21. 2.3. THE PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOX In the Shulba Sutra appended to baudhayana’s Shrauta Sutra, mathematicalinstructions are given for the construction of Vedic altars. http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ait/ch23.htm

2. Astronomical data and the Aryan question 2.3. THE PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOX 2.3.1. The slowest hand on the clock The truly strong evidence for a high chronology of the Vedas is the Vedic information about the position of the equinox. The phenomenon of the “precession of the equinoxes” takes the ecliptical constellations (also known as the sidereal Zodiac , i.e. those constellations through which the sun passes) slowly past the vernal equinox point, i.e. the intersection of ecliptic and equator, rising due East on the horizon. The whole tour is made in about 25,791 years, the longest cycle manageable for naked-eye observers. If data about the precession are properly recorded, they provide the best and often the only clue to an absolute chronology for ancient events. If we can read the Vedic and post-Vedic indications properly, they mention constellations on the equinox points which were there from 4,000 BC for the Rg-Veda (Orion, as already pointed out by B.G. Tilak) through around 3100 BC for the Atharva-Veda and the core Mahabharata (Aldebaran) down to 2,300 BC for the Sutras and the Shatapatha Brahmana (Pleiades). Other references to the constellational position of the solstices or of solar and lunar positions at the beginning of the monsoon confirm this chronology. Thus, the Kaushitaki Brahmana puts the winter solstice at the new moon of the sidereal month of Magha (i.e. the Mahashivaratri festival), which now falls 70 days later: this points to a date in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC.

22. 4.2. TEXTUAL EVIDENCE Michael Witzel tries to read a line from the “admittedly much later” baudhayanaShrauta Sutra as attesting the Aryan invasion “PrAn ayuh pravavrAja http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ait/ch42.htm

4. Miscellaneous aspects of the Aryan invasion debate 4.2. TEXTUAL EVIDENCE 4.2.1. Ayu and Amavasu In this section, we will consider the sparse attempts to discover references to the Aryan invasion in Vedic literature, and argue that these have not yielded any such finding. A first category consists of old but still commonly repeated cases of circular reasoning, e.g. the assumption that the enemies encountered by the tribe with which the Vedic poet identifies, are “aboriginals”. In fact, there is not one passage where the Vedic authors describe such encounters in terms of “us invaders” vs. “them natives”, even implicitly. Among more recent attempts, motivated explicitly by the desire to counter the increasing skepticism regarding the Aryan invasion theory, the most precise endeavour to show up an explicit mention of the invasion turns out to be based on mistranslation. Michael Witzel tries to read a line from the “admittedly much later” Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra as attesting the Aryan invasion: (BSS 18.44:397.9).

23. Dhaman - The Definitive Guide: Amazing Facts Pythagoras Theorem or baudhayana Theorem. The so called PythagorasTheorem the square of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle http://www.users.totalise.co.uk/~anu/facts.html

The Definitive Guide to Dhaman Amazing Facts There are some interesting facts about India which the vast majority of people don't know. These were taken from the Unserstanding Hinduism booklet available from the magnificent Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Neasden, London, UK. (See below for full contact info). If you have not seen this temple then you are missing one of the wonders of this world. Below are some amazing facts which unfortunately, most of the credits lie to other non-indians. Please read them and you will be surprised. Maths Zero - The Most Powerful Tool India invented the Zero. Without the zero there would be no binary system and no computers. Counting would be clumsy and cumbersome. The earliest recorded example, an inscription of zero on Sankedha copper plate was found in Gujarat, India in 585 CE. In Brahman Phuta Siddhanta of brahmagupta (7th Century CE), the zero is lucidly explained and was rendered into Arabic books around 770 CE. From these it was carried to Europe in the 8th century. However the concept of zero is referred to as a Shunya in the early sanskrit text of the 4th century BCE and clearly explained in the Pingala's Chandh Sutra of the 2nd century.

