1. Empedocles From the Hanover Historical Texts Project. Arthur Fairbanks translations of the fragments of empedocles.Category Society Philosophy History of Philosophy Ancient Philosophy......empedocles Fragments and Commentary Arthur Fairbanks, ed. and trans. xv.; H.Diels; Hermes xv. pp. 161179 ; Gorgias und empedocles, Acad. Berol. http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/emp.htm

Empedocles Fragments and Commentary Arthur Fairbanks, ed. and trans. The First Philosophers of Greece (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1898), 157-234. Hanover Historical Texts Project Scanned and proofread by Aaron Gulyas, May 1998. Proofread and pages added by Jonathan Perry, March 2001. Fairbanks's Introduction Translation of the Fragments: Book I Translation of the Fragments: Book II Translation of the Fragments: Book III ... Passages in Diels' 'Doxographi Graeci' relating to Empedokles Fairbanks's Introduction Empedokles, son of Meton, grandson of an Empedokles who was a victor at Olympia, made his home and Akragas in Sicily. he was born about 494 B.C., and lived to the age of sixty. The onle sure daye in his life is his visit to Thourioi soon after its foundation (444). Various stories are told of his political activity, which may be genuine traditions. At the same time he claimed almost the homage due to a god, and many miracles are attributed to him. His writings in some parts are said to imitate Orphic verses, and apparently his religious activity was in line with this sect. His death occured away from Sicilyprobably in the Pelopnnesos. Literature:-Sturz

2. Empedocles [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.Category Society Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy......The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy empedocles (fl. 450 BCE.).Table Life. empedocles was a citizen of Agrigentum in Sicily. His http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/empedocl.htm

Empedocles (fl. 450 BCE.) Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Life Philosophy Life Back to Table of Contents Philosophy His views in philosophy are variously given. By some he is called a Pythagorean, in consequence of a resemblance of doctrine in a few unessential points. But the principles of his theory evidently show that he belongs to the Eleatic School. He unreservedly accepts the doctrine of Parmenides that what is is uncreated and indestructible, and he only escapes from the further conclusions of the Eleatic by introducing the theory of elements or roots . Of these he assumed four fire, air, earth, and water, and in some respects this was a return to primitive views which the Milesians had already left behind them. It must be noticed, however, that Empedocles discovered that what we call atmospheric air was a body, and was quite distinct from empty space on the one hand or from vapor or mist on the other. This he did by means of an experiment with the water-clock. He showed that air could keep water out of a vessel, and that the water could only enter as the air escaped. Besides these four 'roots', Empedocles postulated something called

3. John Burnet: Early Greek Philosophy -- Empedocles Of Acragas 98. Date of empedocles. empedocles was a citizen of Acragas in Sicily. http://plato.evansville.edu/public/burnet/ch5.htm

Introduction The Life of Plato The Crito The Phaedo ... Credits and E XPLORING P LATO'S D IALOGUES A Virtual Learning Environment on the World-Wide Web Early Greek Philosophy Empedocles of Acragas John Burnet Pluralism Date of Empedocles Empedocles as a Politician Empedocles as a Religious Teacher ... Writings 97. Pluralism The belief that all things are one was common to the early Ionians; but now Parmenides has shown that, if this one thing really is , we must give up the idea that it can take different forms. The senses, which present to us a world of change and multiplicity, are deceitful. There seemed to be no escape from his arguments, and so we find that from this time onwards all the thinkers in whose hands philosophy made progress abandoned the monistic hypothesis. Those who still held by it adopted a critical attitude, and confined themselves to a defense of the theory of Parmenides against the new views. Others taught the doctrine of Heraclitus in an exaggerated form; some continued to expound the systems of the early Milesians; but the leading men are all pluralists. The corporealist hypothesis had proved unable to bear the weight of a monistic structure. 98. Date of Empedocles

4. John Burnet: Early Greek Philosophy -- Empedocles Of Acragas: Fragments We have more abundant remains of empedocles than of any other early Greek philosopher. http://plato.evansville.edu/public/burnet/ch5a.htm

