61. The History Of The Universe: The Christian Scientific Tradition Most famous translator in Toledo was gerard of cremona (great name!), who had travelledfrom Italy to Toledo specially to find a copy of Ptolemy's famous book http://www.ransom.co.uk/universe/Early Christians.htm

The Early Christian Scientific Tradition Toledo: The New York of the First Millenium The Christian view of the Universe Remember the three wise men? Funky Early Christian Web links Toledo : The New York of the First Millenium Pretty soon after somebody got nailed to a tree for suggesting that we should all be nice to each other, Western civilisation took a bit of a turn for the worse. About 1,000 years of Dark Ages, to be precise. During this time there wasn't a lot of progress in science, astronomy and cosmology - although remember that we're only talking about the Western world. The Arabic cultures, during this time, for example, were making great progress in recovering the knowledge lost with the fall of the Greeks. But that's another story Christianity began to move back into northern Spain in around 1000 AD. Around 1085 the Spanish city of Toledo became pretty much the intellectual melting pot of Europe; the mix of Moors, Christians and Jews made it an extraordinary place, a mix of different cultures and faiths. Italy may have been the birth place of the Renaissance but the Renaissance was conceived in Toledo in the 12th Century. There was also a famous school of translators at Toledo, where the ancient texts were translated from Greek (which Europe had forgotten) through Arabic and Hebrew into Latin, the working language of scholars in Europe. Amongst other intellectual advances, an early set of astronomical tables were drawn up in Toledo, as an encyclopaedia of star positions. The numerals are Arabic, but the tables are Christian - recognisably modern.

62. ISLAMIC BACKGROUND OF WESTERN RENAISSANCE John, a disciple of Consrantine. gerard of cremona was one of thegreatest exponents of Arabian learning. He spent more than 50 http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/islamic_background_of_western.htm

ISLAMIC BACKGROUND OF WESTERN RENAISSANCE (1) The nomadic Arabs, who rose from their desert tents, founded in remarkably short space of time, the mightiest empire of the Mediaeval era, which stretched from the shores of the Atlantic in the West to the Great Wall of China in the East. Their success in the field of territorial conquests was no more spectacular than their achievements in the realm of knowledge. Thus Christian Europe was rather slow to recognize the greatness of Islamic learning and its influence on the Revival of the West. Westerners like John Davenport, Stanley Lane Poole, M.P.E. Berthelot and more recently Holmyard, Max Meyerhof, George Sarton, Philip K. Hitti, Robert Briffault and John William Draper have gratefully acknowledged the part played by Muslims in the advancement of learning and the awakening of Europe. "Down to the 15th century", writes a western historian, "Whatever scientific activity existed in Europe was engaged in assimilating Arab learning without greatly adding to it." Islamic Institutions The Jews who enjoyed complete tolerance in Muslim Spain took a lively interest in the development and popularisation of Arabian learning both during and after the Moorish regime. They were scattered all over Europe after the Ahmohadeen conquest and became the ambassadors of Arabian culture wherever they went. French and German monks including Hildegard and Hrosvitha, the literary nuns of the Thuringian convent, learnt Arabian sciences from them. The wandering Jews founded numerous schools such as those of Kimhic and Ben Esra of Norbonne, where the diffusion ofGrabian learning was carried on through translation and teaching. A large number of these Jews accompanied William of Normandy to England where they established the first English school of science at Oxford, in which Arabian sciences were freely taught. It was in this school that Roger Bacon learnt Arabic sciences from Jewish teachers.

63. Miskatonic University Library Books Of Alchemy as De mineralibus these accompany the translatio vetus of Aristotle's Meteorology,that is, books I-III translated from Arabic by gerard of cremona and book http://www.yankeeclassic.com/miskatonic/libscien/alchemy/alchebks.htm