24. Computers Today, May 16-31, 2001;  Viewport are pardonable to a degree, but I do wish that our political and thoughtleadersknew better than to overemphasise the fact baudhayana formulated the famous http://www.india-today.com/ctoday/20010516/columns2.html

Home May 16-31, 2001 VIEW PORT Master File Country Buzz Chief Guest Front End ... Previous Issue CHANNELS Politics Business The Arts People ... What's New Pythagoras' Predecessors We need to discover if there is anything that we have lost from the system that produced Ramanujan, C.V. Raman, J.C. Bose... By M.G. Subramanian Telephones for the Poor A s the HR manager of a company at the cutting edge of technology, I enjoy interviewing and evaluating the new breed of knowledge workers every working day. I go home elated when we have a 'find of the day', a young engineer who shows evidence that he/she went beyond his text books or beyond the 1,000 lines of code that he was tasked to write. Equally, on a day that's not mine, I go home terribly depressed that some young engineers feel perfectly comfortable saying they do not recall the equation for an ellipse or that they have forgotten the Pythagoras theorem because "he/she learnt it in class IX seven years ago!" Going solely by the dubious predictive value of such experiences, I would say we are celebrating our status as an emerging knowledge superpower prematurely. Such celebrations are pardonable to a degree, but I do wish that our political and thought-leaders knew better than to overemphasise the fact Baudhayana formulated the famous theorem on right-angled triangles centuries before poor Pythogoras learnt his angles right. Nothing has convinced me that we are on our way to an ecosystem that can produce a Baudhayana again.

25. Hindu Scriptures Describes the various groups of scriptures in Hinduism.Category Society Religion and Spirituality Hinduism Religious Texts...... Shrouta Sutras, Aswalayana, Shankhyayana, Apasthamba, baudhayana, Hiranyakesi,Bharadwaja, Vaikhanasa, Vadhoola, Manava, Varaha, Katyayana (Paaraskara), Khadira http://www.hinduism.co.za/vedas-.htm

PAGES Amazing Science Oldest Civilization Aryan Language Family Hindu Festivals - 2031 ... Books Hindu Scriptures Philosophy Schools of Vedanta Hindu Sects Dasnami Sampradayas ... Favorites TOP =======UNDERSTANDING HINDUISM======== Hindu Scriptures Table of Vedas and their branches As set out by Sri V.A.K.Ayer Vedas Rig Veda Krishna Yajur Veda Sukla Yajur Veda Samaveda Atharva Veda No.of original Recensions Available Recensions or Shakas Shakala Taitireeya Mitrayani Katha Kapisthala Swetaswetara Kanva, Madyandina (Vajasanya) Kauthuma, Ranaayaneeya, Jaimineeya Pippalada Saunaka Brahmanas Aitaraya, Kaushitiki ( or Shankhyayana) Taittireeya (Samhita) Taitireeya Sathapatha Panchavimsa, Shadvimsa, Samavidhana, Aarsheya, Mantra, Devatadhyaya, Vamsa, Jaimineeya Gopatha Aranyakas Aitaraya, Sankhyayana Taitttireeya Brahad- aranyaka Upanishads Aitaraya, Kaushitiki, Bhashkala Aitaraya, Mahanarayana, Mitrayani, Katakha

26. Amazing Science Details are found in Shulva sutra. Other sages of mathematics include baudhayana,Katyayana, and Apastamba. Pythagorean Theorem or baudhayana Theorem? http://www.hinduism.co.za/amazing.htm

PAGES Amazing Science Oldest Civilization Aryan Language Family Hindu Festivals - 2031 Moon Calendar ... Favorites TOP ======UNDERSTANDING HINDUISM======== Amazing Science Amazing Science (Part 1) (Saints and Science) By Swami Sada Shiva Tirtha Amazing Science, Cosmology and Psychology, Medicine (Ayurveda), Aviation, Surgery, Paediatrics, Gynaecology, Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Embryology, Blood Circulation, Rhinoplasty, Amputation, Caesarian and Cranial surgeries, Anesthesia, Antibiotic herbs, Atomic theory, Chemistry Alchemical Metals, Astronomy and Mathematics, Geography, Constellation science, Botany and Animal science, Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry, Planetary positions, Eclipses, Cosmography, and mathematical techniques, Force of Gravity, The Decimal, Metallurgy. Amazing Science (Part 2) From The Mahabharata Bacteria -Viruses, Physiology, Science of Speech Amazing Science (Part 3) By Sadhu Brahmaviharidas University (The world's first university), Mathematics, Zero, the most powerful tool, Geometry, The value of Pi in India, Pythagorean Theorem or Baudhayana Theorem? Raising 10 to the power of 53, Astronomy, The Law of Gravity- 1200 years before Newton, Measurement of Time, Plastic surgery in India 2600 years old, 125 types of surgical instruments, 300 different operations, India's contributions acknowledged by historians and scholars Amazing Science (Part 4) By J J O'Connor and E F Robertson Grammar, Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology

