81. [II]-The Arrival Of Prophet His foster brothers loved him and he loved them They and the banu Adi put their handsin the blood and The same Great Spirit has come to you which came to musa. http://ourislamonline.tripod.com/2histislam.htm

82. Shi'sm - Mohamed S. Vawda 5. That in the States dispensations, banu Hashims be given priority (7) musa Kazim(6 present Shi'ism in its true colours so that my Shia’h brothers may ponder http://www.jamiat.org.za/isinfo/shi.html

Your are Here: Home Up Next Shi'ism After completion of my book "Qadianism - a critical study," I was thinking of writing a book on Shi'ism. It took me a long time to study various authentic books on the subject. I took pains to collect reliable data so that whatever I write on the subject could be corroborated by reference to Shi'ite books. In order to understand and have a correct appraisal of Shi'ism, a study of its background and factors leading to its emergence is most essential. I shall attempt to present the same in the ensuing pages. Shi'ah means a section, a group, a Schism, and Shi'ism is a separatist movement from Islam, with its own ideology and characteristics. It is developed around the personality cult of Hazrat Ali (R.A.). An essential belief of Shi'ism is Imaamate. It is obligatory for a Shia’h to believe in twelve Imaams. That is why they call themselves "Ithna- ashriyah" i.e. Twelvers, as against Ismailia Shi'ah who believe in seven Imaams and call themselves "Shaba'i" i.e. Seveners. After the demise of the Holy Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) in 632 A.C., Hazrat Abu Baker Siddique (R.A.), was elected as Caliph and he ruled for 2 years 3 months and 10 days (632-634 A.C.), then Hazrat Omar (R.A.) succeeded him and ruled for, 10 years and 6 months (634-644) and then Hazrat Othman (R.A.) ruled for 13 years, and lastly, Hazrat Ali (R.A.) was elected and he- ruled for 4 years and 9 months, (656-661).

83. World Of Islam The brothers banu musa who lived in the 9 th century may be said to be the firstoutstanding Muslim geometers while their contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah used http://www.omarfoundation.org/Culture/World of Islam.htm

The Religion of Islam "This day have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favor unto you, and have chosen for you as your religion Islam." (Qu’ran, Surah [5:3]) Introduction Islam is a religion based upon the surrender to God who is One. The very name of the religion, al-Islam in Arabic, means at once submission and peace, for it is in submitting to God’s Will that human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. The message of Islam concerns God, who in Arabic is called Allah, and it addresses itself to humanity’s most profound nature. It concerns men and women as they were created by God—not as fallen beings. Islam therefore considers itself to be not an innovation but a reassertion of the universal truth of all revelation, which is God’s Oneness. Prophets Qu’ran Prophet of Islam The Prophet of Islam is loved and revered by Muslims precisely because he was chosen by God to reveal His Word to mankind. The Prophet Muhammad is not considered to be divine but a human being. However, he is seen as the most perfect of human beings, shining like a jewel among stones. He was born in 570 A. D. in one of the most powerful tribes in the Arabia of that time, for it had guardianship over the Ka’bah in Makkah. An orphan brought up by his grandfather and later by his uncle, the young Muhammad displayed exceptional virtue as a trustworthy individual whom members of various tribes would invite to act as arbitrator in their disputes.

84. Az-zahra - History Of 14 Masoomen the Prophets Adam Nuh Ibrahim Ismail Ishaq banu Hashim banu Israil musa Isa Muhammad inMedina, the tribes of Awsh and Khazraj became brothers for life http://www.az-zahra.com/LN1/14m.htm

85. Nahjul Balagha 161. O brother of banu Asad O brothers, I am not ignorant of To the Abdullah bin Qays,better known in history as Abu musa Ash'ari, for his weakfaith and double http://www.khomeini.com/gatewaytoheaven/Books/NahjulBalagha.htm

