21. Prime Numbers A few of the relavant mathematicians that we shall lood at from this timeperiod are Euler, johan bernoulli III, G. Monge, and Laplace. http://hypatia.math.uri.edu/~kulenm/diffeqaturi/m381f00fp/barbara/barbaramp.html

Difference Equations and Recursive Relations Number theory index History Topics Index A few of the relavant mathematicians that we shall lood at from this time period are: Euler, Johan Bernoulli III, G. Monge, and Laplace. click here for a full history and biography of Euler The first mathematician that we shall look at is Euler. He introduced beta and gamma functions, and integrating factors for differential equations. In 1755 Euler published Institutiones calculi differentialis which begins with a study of the calculus of finite differences. The work makes a thorough investigation of how differentiation behaves under substitutions. In Institutiones calculi integralis (1768-70) Euler made a thorough investigation of integrals which can be expressed in terms of elementary functions. He also studied beta and gamma functions, which he had introduced first in 1729. They were given the names beta function and gamma function by Binet and Gauss respectively. As well as investigating double integrals, Euler considered ordinary and partial differential equations in this work. Problems in mathematical physics had led Euler to a wide study of differential equations. He considered linear equations with constant coefficients, second order

22. . Moreover, there is a lack of study and research clubs comparable to, for example,that of Paris, where johan bernoulli had had the chance to meet L'Hopital. http://www.math.unifi.it/archimede/archimede_inglese/mostra_calcolo/guida/node21

The Garden of Archimedes A museum for mathematics Calculus in Italy The arrival of calculus in Italy Leibniz went to Italy in March 1689, charged with the study of the genealogy of the House of Este in relation to that of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. He stayed there until the following March, spending six months in Rome and visiting Venice, Ferrara, Bologna, Naples and Florence. During his trip, he also established contact with mathematicians and scholars to diffuse his new calculus in Italy. In 1692, the Giornale de' letterati di Modena published a solution by Leibniz to the problem of finding the equilibrium configuration of a heavy rope. The solution is prefaced by an introduction, in which the new calculus is described. In the Italian scientific milieu, which was linked to the geometric tradition of the Ceva brothers and of Vicenzo Viviani, leibnizian calculus only started to make headway at the beginning of the eighteenth century. French journals like the Acta Eruditorum are not always easy to find. Moreover, there is a lack of study and research clubs comparable to, for example, that of Paris, where Johan Bernoulli had had the chance to meet L'Hopital.

23. Bernoulli.html For more information about the bernoulli's view the the bernoulli'sFamily Tree Or select one of the individuals Daniel johan Jacob. http://www.shore.ctc.edu/precalc/history/hist.chap7/bernoulli.html

The Bernoulli's In Precalculus: Making Connections , we study two important discoveries of the Bernoulli's, polar coordinates and logic in algebra. They also contributed to the then new calculus. For more information about the Bernoulli's view the the Bernoulli's Family Tree Or select one of the individuals: Daniel Johan Jacob

24. Traité Du Calcul Différentiel Et Du Calcul Intégral. Tome Second / Par S. F. Translate this page johan, bernoulli opera , T. I, 393. III, 389, 397, 399. IV. 132. johan, bernoulliopera , T. III, 376. Institutiones Calculi integralis , TI Sect. I. Cap. IV. http://gallica.bnf.fr/Fonds_Tables/009/M0092730.htm