Introduction The Life of Plato The Crito The Phaedo ... Credits and E XPLORING P LATO'S D IALOGUES A Virtual Learning Environment on the World-Wide Web Early Greek Philosophy Empedocles of Acragas: Fragments John Burnet 105. The Remains We have more abundant remains of Empedocles than of any other early Greek philosopher. If we may trust our manuscripts of Diogenes and of Souidas, the librarians of Alexandria estimated the Poem on Nature and the Purifications together as 5000 verses, of which about 2000 belonged to the former work. Diels gives about 350 verses and parts of verses from the cosmological poem, or not a fifth of the whole. It is important to remember that, even in this favorable instance, so much has been lost. The other poems ascribed to Empedocles by the Alexandrian scholars were probably not his. I give the remains as they are arranged by Diels: (1) And do thou give ear, Pausanias , son of Anchitus the wise! (2) For straitened are the powers that are spread over their bodily parts, and many are the woes that burst in on them and blunt the edge of their careful thoughts! They behold but a brief span of a life that is no life, and, doomed to swift death, are borne up and fly off like smoke. Each is convinced of that alone which he had chanced upon as he is hurried every way, and idly boasts he has found the whole. So hardly can these things be seen by the eyes or heard by the ears of men, so hardly grasped by their mind! Howbeit, thou, since thou hast found thy way hither, shalt learn no more than mortal mind hath power. R. P. 163.

5. Biography - Empedocles Latest Modification July 19, 1996 empedocles lived in Acragas, which is now known as Agrigento, Sicily. http://www.physics.gmu.edu/classinfo/astr228/CourseNotes/ECText/Bios/empedocl.ht

Empedocles (ca. 492-432 B.C.) Latest Modification: July 19, 1996 Empedocles lived in Acragas, which is now known as Agrigento, Sicily. He was not only a natural philosopher, but also poet, seer, physician, social reformer, a person of great enthusiasm, known as a charltan by some, and as a hero by others. He was the author of a physical-cosmological poem titled On Nature , now known only through fragments of quotations from later writers. It is perhaps through the influence of Xenophanes, who had settled in Sicily, that Empedocles can be placed in the Miletian tradition of natural philosophy that taught that principles in the form of matter were the only principles of all things. Xenophanes had postulated that everything was composed of two elements water and earth. Empedocles extend this postulate to four basic elements: earth, water, air, and fire. Different mixtures of these four elements produced the materials of our common experience. Maintained by J. C. Evans; jevans@hubble.gmu.edu

6. Empedocles All of the pluralistic responses to Parmenides (empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the Atomists) were influenced by him, but http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/emped.htm

The Pluralists Monism: there is no plurality There is no motion There is no generation or destruction There is no qualitative change or differentiation There is no void All of the pluralistic responses to Parmenides (Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the Atomists) were influenced by him, but rejected his extreme monism. They sought to reconcile, as much as possible, Parmenideanism with common sense. They all disagreed with Parmenides about (1) and (2): all maintained plurality and motion. But they all accepted (3): there is no coming into existence or ceasing to exist. Where they differ among themselves is over (4) and (5): the reality of qualitative differences and the existence of the void. Empedocles and Anaxagoras broke ranks with Parmenides over (4), but toed the line on (5). The atomists agreed with Parmenides that there is no genuine qualitative change, but claimed that there was empty space - a void. These points are all summarized in the table below: Parmenides The Atomists Plurality Motion Destruction Qualitative Difference Void explicit assumption: a. Whatever has size has parts.

7. The Love And Strife Philosophy Of Empedocles About empedocles love and strife cosmology. empedocles. Acragas, 490 430 BC http://www.thebigview.com/greeks/empedocles.html

Empedocles [Acragas, 490 - 430 BC] The Pythagorean influence dominated Greek thought for a long time. Many of Pythagoras' ideas can be found in the work of Empedocles. He was the first philosopher who stated that there are four primordial elements: earth, air, fire and water. This is a somewhat statesman-like compromise between the view of Pythagoras who maintained that water is the primordial substance, Anaximenses who said it is air, and finally Heraclitus who said that fire is the origin of everything. The ingenious combination of these views was Empedocles' major contribution to the dispute about the primordial element, which lasted almost as long as Greek philosophy itself. Empedocles came from a rich and illustrious family in Acragas at the south coast of Sicily. It is said that his grandfather won a victory in the horse-racing at the Olympic games of 496 BC. He was a politician of Acragus who represented the democratic group and he also worked as a scientist and physician. Legend tells us that Empedocles worked miracles by magic and by his scientific knowledge thus he was often approached by the citizens of Acragus for oracles. People believed he could control the winds and he had allegedly restored to life a woman who had seemed dead for thirty days. He spoke of himself as a god sometimes and his desire to be godlike made him ending his life by leaping into the crater of the Etna volcano, hoping thereby not to leave any remains of his (mortal) body so that people would think he has returned to the gods.