Nahjul Balagha Sermons, Letters, and Sayings of Ameer al-Mu'mineen, the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s.) Search the text Background Information The Compiler of Nahj al Balagha, Syed al Radi Life and Lineage Personality and Schooling Works The Sources of Nahj al Balagha The Contents of Nahj al Balagha The Commentaries on Nahj al Balagha Misconceptions about Nahj al Balagha ... Source Alternative Sources of the Sermons Sermon by Sermon references to well-known Islamic texts Bibliography for the Sermon by Sermon references Download an MS Word 6.0 file that contains both the Sermon by Sermon References and the Bibliography for those references. Sermons Download Sermons 1-239 with embedded font that preserves special transliterated characters (MS Word 6.0). Or, view the sermons below. 1. Praise belongs to God, Whose Glory lies beyond ... 2. I praise Him, seeking the completion of His bounty... 3. By God, so and so (Ibn Abi Quhafah).... 4. Through us you were guided ... ... Source Letters Download Letters 1-79 with embedded font that preserves special transliterated characters (MS Word 6.0). Or, view the letters below.

86. Tiernamen - Ba Translate this page Saiten. banu w. Persisch banu = Erhabene Dame. Türkischer Name. banuMusa brothers, * ca. 800 in Bagdad. Drei arabische Mathematiker. http://www.mmhg.de/tiernamen/namen/tb_b/tb_ba.htm

Ba Babe m/w Babette w Babette, Schlittenhund in einer Geschichte von Jack London. Babsi, Babsy w Babuschka w Baby m/w Bacchus m Bacci m/w Bado m Aus dem germanischen badu = Kampf. Baffi, Baffy m/w Bagel m Beagle von Barry Manilow, US-Entertainer. Baghira m Schwarzer Kater aus Berlin. Bailey m Old Bailey, Hauptkriminalgericht in London. Baja w Spanisch baja=kurz, tief. Bajo m Bakchos, Bacchus m Baker m/w George Baker, * 8.12.1944. Siehe George. Baker und Abel waren zwei Schimpansen die am 28.5.1959 ins Weltall geschossen wurden. Balaban m Balda w, Baldo m Friesische KF von Namen mit bald- (Bald ). ? Balduin m Baldur m Germanischer Lichtgott. Balou, Baloo m Balthasar, Baltasar m Balto m Baltus m Kater. Balu m Balzac m Bambam m Bambi m/w Bambo m Baumann m Dieter Baumann, * 9.2.1965. Deutscher Sportler. Olympiasieger 1992 auf der 5000 Meter-Strecke. Bandi, Bandy m/w Bandy ist ein dem Eishockey verwandtes Spiel mit einem Ball (58-62 g schwer). Bandit m Name eines Katers aus Karlsruhe. Banga w Bangle m Banja w, Banjo m Ein Banjo ist eine amerikanische Schlaggitarre mit 5 bis 9 Saiten. Banu w INTERNET Banu Hillal, ca. 1100. Arabische Immigranten im Maghreb (Algerien, Marokko und Tunesien).

87. The Battle Of Banu Al-Mustaliq musa Ibn Uqbah, however, said, It was in the 4 th year of Hijra. of Allah (peaceand blessings of Allah be upon him) received news that banu AlMustaliq were http://www.anwary-islam.com/battle/ghazwah_mustaliq.html

LIFE IN ISLAM PROPHET LIFE HISTORY PROPHET'S W IVES ... OMEN YOUR BANNER HEAR BATTLES LIST PICTURES GALLERY NAME OF GOD 72 SIGNS NEAR DOOMSDAY ... S CONTENTS The Story of Ifk The Battle Of Banu Al-Mustaliq According to Al-Bukhari, this battle is also called the battle of Al-Muraisi. It took place, according to Ibn Ishaq, in the 6 th year of Hijra. Musa Ibn Uqbah, however, said, "It was in the 4 th year of Hijra. Az'Zuhari said, "The story of the forged statment against Ashah (may Allah be pleased with her) was during the battle of Al-Muraisi" According to Ibn Ishaq, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) received news that Banu Al-Mustaliq were gathering together against him. Their leader was Al-Harith Ibn Abu Dirar, the father Juwairiyah, whom the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) married afterwards. On hearing about them, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) went out and met them at a watering place of theirs called Al-Muraisi in the direction of Qudayd towards the shore. There was a fight and Allah put Banu Al-Mustahiq to flight and killed some of them and gave the Messenger their wives, children, and property as booty, Al-Bukhari narrated that Abdullah Ibn Awn said, "I wrote a letter to Nafi wrote in reply to my letter that had suddenly attacked Banu Al-Mustaliq without warning while they were heedless and their cattle were being watered at the places of water. Their fighting men were killed and their women and children were taken as captives; theProphet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) got Juwairiyah on that day. Nafi said that Ibn Umar had told him the above narration and that Ibn Umar was in the army."