TABLE. TRAITÉ DU CALCUL DIFFÉRENTIEL ET DU CALCUL INTÉGRAL. SECONDE PARTIE, DU CALCUL INTÉGRAL. CHAP. I. De l'intégration des fonctions d'une seule variable I De quadraturá curvarum , (Newtoni opuscula T. I). Méthode des fluxions , (Newton). Lectiones de methode integralium, alilsque, conscriptæ in usum ill, Marchicn's HOSPITALII , (Joh. Bernoulli op. T. III). Traité des fluxions , (Maclaurin). Traité du Calcul intégral , (Bougainville). Institutiones Calculi integralis , (Euler). Intégration des fonctions rationnelles, Specimen novum analyseos , (Leibnitii opera, T. III, Johan, BERNOULLI opera , T. I, . III, . IV. Harmonia mensurarum , (Côtes). Misoellanca analytica de seriebus et quadraturis , (Moivre). Mém. De l'Acad, de Berlin , 1746, (d'Alembert). Commentarii Acad. Petropolitanæ , T. XIV, (Euler). Acta ejusd. Acadmiæ , 1780, Pars I, (Euler). Essays on several subjcots , (Thomas Simpson). Mathematical Lucubrations , Part. VII, (Landen). Institutions Calculi integralis , T. I, Sect. I. Cap. I. Pour la décomposition des fractions rationnelles en fractions simples, voy.

25. Biographies bernoulli, Jakob (16541705). bernoulli, johann (16671748). Descartes, René(15961650). Dirichlet, johan Peter Gustav Lejeune (18051859). Euclid (ca. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib

Alphabetical Listing Biographies of over 100 people who have developed or used calculus or related mathematics: Abel, Niels Henrik (18021829) Agnesi, Maria Gaetana (17181799) Albert of Saxony (ca. 13161390) Alembert, Jean le Rond d' ... B.C.

26. 1600 - 1800 Translate this page Pascal, Blaise, (16231662), Hudde, johan, (16281704), Huygens, Christiaan,(16291695), Rolle, Michel, (16521719), bernoulli, Jakob, (16541705), http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib

A.D. Snel, Willebrord St. Vincent, Gregory Mersenne, Marin Descartes, René ... Cavalieri, Bonaventura (ca. 15981647) Fermat, Pierre de Roberval, Gilles Wallis, John Torricelli, Evangelista ... Fourier, Joseph A.D.

27. UB Basel: Orientalische Handschriften Translate this page Akten, Briefe, Diverses, Autographensammlung Christoph bernoulli, Faszikel Braunstein DerNachlass des Oberstenfelder Stiftspredigers johan Christoph Bahnmaier http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/nachl.htm

UB Basel. Handschriftenabteilung alphabetisch geordnet A B C D E ... [TOP] Albert, Totila (1892-1967), Bildhauer Materialien zum Werk, Gedichte. - Unpublizierte Findmittel. Signatur: Nachlass: Albert, Totila. Albrecht, Alice Susanne (1898-1979), Schriftstellerin Signatur: NL 314: Albrecht, Alice Susanne. Unterlagen zur Person, Briefe, Materialien zum Werk, Diverses. - 2,7 m. - Findmittel: Allgemeine Musikgesellschaft Basel (AMG), Archiv, 1750-1998 Akten, Briefe, Diverses, Autographensammlung Christoph Bernoulli, Faszikel Braunstein. - 9 m. - Unpublizierte Findmittel. Altwegg, Wilhelm (1883-1971), Germanist Briefe, Materialien zum Werk, Diverses, Vorlesungsmanuskripte. - 7.7 m. Unpublizierte Findmittel. Signatur: NL 1: Altwegg, Wilhelm. Amberger, Gustav Adolf (1831-1896), Maler Unterlagen zur Person, Briefe, Diverses, Autographen, Bildmaterial. - 0.1 m. - Unpublizierte Findmittel. Signatur: NL 129: Amberger, Gustav Adolf. Amerbach (Familie, 15.-16. Jh.) Briefe. - 8.4 m. - Signaturen: C VI a, C VI b, G II 13-33. Ammann, Benno (1904-1986), Komponist, Dirigent

28. A Short History Of Probability And Statistics: 18th Century memoir from 1772 and the publication seems largely motivated by the knowledge thatothers (JosephLouis Lagrange and johan III bernoulli) are working on the http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/verduin/stathist/sh_18.htm