8. BBC - History - Empedocles (c.490 BC - C.430 BC) The great magician empedocles was born at the beginning of the fifth century BC, and was the first to suggest that the world around us be made of elements. Like Pythagoras, empedocles was believed to have travelled to Egypt and to have visited other contemporary Greek http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/empedocles.shtml

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH SATURDAY 29th March 2003 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Empedocles (c.490 BC - c.430 BC) While we know nothing of his early life, we can probably assume that he was aware of the ideas of Pythagoras and Xenophanes, and possibly Parmenides. Like Pythagoras, Empedocles was believed to have travelled to Egypt and to have visited other contemporary Greek philosophers, such as Herodotus and Protagoras. With his father's money and his own ever-growing influence he began to adopt the trappings of power, wearing purple robes and employing scores of attendants. It would appear that Empedocles was a magician first and a philosopher only second. He left behind two poems, the source of most of our existing knowledge of him, one of which discussed his philosophy. A key fragment reads, 'Hear first the four roots of all things: Dazzling Zeus, life bearing Hera, Aidoneus, and Nestis who moistens the springs of mortals with her tears'. Zeus is commonly interpreted to be air, Hera to be earth, Aidoneus (Hades) as fire and Nestis (Persephone) as water. At the beginning of the world, Empedocles' four elements were all mixed in unity, and held together with 'love'. Most of Empedocles' miracles were of a medical nature, but some stories told of his magic; on one occasion he is reputed to have calmed a man seized by uncontrolled anger simply by reciting a verse of Homer. On another occasion the village of Selinus was afflicted with a plague, and he saved them by diverting two streams into their river to purify it. Following this miracle, he reportedly manifested himself to the villagers, who worshipped him, and he threw himself into the volcanic Mount Etna to prove his divinity.

9. Empedocles Biography of empedocles (492BC432BC) empedocles of Acragas. Born about 492 BC in Acragas (now Agrigento, Sicily Italy) http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Empedocles.html

Empedocles of Acragas Born: about 492 BC in Acragas (now Agrigento, Sicily,Italy) Died: about 432 BC in Peloponnese, Greece Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Empedocles was born in Acragas on the south coast of Sicily. The name Acragas is Greek, while the Latin name for the town was Agrigentum. Later the town was called Girgenti and more recently it became known by its present name of Agrigento. It was one of the most beautiful cities of the ancient world up to the time it was destroyed by the Carthaginians in 406 BC. It was, in Empedocles time, a rich city containing the finest Greek culture. Some of the Pythagoreans had come there after being attacked in their centre at Croton. Empedocles was born into a rich aristocratic family. He travelled throughout the Greek world participating fully in the extraordinary desire for learning and understanding which gripped that part of the world. He is described as follows by Sarton [5]:- He was not only a philosopher but a poet, a seer, a physicist, a social reformer, a man of so much enthusiasm that he would easily be considered a charlatan by some people, or become a legendary hero in the eyes of others.

10. Empedocles empedocles of Acragas. empedocles was born in Acragas on the south coast of Sicily.The name Acragas is Greek, while the Latin name for the town was Agrigentum. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Empedocles.html

Empedocles of Acragas Born: about 492 BC in Acragas (now Agrigento, Sicily,Italy) Died: about 432 BC in Peloponnese, Greece Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Empedocles was born in Acragas on the south coast of Sicily. The name Acragas is Greek, while the Latin name for the town was Agrigentum. Later the town was called Girgenti and more recently it became known by its present name of Agrigento. It was one of the most beautiful cities of the ancient world up to the time it was destroyed by the Carthaginians in 406 BC. It was, in Empedocles time, a rich city containing the finest Greek culture. Some of the Pythagoreans had come there after being attacked in their centre at Croton. Empedocles was born into a rich aristocratic family. He travelled throughout the Greek world participating fully in the extraordinary desire for learning and understanding which gripped that part of the world. He is described as follows by Sarton [5]:- He was not only a philosopher but a poet, a seer, a physicist, a social reformer, a man of so much enthusiasm that he would easily be considered a charlatan by some people, or become a legendary hero in the eyes of others.