27. Sword Of Truth Archives -- Hindu Geometry - Part 4 Numerous passages of baudhayana and Apastambha Shulba dealing with the spatialmagnitudes of sacrificial altars as well as with the methods of their http://www.swordoftruth.com/swordoftruth/archives/byauthor/aniruddhaavanipal/hgp

Issue# 2000.22 September 24 th Aniruddha Avanipal Hindu Geometry - Part 4 ( Continued from Hindu Geometry - Part 3... In one of my previous articles, I mentioned that the science of geometry or Shulba in India originated from the construction of Vedic altars. I also described briefly various basic geometric terms that are used in Hindu geometry to define and formulate a two-dimensional geometric problem. In this article, I will try to treat the origin, growth and development of Hindu geometry more fully. In other words, I would like to show that the root of advanced geometric ideas found in Shulba indeed stand on the foundation formed in the earlier Vedic texts, such as Samhitas and Vedas. Nitya Vedis: There are multitudes of the altars of the Nitya class. But the three primary ones are Garhapatya, Ahavaniya and Dakshina. In Shulba sutras it is stated that Garhapatya must be of the form of a square or circle. The altar for Ahavaniya should be always a square and that of Dakshina always a semi-circular. The area of each however must be the same and equal to one square Vyama (1 Vyama = 96 Angulis = 72 inches approximately). So the construction of these three altars obviously presupposes the knowledge of the following geometrical operations: To construct a square on a given straight line To circle a square an vice versa To double a circle or doubling a square and circling it.

28. Sutra Some of the important Grihyasutras are the Apastamba Grihyasutra, the baudhayanaGrihyasutra, the Ashvalayana Grihyasutra, the Sankhayana Grihyasutra, and the http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/sutra.htm

Thread or string'. These texts form the last stage of Vedic literature, with verses written in very technical language, by different writers between 500 and 200 BC. These works developed as a result of the need to simplify the rites and rituals explained in the Brahmanas. These concise treatises simplify Vedic teachings on rituals and their reasons. They also simplify the concepts of customary law. They are known as the "angas" or limbs of the four Vedas, but are considered smriti. There are three known groups of text called sutras: Shrautasutras, Grihyasutras and Dharmasutras, together known as the Kalpa Sutra, and are considered attached to the Vedas.(Outside the Kalpa Sutras are other independent texts, not attached to the Vedas, also called Dharmasutra and Grihyasutras) The Shrautasutras contain short passages of instruction for the performance of the elaborate rituals described in the Vedas. For example, they explain how to lay the sacrificial fire, or how to perform Chaturmasya. The authors of the Shrautasutras belonged to different schools of philosophy. Some of the important Shrautasutra works are: The Ashvalayana and Sankhayana, associated with the Rig-Veda (see Veda The Jaimini, Manasaka, Latyayana, and Drahyayana, associated with the Sama Veda.

29. Astronomical Data And The Aryan Question In the Shulba Sutra appended to baudhayana's Shrauta Sutra, mathematicalinstructions are given for the construction of Vedic altars. http://pws.the-ecorp.com/~chbrugmans/articles/astronomy2.html

Astronomical data and the Aryan question By Koenraad Elst , Leuven (belgium), 21 December 1998 Print this article (68 Kb) Part of this article Home Articles Links Contact 3. The precession of the equinox 3.1. The slowest hand on the clock T he truly strong evidence for a high chronology of the Vedas is the Vedic information about the position of the equinox. The phenomenon of the "precession of the equinoxes" takes the ecliptical constellations (also known as the sidereal Zodiac , i.e. those constellations through which the sun passes) Indeed, the regular references to the full moon's position in a constellation at the time of the beginning of the monsoon, which nearly coincides with the summer solstice, provide a secure and unambiguous chronology through the millennial Vedic literature. It is not only the Vedic age which is moved a number of centuries deeper into the past, when comparing the astronomical indications with the conventional chronology. Even the Gupta age (and implicitly the earlier ages of the Buddha, the Mauryas etc.) could be affected. Indeed, the famous playwright and poet Kalidasa, supposed to have worked at the Gupta court in about 400 AD, wrote that the monsoon rains started at the start of the sidereal month of Ashadha; this timing of the monsoon was accurate in the last centuries BC.