88. The Water Organ And Other Related Sound-Producing Automata on the water organ in Arabic remains this treatise attributed to banu musa. Thebrothers Tommaso and Alessandro Francini (late sixteenth century to early http://cfaonline.asu.edu/haefer/classes/564/564.papers/curtisjwaterorgan.html

The Water Organ and Other Related Sound-Producing Automata December 11, 2000 Joseph R. Curtis The Water Organ and Other Related Sound-Producing Automata Greek Sources organon referring to a water organ, which made figures play wind, string and percussion instruments. Arabic Sources klepsydra The Organ from its Invention in the Hellenistic Period to the end of the Thirteenth Century , he describes musical automata in the palace of Emperor Theophilus (829-842 AD). "This Theophilus had also constructed a musical tree which he had installed in one of the great reception rooms in the palace. …It consisted of a golden tree with small birds perched on its branches, twittering musically by means of a pneumatic mechanism which sent air through concealed tubes." Figure 1 is taken from the treatise attributed to Archimedes. It shows a figure playing a flue or reed pipe, which is made to sound by air being forced through it by the fall of water into a cistern. Figure 1 The Archimedes Automatic Wind Instrumentalist British Museum MS., Or. Add. 23391

89. Astronomy 120 | Eastern Astronomy He recommended himself to the banu musa, a set of mathematician brothersdescended from a robber who had diversified into astrology. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tesdell/astro/knowledge.html

Expansion and translation of knowledge Perhaps the most important Arab and Muslim contribution to science was the translation and expansion upon ancient texts. At the height of Islamic Spain and Baghdad (in what is now Iraq), science and the arts flourished as the world's scholars assembled largely in those two places to translate and expand upon older Greek texts. Important discoveries were found in algebra, geometer, mathematics, as well as astronomy. Much of the world's collective knowledge was translated into Arabic and stored and studied. The great advances made by Greeks, the Chinese and Hindus were preserved during the Dark Ages. It is widely recognized that without this preservation of knowledge by the Islamic scholars, the remarkable discoveries made during the Renaissance could not have happened that time. Image source: http://www.islamicedfoundation.com/ artgallery/solarsystemmodel.jpg Relevance to Astronomy 120 The texts and knowledge preserved by scholars under Islamic societies paved the way for much of the information we now respect. One example is that al-Tusi's work at the Maragheh observatory is considered by many to be the inspiration for the Copernican planetary models, a concept we studied in class.

90. My Lines, By Robert Brian Stewart including 'Abd alAziz ibn musa al-Makkiyya issue, including Ibraheem ibn MuhammadBanu Hâshim ( º628 the least capable of all his brothers; and shortly http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cousin/html/d0000/g0000061.html

Najjar al-Khazraji Adi ibn Najjar al-Khazraji with issue, including: Salma bint Adi ibn Najjar al-Khazrajiyya oo Hâshim ibn 'Abd al-Manâf al-Qurayshi I ndividuals S ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale Najjar al-Khazraji with issue, including: Adi ibn Najjar al-Khazraji I ndividuals S ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale Najjar al-Khazraji Adi ibn Najjar al-Khazraji Salma bint Adi ibn Najjar al-Khazrajiyya oo Hâshim ibn 'Abd al-Manâf al-Qurayshi (son of 'Abd al-Manâf al-Mujira ibn Qusayy Zaid al-Qurayshi marriage BEF 0500. ·Her 2nd (divorcee). with issue, including: 'Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hâshim Banu Hâshim oo Fatima bint Asad al-Makhzumiyya oo Halah bint Wuheib al-Qurayshi event ·discreet, and withal comely, and made a tender impression upon the heart of Hashim event ·daughter of Amr, a Khazrajite of the Bani Najjar event ·first married to Oheiha, and bore him two sons, but that then divorced her Attributes nationality of the Bani Najjar I ndividuals S urnames ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale 'Alkama al-Kinani ° birth ABT 0574.