11. References For Empedocles References for empedocles. Books CE Millerd, On the Interpretation of empedocles(1908, reprinted 1980). DO'Brien, empedocles' Cosmic Cycle (Cambridge, 1969). http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Empedocles.html

References for Empedocles Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: C E Millerd, On the Interpretation of Empedocles (1908, reprinted 1980). D O'Brien, Empedocles' Cosmic Cycle (Cambridge, 1969). G Sarton, Ancient Science through the Golden Age of Greece (New York, 1980). Articles: W K C Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy II (Cambridge, 1965), 122-265. J E Raven, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1957), 320-361. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR May 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Empedocles.html

12. Empedocles Of Agrigentum At Peithô's Web Index, empedocles, fragments translated William Ellery Leonard, the Life of empedocles by Diogenes Laertius, and more · Perseus Project English search for 'empedocles'. · Argos search for 'empedocles' http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/empedocles

Jump to fragment: Empedocles, tr. Leonard Leonard w/ unicode EMPEDOCLES OF AGRIGENTUM The Fragments The W.E. Leonard English verse translation of Empedocles The complete W.E. Leonard verse translation of Empedocles (1908). W.E. Leonard translation with Unicode Greek text You'll need a Unicode Greek font such as the free Athena Unicode to see the Greek text as it appeared in Leonard. Life of Empedocles Diogenes Laertius' Life of Empedocles Empedocles Links Perseus Project English search for 'Empedocles' Argos search for 'Empedocles' TOCS-IN search for 'Empedocles' NOESIS search for 'Empedocles' ... Empedocles according to Hippolytus

13. Empedocles Of Acragas empedocles of Acragas. 495435 BC. Unlike his predecessors, empedocles claimsthat there are four elements in the universe; air, fire, earth, and water. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Jesse/Jesse.html

Jesse Weissman 4/14/95 Empedocles of Acragas 495-435 B.C. Look at the comments on this paper. Although Empedocles developed radically new ideas about the nature of the universe, most of his work is an extension of Parmenidean and Pythagorean philosophy. How does one account for the kaleidoscopic nature of the world if we maintain Parmenides' belief in a permanent, singular, and eternal universe? In the process of answering this question, Empedocles introduces new physical, chemical, and biological insights that influence later philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Empedocles explains the nature of the universe through the interaction of two governing principles, Love and Strife, on four primary elements. Unlike his predecessors, Empedocles claims that there are four elements in the universe ; air, fire, earth, and water. Particular and indestructible, these elements foreshadow later developments in atomic theory by philosophers such as Leucippus and Democritus. Earlier philosophers believed that the quality of matter depends on the quantity of a particular element. For example, Anaximenes asserts that air is the primary element in the universe, condensing to form heavier matter such as water, and rarefying into fire. However, Empedocles argues that the quality of matter depends exclusively on the ratio of its elements . A stone, for example, is stone because of a unique ratio of air, fire, earth, and water. Empedocles explains differences in living matter using the same argument; muscle is formed by a different combination of elements than, say, bone or fat. His preoccupation with ratio illustrates the strong influence of Pythagorean philosophers, creating a philosophy that closely resembles modern atomic theory.

14. Comments On Empedocles Of Acragas Comments on empedocles of Acragas. Tom Fowler says it is good You give avery clear and articulate presentation of empedocles' main points. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/comment/GreekScience/Students/Jesse/Jesse.h

15. Empedocles empedocles (Kirk Raven). The roots are eternal. In contrast with Parmenide's Entitywhich is homogenous and unchanging, Entity for empedocles. is a mixture. http://www.drury.edu/ess/history/ancient/Empedocles.html

from Agrigentum in Sicily in Magna Graecia. Not content to be a king - wanted to be a god. Some thought him a demigod- others a charlatan. He. travelled around Sicily and the Peloponnesus teaching and performing cures, venerated by many. In order to have a death worthy of a deity, he threw himself into Mt. Aetna - or, as another story would have it, was taken up by the gods, somewhat like Elijah. Cosmology - two suns, one authentic sun, fire, and another reflected sun, the one we see. (It had been discovered that the moon shines by reflected light - he drew the analogy Night is produced by the interposition of the earth between the sun and fire (?). Discovered the true cause of eclipses The planets and stars are authentic, not reflected fire: the stars are fixed, the planets free-moving. Light is something which travels very quickly. Biological notions - the first things were trees (plants have sex) Heat is principally male Human beings are produced by a chance aggregation of separate components and only those properly organized survive (compare this antecedent of 19th ct. "natural selection" with