30. Read Before Writing - Suite101.com Moreover, what the ancient Indians did was simply not extraordinary. The Babylonianswere working with Pythagorean triads 1000 years before your baudhayana. http://www.suite101.com/discussion.cfm/oriental_history/32044/latest/12

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31. VNN Vaishnava News Network - World The old Sanskrit text baudhayana Shulba Sutra of the 6th Century BCE mentions thisratio as approximately equal to 3. Aryabhatta in 499 BCE worked out the http://www.vnn.org/world/9803/16-1698/

World The Jiva Institute Newsletter India (VNN) - Published by Jiva Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India ( http://www.jiva.org March 16, 1998 Namaskar, This is a periodic newsletter from Jiva Institute. Here you will find news on Indian topics related to education, health (Ayurveda) and culture. GEOMETRY INVENTED IN INDIA The word 'Geometry' seems to have emerged from the Indian word 'Gyaamiti, which means measuring the Earth. The word 'Trigonometry is similar to the word 'Trikonmiti', meaning measuring triangular forms. Euclid is credited with the invention of Geometry in 300 BCE while the concept of Geometry in India, emerged in 1000 BCE. The treatise of 'Surya Siddhanta' in (4th Century CE) describes amazing details of trigonometry which were introduced to Europe 1200 years later in the 16th Century by Briggs. THE VALUE OF 'PI' The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle in known as Pi, which give its value as 3.14592657932. The old Sanskrit text Baudhayana Shulba Sutra of the 6th Century BCE mentions this ratio as approximately equal to 3. Aryabhatta in 499 BCE worked out the value of Pi to the 4th decimal place, as 3 (177/1250) = 3.1416. Centuries later, in 825 CE, the Arab mathematician, Mohammed Ibna Musa, said that "this value 62832/20000 has been given by the Hindus (Indians)".

32. Indian Contributions angled triangle is equal to the sum of the square of the other two sides whichwas worked out earlier by the Indian mathematician, baudhayana in 'baudhayana http://www.ushaonline.org/contributions.htm

ANCIENT INDIA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INVENTION OF GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY The word 'Geometry' has emerged from the Indian word 'Gyaamiti' which means measuring the earth. The word 'Trigonometry' is similar to the word 'Trilonmiti' meaning measuring triangular form. Euclid is credited with the invention of Geometry, while the concept of Geometry in India emerged 6000 BCE from the practice of making Vedic Fire Altars in square, rectangular, and trapezoidal shapes. ZERO AND DECIMAL SYSTEM The American mathematician and historian of science, A. Seidenberg has established that the mathematics of both Old Babylonia (1900-1750 BCE) and the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2100-1800 BCE) must have derived their mathematics from the ancient Indian Vedic Sulbasutras. BINARY NUMBERS IN INDIAN ANTIQUITY: B. Van Nooten (Dept. of South and SE Asian Studies, Univ. of California, Berkeley) writing on Indian mathematics said: "I have found good reason to believe that the rudiments of binary calculation were discovered in India well in advance of their discovery by the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in 1695." He further said: "I have tried to show that Pingala used binary notation to classify metrical verses as early as the second or third century A.D. He also knew how to convert that binary notation to a decimal notation and vice versa." Nooten also commented that "He (Pingala) may well have been the originator of the system." Weights found at Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and other sites show a remarkable accuracy and follow a binary system: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and up to 12,800 units.