91. My Lines, By Robert Brian Stewart Hâshim (as)( º765, †818 ) (son of musa alKadhim al-Taqi al-Jawad ibn 'Alî BanuHâshim (as kinship, comprised of the descendants of brothers Osorio and http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cousin/html/d0000/g0000042.html

Ricoara ° birth ABT 0930. oo Joceran de Sémur (son of Freelan de Chamelet marriage with issue, including: Geoffrey I de Sémur oo N. N. de Brioude I ndividuals S ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale Roar with issue, including: Roarsdottir oo Gram of Denmark oo Bess event ·the foster father of Gram, son of Skiold, and father of Gram's first wife I ndividuals S urnames ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale Roar Roarsdottir oo Gram of Denmark (son of Skiold of Denmark marriage ·Foster-siblings. Her 1st. divorce ·Repudiated when given to a comrade of his. oo Bess marriage ·Her 2nd. event ·married first to her foster-brother, in order the better to show his gratefulness for his nursing, but then given to Bess, a friend of Gram's I ndividuals S urnames ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale Robert ° birth ABT 1045, in Cheddar, Somerset, England. with issue, including: Gilbert fitz Robert oo ? De Venus I ndividuals S ... -mail . - My A ncestors C ousins (w/i 4) R elations (w/i 16) N o relation M ale/ F emale John Darke (son of Thomas Darke Jane Rush (dau of John "Old Trooper" Rush Mary Darke Robert ° birth with issue, including:

92. [Grapevine] For 25 Jul, 2002 Hinduja brothersSrichand, Gopichand and Prakashchand had sought Allauddin Bengali,Ustad Baba musa Bengali, Baba Borivli West), Bibi Shameer banu and Baba http://www.mumbai-central.com/grapevine/msg01085.html

Site directory Today's news Film reviews likhaai ... Mumbai-Central.com Where Mumbaikars meet WITSIndia.com - e-commerce solutions, Web designing and much more... Top The Mumbai Grapevine Date Prev ... Date Index [Grapevine] For 25 Jul, 2002 Subject : [Grapevine] For 25 Jul, 2002 Date : 25 Jul 2002 15:53:32 -0000 Organization : Mumbai Central Title: The Mumbai Grapevine The Mumbai Grapevine Connecting Mumbaikars with Mumbai (Published by Mumbai-Central.com -: Advertisement :- Easy online booking for over 900 hotels in India, Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Malayasia http://www.mumbai-central.com/hotel_reservation.html And upto 70% off the rack rates! -: Advertisement :- Headlines News: A P J Abdul Kalam becomes 12th President of India "We have become victims of political intrigue": Hindujas AG terms media report on diffrences with Centre as baseless Modis "concerned" over bribery allegations in XeroxModiCorp ... England make a sedate start Markets: Sensex: 3094.96, -12.52 Forex Metals and Weather below News A P J Abdul Kalam becomes 12th President of India New Delhi,Wednesday, July 24, 2002: Architect of India's missile programme A P J Abdul Kalam on Thursday took over as the 12th President and made a strong plea for a "focused action" to combat cross-border terrorism and internal conflicts while calling for making the country militarily and economically self-reliant on the path to speedy development.

