of the believers, (i.e. one of the wives of the Prophet ) or just (a lady captive) of what his right-hand possesses?" Some of them said, "If the Prophet makes her observe the veil, then she will be one of the mothers of the believers (i.e. one of the Prophet's wives), and if he does not make her observe the veil, then she will be his lady slave." So when he departed, he made a place for her behind him (on his camel) and made her observe the veil.

57. Baghdads Rulers Three brothers, the sons of musa ibn Shakir, sought to distinguish The banu musa werethemselves scholars who made advances in mathematics and astronomy. http://home.tiscali.dk/8x036176/baghdhis.htm

Baghdad, BAGHDAD , The great city famed for its circular plan, its was regarded as a model of city planning, and soon became one of the important centres of human civilization. THE GOLDEN AGE OF ARAB AND ISLAMIC CULTURE : "Baghdad, at the confluence of two cultures, Aramaean and Greek, became, in the tenth century, the intellectual center of the world." As capital of the caliphate, Baghdad was also to become the cultural capital of the Islamic world. Our purpose is to show, as briefly as possible, the role that this region played in the transmission of the knowledge of antiquity, in the evolution of religious attitudes, and in the flowering of Arabic literature. We shall not try to find out, any more than did the caliphs of the period, whether the actors were Iranians, Arabs, Moslems, Christians, or Jews. Men of letters and of science had gathered in this city either through cultural affinity or because they had been summoned to the caliph's court for their worth or their competence. An effort was made to keep the language and the religion at an indispensable cultural level. In reality, there was but a single aim:

58. New Page 74 There brothers, known as banu musa, distinguished themselves in this period; theywere sons of a certain Shakir who, says a biographer, had been a brigand in http://www.islam4all.com/new_page_74.htm

Astronomy and Mathematics Part I Part II Part III I The Arabs are before all else the pupils of the Greeks; their science is a continuation of Greek science which it preserves, cultivates, and on a number of important points develops and perfects. One of the greatest of them, al-Biruni, said in considering all the conditions necessary for scientific research-early education, knowledge of languages, long life, the possession of means sufficient to enable one to make journeys and acquire books and instruments: ‘all these conditions are rarely found in a single individual, especially in our day. That is why we ought to confine ourselves to what the ancients have dealt with and endeavour to perfect what can be perfected. The middle way is in all things the most praiseworthy; and he who attempts too much ruins himself and his estate’. Al-Biruni is here, however, obviously too modest; for with this limited ambition the Arabs have really achieved great things in science; they taught the use of ciphers, although they did not invent them, and thus became the founders of the arithmetic of everyday life; they made algebra an exact science and developed it considerably and laid the foundations of analytical geometry; they were indisputably the founders of plane and spherical trigonometry which, properly speaking, did not exist among the Greeks. In astronomy they made a number of valuable observations. They preserved for us in their translations a number of Greek works, the originals of which have been lost: three books of the Conics of Apollonius, the

59. Al-Amali the narration of Hudhaifa when he mentioned banu Dhabbah as Abu Yashkur alBalkhi,who reported from musa b. Ubaidah How eager am I to meet my brothers. So Abu http://www.al-islam.org/amali/9.htm

Subject Index Search Announcements Feedback Chapter 7 Seventh Assembly And (this is) from what he dictated on Saturday, the 23rd (of Ramadhan), and Abul Fawaris, may Allah keep him, heard it. Our great Sheikh al-Mufid Abu Abdillah Muhammad b. Muhammad b. al-No'man al-Harithy, may Allah perpetuate His beneficence upon him, said and it was read over to him: 1. Cleanse and purify your heart before you ask Him He said: Abu Ghalib Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Zurari, may Allah have mercy on him, reported to me from Abdullah b. Ja'far al-Himyari, who reported from Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Isa, who reported from al-Husain b. Saeed, from Muhammad b. Sinan, from Swaleh b. Yazid, from Abu Abdillah al-Sadiq Ja'far b. Muhammad (A.S.): I heard him say: "Dive deep into your hearts, to find if Allah has cleansed and purified it from all displeasure and fear regarding His Will. If you find it so, then ask for Him whatever you desire." 2. The four of Ali b. Abi Talib (AS) virtues He said: Abul Hasan Ali b. Khalid al-Maraghi reported to me from Abul Qasim al-Hasan b. Ali al-Kufi, who reported from Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Marwan al-Ghazzal, who reported from his father, who reported from Ubaid b. Khunais al-Abdi, who reported from Sabbah b. Yahya al-Muzni, from Abdullah b. Sharik, from al-Harith b. Tha'labah who said: Two men left for Makkah and Medina in or before the month, and came upon a group leaving for Haj. They said: We joined them, and as we rode forward, we came across a man who seemed to be their leader. He pulled himself aside from the group, and came to us asking: "You are from Iraq?" We said: "Yes, we are Iraqis." He said: "You may be from Kufa?" We said: "Yes, we are from Kufa." He asked: "To which clan do you belong?" We said: "We are from Banu Kananah." He asked: "Which family of Banu Kananah?" We said: "We are from the descendants of Malik b. Kananah."

60. Imam Al-Musa Al-Kadhim (a.s.) designation) is also reported by his two brothers, Ishaq and be announced at his death This is musa b. Jafar This cemetery had been used for banu Hashim and http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/7thimam.html

Taken from Kitab al Irshad By Sheikh al Mufid Imam al Musa al Kazim (This is) an account of the Imam who undertook (the office) (al-qa'im) after Abu Abd Allah Ja'far b. Muhammad, peace be on them, (describing) who gave birth to him and the date of his birth. (It includes) the evidence for his Imamate, the age he reached and the period of his succession (khilafa), his death, its cause, and the place of his grave. As we have mentioned before, the Imam after Abu Abd Allah Jafar, peace be on him, was Abu al-Hasan Musa b. Jafars the righteous worshipper (of God), peace be on him, because the qualities of outstanding merit and perfection were gathered in him, because of the designation (nass) by his father of the Imamate (being) for him, and his clear indication of it being his. His birth took place at al-Abwa' in the year 128 A.H. (745/6). He, peace be on him, died in the prison of al-Sindi b. Shahik on the 6th of (the month of) Rajab in the year 183 A.H. (799). He was then fifty-five years of age. His mother was a slave-wife named Hamida al-Barbariyya. The period of his succession and occupying the office of the Imamate after his father, peace be on them, was thirty-five years. His kunyas were Abu-Ibrahim, Abu al-Hasan and Abu Ali;. He is known as al-Abd al-Salah (the pious worshipper of God) and also he is described as al-Kazim (the restrained), peace be on him.

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