Load Home page + menu 18th century Introduction Still to do Jacob Bernoulli dies. A eulogy by Fontenelle which contains a summary of his Ars Conjectandi is published the following year. Due to family disputes, it will take another 8 years before the Ars Conjectandi is published. The sad part is that the main text was already finished in 1690. Nicolaus Bernoulli's dissertation De Usu Artis Conjectandis in Jure dated june 1709, is published. It contains large parts of text that are directly copied from Jacob Bernoulli's Meditationes and the Ars Conjectandi John Arbuthnot reads his paper An Argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant Regularity observed in the Births of both Sexes (published 1712) to the Royal Society. He presents the number of yearly christenings for males and females for the period 1629-1710. He notes that there are more males then females and that the proportion is almost constant. The original part is that he then calculates the probability, given no difference in number, of this outcome which is 0.5 . Extrapolating this result to ...Ages and Ages...and...all over the World he concludes ... that it is Art, not Chance, that governs.

29. Leonhard Euler That is why I was so thankful when johan bernoulli convinced him that I belongedin that field. I also studied under bernoulli at the University in Basle. http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/academics/US/Math/Millar/Euler/Todi.htm

Mathematical Legends Biographical Sketches of Mathematical Giants Leonhard Euler Geometer Number theorist Before I begin I must say that Euler has contributed tremendously to not only mathematics but to all sciences in general. He has even gone further to develop theories as to how science should be approached. This is but a brief synopsis of his life and his work. An Interview Constructed by Naveen Todi '98. Spring 1997. Sir Todi: On behalf of Germantown Academy, I'd like to thank you for giving some time to be with us here today. Euler: (in deep thought, as if he is solving a complex problem) You're very welcome, I understand that you are going to interview me. Sir Todi: Indeed, I am. Euler: Sir Todi: (from now on referred to as "Todi") okay, let's get right to it, shall we? (ruffling through his papers ) let's start from the beginning, where were you born? Euler: I was born on April 15, 1707, in Basle, Switzerland. Todi: Tell me about your education. Euler: I entered the department of arts and the University of Basle. Though small and unknown to many, it is there where I was first able to cultivate my interests in physics and most importantly in mathematics. Todi: What did your family think of such a venture?

30. Untitled Jakob bernoulli * 27.12.1654 +. 27.12.1654 se narodil svycarsky matematik, fyzika astronom Jakob bernoulli. Bode. johan Elert Bode * 19.1.1747 + 23.11.1826. http://astrokrouzek.wz.cz/osobnosti/b.html

Becvar Antonin Becvar Vyznamny cesky astronom, ktery zalozil hvezdarnu na Skalnatem Plese a byl jejim prvnim reditelem. Sestavil Atlas Coeli, Eclipticalis, Borealis a Australis. Bernard Bernard Bernard poprve fotografoval Mlecnou drahu. Bernoulli Daniel Bernoulli Syn Johanna Bernoulliho, Daniel Bernoulli, byl vyraznym svycarskym fyzikem, matematikem a lekarem. Odvodil Bernoulliho rovnici pro proudeni kapalin. Bernoulli Jakob Bernoulli 27.12.1654 se narodil svycarsky matematik, fyzik a astronom Jakob Bernoulli. Spolu s bratrem Johannem rozvijel infinitezimalni pocet. Zakladatel poctu pravdepodobnosti, teorie chyb, variacniho poctu. Bessel Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 22.7.1784 se narodil nemecky astronom, fyzik a matematik Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. V matematice jsou po nem pojmenovany jedny ze specialnich funkci. V roce 1838 zmeril rocni paralaxu hvezdy 61 Cyg a tim urcil jeji vzdalenost. Bethe Hans Albrecht Bethe Americky fyzik nemeckeho puvodu Hans Albrecht Bethe se zabyval zejmena jadernou fyzikou, kvantovou teorii a fyzikou elementarnich castic. Vysvetlil puvod energie ve Slunci. Beuafort Francis Beuafort 7.5.1774 se narodil britsky admiral Francis Beuafort - autor stupnice pro odhad rychlosti vetru.