93. History Of Sciences In The Islamic World - Light Of Islam first is by the Bano (Arabic for sons of) musa, three brothers who lived The Banumusa were masters in the exploitation of small variations in aerostatic and http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm

History of Sciences in the Islamic World Medical Science Hospitals Pharmacology Industry ... Reference I. Medical Science Dr. Meyerhof writes in "The Legacy of Islam" (P.132): "Muslim doctors laughed at the Crusaders' medical attendants for their clumsy and elementary efforts. The Europeans had not the advantage of the books of Avicenna, Jaber, Hassan bin Haytham, Rhazes. However, they finally had them translated into Latin. These translations exist still, without the translators' names. In the 16th century the books of Averroes (Inb Rushd) and avicenna (Ibn Sina) were put out in Latin translation in Italy and used as the basis of instruction in the Italian and French universities." On page 116 of the same work he writes that after Rhazes' death the works of Avicenna (AD 980-1037) were taken up. His influence on thought and philosophy and general science was profound, and his medical works (based on the works of Galen which he had found in the Samarqand library in Arabic translation) had a sensational outrech. Other scientists followed - Abu'l-Qais of Andalusia; Ibn-Zahr of Andalusia; Abbas the Irani; Ali ibn-Rezvan of Egypt; Ibn Butlan of Baghdad; Abu Mansur Muwaffaq of Herat; Ibbn Wafeed of Spain; Masooya o Baghdad; Ali-ibn-Esau of Baghdad; Ammar of Mosul; Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) of Andalusia; whose works were translated into Latin were used in European universities. Europe knew nothing of the cholera bacterium when Islam entered Spain, and the people there regarded the disease as a punishment sent from heaven to exact the penalty of the sins: but Muslim physicians had already proved that even the public plague was a contagious disease and nothing else.

94. BRAZIL-L: [BRAZIL-L] Abunazar And The Ummayad Amirs of alMundhir's and Ab Allah's brothers was called the Maya genealogy might be thebanu Qasi Abdallah He left four known children Muhammad, musa, Fortun - who http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/BRAZIL/1999-08/0934529641

BRAZIL-L Archives From: Subject: [BRAZIL-L] Abunazar and the Ummayad amirs Date: Fri, 13 Aug 99 07:34:01 -0000 This thread: [BRAZIL-L] Abunazar and the Ummayad amirs by RootsWeb is funded and supported by Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Learn more. About Us Contact Us Acceptable Use Policy ... Privacy Statement

95. Islam It was then that a person from banu Tamim visited Book 015, Number 4051 Abu Musareported We walked on I was the seventh one amongst my brothers during the http://www.yildun.com/hadith/hadsahm/hadsahm15.html

96. SalamIran - Religion Talib, peace be on him, and his brothers were among He had especially gathered theBanu Abd alMuttalib there as Aaron (Harun) was to Moses (musa) except that http://www.salamiran.org/Religion/Ghadir/

If you have installed "persian" font on your computer you may view a few poems from: Molana Attar Shahryar Hesan about Ali (as). Send an e-card greeting The Day of Ghadeer Ali ebn'e Abe Talib (AS) The Commander of the Faithful Introduction His birth His Mother His Teacher His Islam After the Prophet(S) His Authority His Immate His Martyrdom Secret of Imam Ali's Love by Allama Murtaza Mutahhari Persian Poems about Imam Ali (AS) Introduction This part gives) an account of the Commander of the faithful, peace be on him, the first of the Imams of the believers, of the rulers of the Muslims and of God's (appointed) successors in religion after the Apostle of God, the truthful one and the trusted one, Muhammad ebn'e abd'allah, the seal of the Prophets, blessings on him and his pure family. (He was) The brother of the Apostle of God and his paternal cousin, and his helper (wazir) in his affair, his son-in- law (being married) to his daughter, Fatima the chaste, mistress of the women of the universe. (The

97. Legacy Of Islam - Muslim Contributors To Science And Technology AlMutawakkil had entrusted the two sons of musa ibn Shakir, Muhammad and Ahmad Newsof this angered the Caliph, and the two brothers were saved from severe http://www.amaana.org/ISWEB/contents.htm

Home Guestbook Email Page 1 ... What's New Legacy of Islam - Muslim Personalities Glimpses of Renowned Scientists and Thinkers of Muslim Era Contents To view larger images, click on the photos Abu Abdullah al-Battani Abu Raihan al-Biruni Abul Wafa Muhammad al-Buzjani Abu al-Nasr al-Farabi ... Forward ABU ABDULLAH AL-BATANI ( 858 - 929 A.D.) Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 A.D. in Harran, and according to one account, in Battan, a State of Harran. Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn San'an al-Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he migrated to Samarra, where he worked till the end of his life in 929 A.D. He was of Sabian origin, but was himself a Muslim. Battani was a famous astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. He has been held as one of the greatest astronomists of Islam. He is responsible for a number of important discoveries in astronomy, which was the result of a long career of 42 years of research beginning at Raqqa when he was young. His well-known discovery is the remarkably accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had increased by 16 o , 47' since Ptolemy. This implied the important discovery of the motion of the solar apsides and of a slow variation in the equation of time. He did not believe in the trapidation of the equinoxes, although Copernicus held it.