33. Am I A Hindu - Udupipages.com 2. Pi is a contribution of India to the world -A Sanskrit text named baudhayanaShulba Sutra of the 6th century mentions the value of PI as 3. Aryabhatta in http://www.udupipages.com/book/hindhu.html

Agriculture Art Gallery Banking Beaches ... Youth "AM I A HINDU?" [ISBN 1-879904-06-3 Halo Books, USA and Rupa Press, India] Ed Viswanath, an engineer from Kerala has authored an international best seller on Hinduism by name 'Am I a Hindu?' which has sold millions of copies around the globe... "I wanted my book to be read by every Intelligent Indian, who I think have leadership potential", he says. This book is one of a kind with 90 chapters and hundreds of questions and answers. It is in the form of thought provoking dialogue between 14-year-old American-born-Indian teenager and his middle-aged father on all aspects of Hinduism. Almost all the papers and magazines in India have written excellent reviews on this book. In USA many magazines [Library Journal, Booklist, etc] have recommended this book for all libraries. At least one community college in California is using this book as a medium of instruction to teach students about Hinduism I happened to write and published this book after an accidental conversation about "world religions" I had with a friend during a very monotonous drive to a Nuclear plant in 1984. I published the very first edition of the book in 1988 in India and now Halo Books, USA and Rupa Press, India published the book simultaneously. sI actually wrote this book to meet my own personal needs. I never ever saw a book on Hinduism describing every aspects of it in one book and so I wrote one.... I never ever thought people would love my book.... In fact, when I was preparing my manuscript, many told me that with thousands of books on Hinduism written by great saints occupying every bookshelf in India, people will be give very little importance to my book.... Lo and behold! To my total amazement the first edition of book [published in 1988 in India] as sold out in a couple of months.... This book was republished in 1992 in USA to meet the demand of orders from people living all over the west.

34. Hand Of The Vedapurusa From The Chapter "Kalpa", In Hindu Dharma : Kamakoti.org: Six sages have composed Kalpasutras for the KrsnaYajurveda which is predominantlyfollowed in the South - Apastamba, baudhayana, Vaikhanasa, Satyasadha http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part11/chap1.htm

Home Announcements Seva (KKSF) Tamil Section ... More ... Hand of the Vedapurusa (HinduDharma: Kalpa) Receive pages from Hindu Dharma in your email The sixth limb or Anga of the Vedapurusa is Kalpa, his hand. The hand is called "kara" since it does work (or since we work with it). In Telugu it is called " sey ". Kalpa is the sastra that involves you in "work". A man learns to chant the Vedas, studies Siksa, Vyakarana, Chandas, Nirukta and Jyotisa. What does he do next? He has to apply these sastras to the rites he is enjoined to perform. He has to wash away his sins, the sins earned by acting according to his whims. This he does by the performance of good works. For this he must know the appropriate mantras and how to enunciate them correctly, understanding their meaning. Also certain materials are needed and a house that is architecturally suited to the conduct of the rituals. The fruits yielded by these must be offered to the Isvara. Kalpa concerns itself with these matters. Why does a man learn the vedas? Why does he make efforts to gain perfection with regard to the purity and tone of their sound by learning Siksa, grammar and prosody? And why does he learn Jyotisa to find out the right time to perform rituals? The answer is to carry out the injunctions of Kalpa.

35. Hinduism Today | Mar 1999 1999) you mention baudhayana in the 6th century ce, long before Europe'smath whizzes in connection with the Pythagorean Theorem. http://www.hinduismtoday.com/1999/3/1999-3-05.html

Advanced Return to the Table of Contents March 1999 Letters More Focus on Youth Issues Hitesh Vyas Warwick, England H.Vyas@warwick.ac.uk Hope for Hindus on Holidays I REALLY ENJOYED YOUR DECEMBER ARTICLE about the Pancha Ganapati festival. I have shared that article with several co-workers who ask about what we do for "Christmas." I hope that, if Gurudeva has time, he will address this issue with young people on his daily internet discourse. Amber Sukumaran amber@hotmail.com He addressed this issue on the December th issue of Today at Kauai Aadheenam and other days of that period. Listen to his daily discourses at: http://www.hindu.org/today/ ABCDAn Offensive Stereotype I READ WITH EMPATHY JANKI KHATAU'S article, US Teen Teaches Us the ABCD's (Jan, '99). It reminded me of my children's experiences visiting India when they were young. They were ridiculed by their own cousins and uncles for getting a poor education in the US, speaking Hindi with an accent and being less Americanized than Indian kids born and raised in India. Luckily, they had high enough self-esteem not to be adversely impacted by those dumb comments, but it does make one wonder why Indian kids raised in the US are at times mistreated in India. I can think of only one reason, and that is jealousy. Most Indians in India have a heart-felt desire to come to the US, but since it is not so easy, they find it easier to ridicule those who have succeeded in their effort. Yes, Janki! ABCD does stand for America Born Confident Desi. I am on your side.