16. Philosophical Dictionary: Empedocles-Equivocation empedocles (d. 433 BCE) Greek presocratic philosopher who supposedthat the four elements are irreducible components of the world http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/e5.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... Locke Empedocles d. 433 BCE Greek presocratic philosopher who supposed that the four elements are irreducible components of the world, joined to and separated from each other by competing principles filia [philia] neikoV ... [neikos] Recommended Reading: Empedocles: The Extant Fragments at Amazon.com Empedocles at Amazon.com Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition at Amazon.com Also see OCP John Burnet IEP S. Marc Cohen ... noesis , and MacE empirical Erfahrung Based on use of the senses , observation, or experience generally. Hence, the empirical coincides with what is a posteriori Also see OCP empiricism Reliance on experience as the source of ideas and knowledge. More specifically, empiricism is the epistemological theory that genuine information about the world must be acquired by a posteriori means, so that nothing can be thought without first being sensed . Prominent modern empiricists include Bacon Locke Berkeley Hume , and Mill . In the twentieth century, empiricism principles were extended and applied by the pragmatists and the logical positivists Recommended Reading: The Empiricists at Amazon.com

17. Empedocles HIPHOP, dnb, dance http://www.empedocles.tk/

18. Empedocles - Wikipedia Other languages Nederlands. empedocles. empedocles a Greek philosopher who maintainedthat all matter is made up of four elements water, earth, air and fire. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Nederlands Empedocles From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 490 BC - 430 BC Empedocles - a Greek philosopher who maintained that all matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire. Empedocles was a citizen of Agrigentum in Sicily and lived around 450 BC. In addition to the four elements (which he called roots ), he postulated something called Love ( philia ) to explain the attraction of different forms of matter, and of something called Strife ( neikos ) to account for their separation. He considered these to be distinct substances, with the four elements in solution with them. Edit this page Discuss this page Older versions What links here ... Related changes Other languages: Nederlands Main Page About Wikipedia Recent changes It was last modified 10:20 Nov 19, 2002. All text is available under the terms of the

19. Empedocles Of Agrigentum At Peithô's Web Index, empedocles, fragments translated William Ellery Leonard, the Life of empedoclesby Diogenes Laertius, and more. empedocles OF AGRIGENTUM. The Fragments. http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/empedocles/

Jump to fragment: Empedocles, tr. Leonard Leonard w/ unicode EMPEDOCLES OF AGRIGENTUM The Fragments The W.E. Leonard English verse translation of Empedocles The complete W.E. Leonard verse translation of Empedocles (1908). W.E. Leonard translation with Unicode Greek text You'll need a Unicode Greek font such as the free Athena Unicode to see the Greek text as it appeared in Leonard. Life of Empedocles Diogenes Laertius' Life of Empedocles Empedocles Links Perseus Project English search for 'Empedocles' Argos search for 'Empedocles' TOCS-IN search for 'Empedocles' NOESIS search for 'Empedocles' ... Empedocles according to Hippolytus

20. Diogenes Laertius, Life Of Empedocles, Translated By C.D. Yonge Life of empedocles. I. empedocles, as Hippobotus relates, was the son of Meton, theson of empedocles, and a citizen of Agrigentum. http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/empedocles/dlemp.htm

Life of Empedocles Empedocles main Jump to fragment: Empedocles, tr. Leonard Leonard w/ unicode Life of Empedocles From Diogenes Laertius' Lives of the Philosophers Translated by C. D. Yonge (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853). I. Empedocles , as Hippobotus relates, was the son of Meton, the son of Empedocles, and a citizen of Agrigentum. And Timaeus, in the fifteenth book of his Histories, gives the same account, adding that Empedocles, the grandfather of the poet, was also a most eminent man. And Hermippus tells the same story as Timaeus; and in the same spirit Heraclides, in his treatise on Diseases, relates that he was of an illustrious family, since his father bred a fine stud of horses. Erastothenes, in his List of the Conquerors at the Olympic Games, says, that the father of Meton gained the victory in the seventy-first olympiad, quoting Aristotle as his authority for the assertion. But Apollodorus, the grammarian, in his Chronicles, says that he was the son of Meton; and Glaucus says that he came to Thurii when the city was only just completed. And then proceeding a little further, he adds: And some relate that he did flee from thence

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