98. Abasid1 a library and an observatory. Private patrons such as the banu Musabrothers followed his example. This activity had a profound http://www.angelfire.com/nt/Gilgamesh/abasid1.html

The 'Abbasid caliphate Opposition to the Umayyads finally came to a head in northeastern Iran (Khorasan) in 747 when the mawla Abu Muslim raised black banners in the name of the 'Abbasids , a branch of the family of the Prophet, distantly related to 'Ali and his descendants. In 749 the armies from the east reached Iraq, where they received the support of much of the population. The 'Abbasids themselves came from their retreat at Humaymah in southern Jordan, and in 749 the first 'Abbasid caliph, as-Saffah , was proclaimed in the mosque at Al-Kufah. This " 'Abbasid Revolution" ushered in the golden age of medieval Iraq. Khorasan was too much on the fringes of the Muslim world to be a suitable capital, and from the beginning the 'Abbasid caliphs made Iraq their base. By this time Islam had spread well beyond the original garrison towns, even though Muslims were still a minority of the population. At first the 'Abbasids ruled from Al-Kufah or nearby, but in 762 al-Mansur founded a new capital on the site of the old village of Baghdad . It was officially known as Madinat as-Salam ("City of Peace"), but in popular usage the old name prevailed. Baghdad soon became larger than any city in Europe or western Asia. Al-Mansur built the massive Round City with four gates and his palace and the main mosque in the centre. This Round City was exclusively a government quarter, and soon after its construction the markets were banished to the

99. Bielade's Webpage Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi. Shams alDin ibn Ashraf Al-Samarqandi. banu Musabrothers. under construction Creators of Physics . School Stuff. PRO511. INT428. http://vision.senecac.on.ca/~bbenjami/

Bielade Ben Jamil's webpage Palestine Creators of Mathematics Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa "Al-Khwarizmi": "Algorithm!!" Creator of ALGEBRA Ahmed ibn Yusuf al-Misri Abu Mansur ibn Tahir Al-Baghdadi al-Abbas ibn Said Al-Jawhari Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi ... Banu Musa brothers under construction Creators of Physics.... School Stuff Visual Basic EJB

100. History Of Arabia observatory lab and research center. Private patrons such as the BanuMusa brothers followed his example. This activity had a profound http://www.amualumni.8m.com/KSAHistory.htm

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Home Page Back Alumni of Aligarh Muslim University (India) History of Arab and Saudi Arabia Chronology of 1,000 years of Muslims rule over world Ancient Period History Islamic Period History Medieval Time History (Saudi Arabia) ... Modern Time History (Saudi Arabia) Ancient Period History Top Arabia was probably the original home of the Semites. Semitic peoples have been credited with inventing the alphabet first. In the 4th millennium BC, they moved into Mesopotamia and Palestine, later to be identified as Assyro-Babylonians, Canaanites, and Amorites. In the 1st millennium BC the Minaean kingdom was well established in Asir and the south of Al Hijaz (Hejaz) along the Red Sea coast; its capital was at Karna, or Qarnah (present-day Sadah, Yemen). The Minaeans were nomads and herders, who eventually became the chief traders of incense through northern Al Hijaz. After the Minaeans withdrew from their trading post at Dedan (now Al ’Ula) in the 1st century BC, the Nabataeans founded a commercial centre at Mada’in Salih, just to the north. Central and Northern Arabia seem to have been the original home of the Arabs. The important Arabian tribes of the pre-Islamic period were the Thamud, located in the northern Hejaz (al-Hijaz region) near the Red Sea, and the Lihyanites, located in and around Dedan.

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