31. Mera Också johan bernoulli imponerades av Klingenstierna, som löste flera problem, bl.a.en geometrisk lösning på ett problem som bernoulli (ditintills) antagit http://www.math.uu.se/studie/grundutb/project/KVA_1739_1849/biografier/mera.html

Johan Henrik Burmester (1720-1770) Tillbaka Anders Celsius (1701-1744) Anders Celsius behöver egentligen ingen närmare presentation. Redan 1710 blev han inskriven vid Uppsala Universitet. Från början läste Celsius juridik men växlade snart över till naturvetenskapen. Celsius läste matematik för Anders Gabriel Duhre och fick snart även börja undervisa hos honom. År 1727 utgav Celsius läroboken "Aritmetika eller Ränekonst". I "Observationer om tvenne beständiga grader på en thermometer" (1742) visar Celsius att snöns smältpunkt alltid infaller vid samma temperatur oberoende av tryck, och presenterade den 100 gradiga skalan. Anders Celsius: Professor i Uppsala 1701-1744 (Uppsala 1936) och Sten Lindhrots (Stockholm 1989)] Tillbaka Anders von Drake (1682-1744) KVA såg i Drake en begåvad, oegennyttig man med "lätt och förnöjt" sinne. Herr Presidentens von Drakes Minne (KVA 1745:68)] Tillbaka Samuel Duraeus (1718-1789) Tillbaka Per Elvius (1710-1749) Elvius kompetens inom flera vetenskaper har diskuterats, men en konst han definitivt inte hade fallenhet för var talarkonsten. Åhörarna till hans Thamiska föreläsningar upphörde att komma och hans undervisningsskyldighet omvandlades snart till en serie artiklar i KVA. Härav uppkom den intressanta följetongen "Vetenskapernas Historia".

32. Tensen Physics Dictionary (biographies) Leonard Euler (17071783) (rhymes with boiler not ruler) was probably the most prolificmathematician (student of johan bernoulli, friend of Daniel bernoulli http://www.mcm.edu/~christej/dictionary/bib.html

A B C D ... Z Niels Henrik Abel ) was a Norwegian mathematician. ( pg.703) Andre Marie Ampere ) was a French mathematician, chemist, and physicist who experimentally quantified the relationship between the electrical current and the magnetic field . His works were summarized in a treatise published in , The units of electrical current are named after him. ( pg.5) The Bernoulli Family consisted of nine Swiss mathematicians in three generations. The father, Johan , lived from to Daniel has been called the "Father of Mathematical Physics." All were followers of Leibniz Charles A. Coulomb ) was a French engineer and physicist who published the laws of electrostatics in seven memoirs to the French Academy of Science between and . His name is associated with the units of electrical charge pg.5) ) was a French mathematician who "fathered" modern mathematics." ( Pierre de Fermat ) was a French lawyer, linguist and amateur mathematician who extended ideas about algebra and contributed to optics with his "Principle of Least Time." ( Leonard Euler ) (rhymes with boiler not ruler ) was probably the most prolific mathematician (student of Johan Bernoulli , friend of Daniel Bernoulli ) of all time, known for the quality of his vast works. (

33. RootsWeb: SWITZERLAND-L Archive (September 1997) ZIMMERMANN, bernoulli, of Basel, Switzerland by JANB111 ZIMMERMANN, bernoulli, LIECHTENHANby JANB111. johan DUTWYLER d. 16491678 by BOYNTON, ALLEN; (Fwd) johan http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/SWITZERLAND/1997-09