36. Bharat Translate this page Ce que l'on connaît de manière populaire comme Théorème de Pythagore, estmentionné dans les Sulvasutras par baudhayana, Katyayana et Apastamba, qui http://pages.intnet.mu/ramsurat/Bharatmata/meremathematiques.html

* BAUDHAYANA et APASTAMBA ont donné comme valeur de Ö2 : 1 + 1/3 + 1(3x4)-1(3x4x34) qui, lorsqu'on la développe, est correcte jusqu'à la cinquième décimale. Ils ont aussi établi que c'était une valeur approximative en utilisant le mot "savisheshah". Comment ont-ils pu arriver à cette expression très spéciale ? Non pas par intuition, mais en utilisant la méthode d'approximation qui porte graduellement la réponse à de plus grands degrés de précision. Comme cela est simple et parfait ! * Aryabatta donne une magnifique méthode pour résoudre les problèmes, appelée Viloma Vidhi (méthode de l'inversion). Il dit : "Multiplication signifie division, la division devient multiplication; ce qui est gain devient perte, ce qui est perte devient gain". L'énoncé est si bref qu'il semble ne pas avoir de sens. Bhaskaracharya donne un exemple de cette Viloma Vidhi dans sa "Lilavati Ganita" : "Dis-moi, ô fille aux yeux radieux, comment tu comprends la bonne méthode de l'inversion; quel est le nombre qui, multiplié par 3, puis augmenté des 3/4 du produit, divisé par 7, diminué d'un tiers, porté au carré, diminué de 52, dont on extrait la racine carrée, ajouté de 8 et divisé par 10 donne le nombre 2 ?"

37. SanathanaDharma According to Asvalayana, baudhayana, Apastamba and Parasara, it is a Ksetra Samskaraand should be performed only once. Harita and Devala followed them. http://www.sanathanadharma.com/samskaras/prenatal2.htm

SanathanaDharma.com The Smantonnayana (Hair-Parting) The Definition of the term The Purpose Early History The Time of Performance ... The Medical Basis The Definition of the term The third Samskara of the embryo was Somantonnayana. That rite was called Simanta, in which the hairs of a pregnant woman were parted. The Purpose Early History The only pre sutra reference to this ceremony is found in the Mantra Brahmana; "As Prajapati establishes the boundary of Aditi for great prosperity, so I part the hair of this woman and make her progeny live to a old age." In the same Brahmana reference is also made to the simile between the Udumbara tree and fertile woman. "This tree is fertile. Like it be fruitful etc." In the Grhyasutras the Samskara is described at length and all the features are fully developed. The Time of Performance The Grhyasutras, the Smritis and the astrological works discuss the proper time of performing this Samskara. The Grhyasutras favour the fourth or the fifth month of pregnancy. The Smritis and the astrological books extend the period up to eight month or up to the birth of the child. Some writers are even more liberal. According to them, if delivery took place before this Samskara was performed, it was celebrated after the birth of the child, placing it on the lap of the mother or putting it into a box. The later periods indicate that the original sense of the Samskara was being lost and it was becoming a farce. The Object of Purification The authorities are divided in their opinion whether this Samskara should be performed in every pregnancy or it should be performed only in the first conception. According to Asvalayana, Baudhayana, Apastamba and Parasara, it is a Ksetra Samskara and should be performed only once. Harita and Devala followed them. "A woman once purified by the Simantonnayana, every child produced by her becomes consevrated." But in the opinion of others it was a Garbha Samskara and should be performed in every conception. The difference of opinion was due to the fact the child in the womb was consecrated through the mother, so the first school thought it enough that the idea of protecting the unborn child was impressed even once on her mind, or protection against evil spirits was once ensured for her.