SWITZERLAND-L Archives: September 1997 Display in threaded chronological order with names with dates Re: swiss anabaptist person from Canton Zurich by Betsy Young AW: swiss anabaptist person from Canton Zurich by Seelentag Wolfhart ZIMMERMANN, BERNOULLI, of Basel, Switzerland by ZIMMERMANN, BERNOULLI, LIECHTENHAN by by RE: correction to LDS microfilms from Switzerland by Dave Schmutz Re: Fislibach/Fisibach by Thomas Source for information by Eberhardt in Vechigan by R. L. Garvey Time Change by Charles E. Niggley Finding Immigration Origins - excerpt from Ancestry daily e-mail by Dave Schmutz German Fraternal Org. Sons of Hermann by CBBY Re: German Fraternal Org. Sons of Hermann by Richard Heli PROBST surname in Bern Swizerland by SATEES Kaufmann, Doos, Widmer,Ambuhl by Margaret Jones Question by Margaret Jones AW: Question by Seelentag Wolfhart question by Bart Geger, S.J. RE: question by Achille A. Castioni question by Bart Geger, S.J. What is the basic German genealogical vocabulary? by Dave Schmutz RE: Question - small village bei larger village by Dave Schmutz Swiss Phone Books by Robert Pfister AW: Swiss Phone Books by Seelentag Wolfhart Re: Swiss Phone Books by Thomas Re: SWITZERLAND-D Digest V97 #64 by RovinGTR Re: SWITZERLAND-D Digest V97 #66 by RovinGTR Re: SWITZERLAND-D Digest V97 #73, Benken history

34. Centrums Enskilda Personarkiv brevsaml. Areschoug, johan Erhard, 18111887, botanist, 1 manuskriptoch brevsaml. Arrhenius, Maja. Arrhenius E. bernoulli, Jean. Berzelius http://www.cfvh.kva.se/CVH023.htm

(För person/ämnessökning rekommenderas användning av det egna Internetsprogrammets/browserns sökfunktion som återfinns under "Edit och Find", åkallas med "ctrl+F" eller liknande.) Ahlmann, Hans W:son, 1822-1896, geograf, glaciolog, polarforskare Almquist, Sigfrid, 1844-1923, botanist, manuskript och brev Aminoff, Gregori, 1883-1942, mineralog, manuskript och brev Andersson, Johan Gunnar, 1874-1960, geolog, polarforskare, arkeolog, "Kina-Gunnar" Andersson, Nils Johan, 1821-1880, botanist, 16 manuskript och brevsaml. Angelin, Nils Peter, 1805-1876, paleontolog, 32 manuskript och brevsaml Areschoug, Johan Erhard, 1811-1887, botanist, 1 manuskript och brevsaml. Arrhenius, Maja Arrhenius, Svante, 1859-1927, fysiker, kemist, 30 manuskript brevsaml. Aurivillius, Christopher, 1853-1928, entomolog, 13 manuskript och brevsaml. Bergius, Bengt Bergius, P. J. Bernoulli, Jean

35. Biographies bernoulli formulated the version of the law of large numbers for independent trials,now called bernoulli trials, and studied the johan L. Jensen (1859–1925). http://www.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/vesta/Virtual_Labs/resources/resources3.html

Biographical Notes Bayes was a non-conformist minister in England. A version of what is now known as Bayes’ theorem was used in his paper "Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances," published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1764. James Bernoulli was the first of the famous Bernoulli family of Swiss mathematicians. He wrote one of the early books devoted to probability, Ars Conjectandi , which was published after his death in 1713. Bernoulli formulated the version of the law of large numbers for independent trials, now called Bernoulli trials, and studied the binomial distribution. Buffon was the director of the Paris Jardin du Roi and was best known during his time for his thirty-six volume work on natural history. Buffon's famous coin and needle problems are considered to be among the first problems in geometric probability. Cardano, who lived in Italy, was a man of many interests: law, medicine, astrology, gambling, and mathematics. His book Liber de Ludo Aleae (The Book on Games of Chance), published after his death in 1663, contained perhaps the first mathematical analysis of gambling.

36. Archief 1999 johan bernoulli Lezing; Ingenieursopleidingen in crisis? Pieter Boeke Lezing.Actualiteitencollege De nieuwe Vreemdelingenwet Mr. MJ Cohen. Archief. http://www.rug.nl/cis/sgg/archief 1999/arch1999.htm

37. AU/Årsberetning 2000 (nat/matmatik) johan P. Hansen er medlem af Matematikundervisningskommisionen samt af bestyrelsenfor Dansk Han er desuden Editorin-Chief of bernoulli, Member of the http://www.au.dk/da/nat/matmatik/arsb2000.htm

@import url(/scripts/auie.css); @import url(/scripts/auie55.css); STIKORD SØG HJÆLP Årsberetning Vælg år INFORMATION OM: Aarhus Universitet Nyheder Uddannelse Forskning ... Personer og bygninger Revideret 23.11.2001 Publikationer ÅRSBERETNING 2000 Indholdsfortegnelse Forrige afsnit Næste afsnit Instituttets forskning publikationsliste forbrug INSTITUT FOR MATEMATISKE FAG Institutleder: Hans Anton Salomonsen Institutbestyrelse: Medarbejdere Eksterne lektorer: Paul David Friedman. Teknisk-administrativt personale Forskningslektorer: Jan Pedersen, Jesper Funch Thomsen. Forskningsassistenter: Elisa Nicolato. Teknisk-administrativt personale Instituttets ph.d.-studerende Historie Undervisning og formidling Forskeruddannelse: Matematik Statistik og Operationsanalyse Matematik Statistik og Operationsanalyse Kongresser Matematik Statistik og Operationsanalyse Udlandsophold Matematik Statistik og Operationsanalyse Asger Hobolth, Brown University, Providence, USA. Lars Relund Nielsen, Camerino University, Italien. Linda Stougaard Nielsen, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australien. Morten Riis, Gerhard Mercator University, Duisburg, Tyskland. Udvalgsarbejde og anden virksomhed Matematik Johan P. Hansen er medlem af Matematikundervisningskommisionen samt af bestyrelsen for Dansk Matematisk Forening.

38. AU: Publikationer 1998 (nat/matmatik) TA On large deviations and choice of ancillary for p* and r*. bernoulli; 4(1 Bökstedt,Marcel; Brun, Morten; Dupont, johan Homology of O(n) and O 1 (1,n http://www.au.dk/da/nat/matmatik/publ1998.htm

@import url(/scripts/auie.css); @import url(/scripts/auie55.css); STIKORD SØG HJÆLP IN ENGLISH Publikationsliste Vælg år INFORMATION OM: Aarhus Universitet Nyheder Uddannelse Forskning ... Personer og bygninger Valideret 02.08.2002 Årsberetning PUBLIKATIONSLISTE 1998 Indholdsfortegnelse Instituttets årsberetning forskning forbrug Publikationerne kan søges i Den Danske Forskningsdatabase INSTITUT FOR MATEMATISKE FAG Andersen, Henning Haahr: Tilting modules for algebraic groups. Modular representations and subgroups structure of algebraic groups, Cambridge UK, 23 June - July 4 1997. In: Algebraic groups and their representations . Carter, R.W.; Saxl, J. (Eds.). Kluwer academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London: 25-42, 1998. Internat.J. Math. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. Andersen, Kim Allan: On consistency in probabilistic logic for logical formulas represented by B-hypertrees. European Journal of Operational Research Andreasen, Jesper; Jensen, Bjarne; Poulsen, Rolf: Eight valuation methods in financial mathematics: the Black-Scholes formula as an example. Math. Sci.