38. SanathanaDharma The baudhayanaGrhyasutra classifies the Pakayajnas under seven heads, the huta,the prahuta, the âhuta, the Sulagava, the baliharana, the pratyavarohana and http://www.sanathanadharma.com/samskaras/meanno.htm

SanathanaDharma.com THE MEANING AND THE NUMBER OF THE SAMSKARAS The Extent and Number of the Samskaras The Grhyasütras The Dharmasutras The Smrtis ... The Sixteen Samskaras 1. The Meaning gharma (vessel) that has teen purified." The Satapatha Brahmana (1.1.4.10) uses the term in the sense of preparing or purifying havis (offering) for the gods. The Mimansakas mean by it the ceremonious purification of sacrificial materials. In the Sutras of Jaimini the word ‘Samskara’ has been applied several times in the sense of some purificatory rite (III. 1. 3; III. 2, 15; III. 8. 3; IX. 2, 9, 42—44). Sabra, the commentator on the Jaiminisutras (III. 1. 3) explains the term Samskãra as an act which makes a certain thing or person fit for a certain purpose. The Tantravãrtika (p. 1078) regards ‘Samskãra’ as those acts and rites that impart fitness and further adds, "fitness is of two kinds." It arises from the removal of taints (sins) or by the generation of fresh qualities. Samskâras generates fresh qualities, which tapas brings about the removal of sins. "The Advaita Vedantists regard it the false attribution of physical action to the soul. The Naiyayikas use it in the sense of self-reproductive quality or faculty of impression recognised by the Vaisesikas as one of the twenty four gunas. In the classical Sanskrit literature the word Samskãra is used in a very wide sense :—in the sense of education, cultivation, training: refinement, perfection and grammatical purity;’ making perfect, refining, polishing;

39. Mathematics mathematics. Pythagorean Theorem principle discovered (baudhayana,baudhayana Sulba Sutra, 600 BC, 1000 years before Pythagoras); http://www.hindunet.org/mathematics/

Search Sciences Yoga Ayurveda Indian Medicine ... Sciences Mathematics Explore this topic in detail Recommend this page Comment on this page Print this page Create / Join Club Hindu Universe Links Articles Online Books Hindu Web Discussion Book- store Related Sections We list here some of the achievements of Hindus in the field of mathematics. Pythagorean Theorem principle discovered (Baudhayana, Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, 600 BC, 1000 years before Pythagoras) Decimal System (references dating back to 100 BC) Prefexes for raising 10 to powers as high as 53 (references dating back to 100 BC) Time taken by the earth to orbit the sun calculated as 365.258756484 days (Bhaskaracharya, Surya Siddhanta 400-500 AD) Law of Gravity (Bhaskaracharya, Surya Siddhanta 400-500 AD)

40. Logo The Sulvasutra attributed to baudhayana is considered to be the oldestas well as the most systematic and detailed version of the text. http://www.iisc.ernet.in/nias/logo.htm

H istory Structure Activities ... HOME About NIAS logo by R.Narasimha roddam@nias.iisc.ernet.in The NIAS logo can be traced back to a remarkable Sanskrit work called the Sulva-sutra which, while being one of the four Kalpa-sutra texts concerned chiefly with vedic ritual, displays a deep knowledge of geometry from pre-Euclidean times. Sulva (or sulba ) stands for rope, string or cord, and is derived from the root sulv , meaning 'to measure'; the Sulva-sutra is therefore literally 'The Manual of the Cord'. (To this day a cord is part of the basic equipment carried by an Indian mason, to be used in surveying or in laying out a structure in any construction activity.) The text is in fact a handbook of ritual geometry, and describes a series of geometric 'constructions' or procedures (using only strings and pegs) for the lay-out of sacrificial altars and fires of various shapes and dimensions, usually specified with extraordinary precision. The Sulva-sutra attributed to Baudhayana is considered to be the oldest as well as the most systematic and detailed version of the text. Scholars are not agreed on the precise date of the sutra , but the text clearly pre-dates Panini and is generally thought to have been written sometime between the 4th and 8th centuries B.C., most probably in the 5th or 6th century B.C. However, the procedures described in the text must almost certainly have been known much earlier. The NIAS logo displays the arrangement of bricks in the first layer of an altar called

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