39. Calculus 1739 johann bernoulli 16671748 Abraham de Moivre 1667-1754 François Couperin 1668-1733Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741 Brook Taylor 1685-1731 johan Sebastian Bach http://www.math.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~takasaki/soliton-lab/chron/calculus.html

Calculus Mathematicians Who Developed Calculus ... and Contemporary Composers Archimedes 287?-212 B.C. John Wallis Blaise Pascal Robert Hooke Isaac Newton Takakazu Seki Gottfied Wilhelm Freiherr von Leibniz Michel Rolle Jakob Bernoulli Henry Purcell Katahiro Takebe Johann Bernoulli Abraham de Moivre Antonio Vivaldi Brook Taylor Johan Sebastian Bach Domenico Scarlatti James Stirling Colin Maclaurin Daniel Bernoulli Leonhard Euler Jean le Rond d'Alembert Franz Joseph Haydn Joseph Louis Lagrange Pierre Simon Laplace Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier Ludwig van Beethoven Carl Friedrich Gauss Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Augustin Louis Cauchy Ottorino Respighi Gioacchino Rossini George Green Franz Peter Schubert Niels Henrik Abel Hector Berlioz Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet Felix Mendelssohn Robert Alexander Schumann Ludwig Otto Hesse Franz Liszt Richard Wagner Giuseppe Verdi Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass Bedrich Smetana Anton Bruckner Johan Strauss II Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind Johannes Brahms Camille Saint-Saens George Bizet Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Antonin Dvorak Herman Amandus Schwarz Edvard Hagerup Grieg Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov Gustav Mahler Claude Achille Debussy Richard Strauss Jean Siberlius Segey Vasilyevich Rakhmaninov Henri Legesgue Teiji Takagi Maurice Joseph Ravel Guido Fubini Bela Bartok Zoltan Kodaly Igor Feodorovich Stravinsky Anton von Webern Alban Berg Mathematicians' data are extracted from Kazuo Okamoto's latest textbook of calculus "Bibun-Sekibun Dokuhon" (Asakura Shoten, in Japanese) and from MSJ "Mathematical Encyclopedia" 3rd edition (Iwanami Shoten).

40. Title Here Translate this page a determinação do crepúsculo de duração mínima, questão que só nos finsdo século XVII foi resolvida pelos irmãos johan e Jacob bernoulli, de modo http://garrasonlineesjf.no.sapo.pt/Desafio_Matematico/pedro_nunes.htm

PEDRO NUNES Uma das figuras que representa e simboliza o momento das Navegações é o grande matemático português : PEDRO NUNES. Pouco se conhece da infância de Pedro Nunes, nascido em 1502 em Alcácer de Sal , ao tempo da segunda viagem de Vasco da Gama para a Índia, com D. Manuel I a reinar e morre em Lisboa , em 1578, ao finar-se a independência. Cristão novo, estuda medicina e filosofia em Lisboa e Salamanca e em 1531 é chamado por D. João III como médico e, depois, a ensinar os príncipes D. Luís e D. Henrique, irmãos de D. João III. Começa a tornar-se conhecido quando é nomeado em 1529 cosmógrafo de D. João III, vindo mais tarde, em 1547, a ser cosmógrafo-mor do reino. Foi nomeado para Lente da Universidade de Coimbra sendo encarregado de reger a aula de "Esfera" onde são ensinadas noções fundamentais de cosmografia e astronomia. A sua obra pode decompor-se em duas grandes linhas de acção: as traduções e comentários e os trabalhos originais; praticamente os seus trabalhos são em torno da Astronomia e Navegação, com excepção do texto de Álgebra. Em 1537 publica a tradução comentada do tratado De Sphera de Sacrobosco, com tradução ainda da Geografia de Ptolomeu e da Theoriia Nova e Planetarum de Purbachio e ainda os tratados Sobre certas dúvidas da navegaçam e o Tratado da defensam da arte de marear. Em 1566, em Bâle publica De arte atque ratione navigando (reedeitado em Coimbra em 1573). Nestes trabalhos para a Náutica estuda a linha de rumo, alguns problemas de Cartografia e a determinação das posições dos navios. Sabe-se, ainda que Pedro Nunes escreveu um tratado sobre triângulos esféricos, perdido até hoje. No último trabalho De Arte ... estuda de novo as linhas de rumo, introduzindo um método aproximado mas eficaz e, ainda, descreve o nónio, depois simplificado por Vernier.

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