Alchemical Works in the Miskatonic University Library WORKS ON ALCHEMY Artis chemicae principes Artis auriferae Theatrum chemicum Bibliotheca chemica curiosa Leiden Papyrus Stockholm Papyrus Compositiones Lucenses (8th century) Mappae Clavicula (9th + 12th century) Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs PRE CHRISTIAN Democraticus (who may be Bolos of Mendes (fl. 1st century B.C.) Phisika kai mystika Aristotle (384-322) Claudius Ptolemy (c 150 A.D.) Tabrir Al Magesti (Almagest) EARLY CENTURIES OF CHRISTIAN ERA To Leucippus Book V. Chemistry of Moses Work of the Four Elements The Eight Tombs The System of Iamblichus DARK AGES Zosimus of Panopolis (before A.D. 400) Synesius (4th century) commentary on Demoncritus Olympiodorus (6th century) reconciled alchemy with Neoplatonism and the theory of the four elements. Stephen of Alexandria (7th century) (teacher of Morienus) declared that transmutation was a spiritual process and set it in a Christological persepctive "Christian philosopher" - (7th century) "Anonymous philosopher" - (7th century) Pelagius John the Archpriest ARABIAN ALCHEMY Callisthenes (Prince Khalid ibn Yazid) (d. 704)

64. Dr.Abdullah Assiri In addition, he wrote monographs on astronomical instruments, tides, rocks andprecious stones. gerard of cremona translated many of his books into Latin. http://www.magma.ca/~assiri/arabmedicin.htm

This site will try to shed some light on the arabian and Muslim physicians who contributed to the science and medicine field enormously. Dr.Abdullah Assiri YAQUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI (ALKINDUS) (800 - 873 C.E.) Al-Kindi is known in the West as Alkindus. He was popularly known as the 'Philosopher of theArabs' in the Middle Ages. Cardano considered Al-Kindi as one of the twelve greatest minds of the Middle Ages. He is among a small group of Muslim scientists who made original contributions in many fields. Al-Kindi was a philosopher, astronomer, physician, mathematician, physicist, and geographer. He also was an expert in music. Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi was born at Kufa (present Iraq) in 800 C.E. His father worked for Khalifah (Caliph) Haroon al-Rashid. Al-Kindi spent his long career in Baghdad and was a contemporary of al-Mutawakkil, al-Mamun and al-Mu'tasim. He died in 873 C.E. during the reign of al-M'utamid. Al-Kindi was the first physician who systematically determined the dosage for most drugs. It greatly helped in the development of dosage standards (prescription) for patients. In the field of Chemistry, Al-Kindi argued that base metals cannot be converted to precious metals and that chemical reactions cannot produce transformation of basic elements. He made important contributions to the Arabic system of numerals. In addition, he contributed to spherical geometry while assisting al-Khwarizmi in astronomical studies. Al-Kindi's original work provided the foundation for modern arithmetic. He also made original contributions to geometrical optics, a special field of Physics, and wrote a book on it. Several centuries later, Al-Kindi's work inspired Roger Bacon.

65. Bomis: The Denominations/Catholicism/Resources/Catholic Encyclopedia/G Ring Germain, Saint, Bishop of Auxerre. (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.newadvent.org. 116.gerard of cremona. (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org. 117. Gerardus Odonis. http://www.bomis.com/rings/Mcatholic_encyclopedia-g-society/

Bomis: The Denominations/Catholicism/Resources/Catholic Encyclopedia/G ring Build a ring Suggest URL! Email ringmaster! Ring Info! See also... ...Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Faiths_and_Beliefs/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Resources/Catholic_Encyclopedia Home My Bomis Webmasters ... Ring Rankings Bomis is a search engine covering all topics. Enjoy! Ring sites Gabbatha (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Gabriel, Brothers of Saint (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Gabriel Sionita (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.newadvent.org Gagarin, Ivan Sergejewitch (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.newadvent.org Gagliardi, Achille (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Galatino, Pietro Colonna (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.newadvent.org Gabriel the Archangel, Saint (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.newadvent.org Galatians, Epistle to the (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Galerius, Valerius Maximianus (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Galien, Joseph (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Galilee (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org Galilei, Alessandro (Catholic Encyclopedia) www.knight.org

66. §17. Peterhouse Library And Catalogue; The Library Of The Medieval Student. XV. Amongst additional authors represented on the Peterhouse shelves a notable placewas claimed by gerard of cremona, an indefatigable translator, and by Richard http://www.bartleby.com/212/1517.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Cambridge History The End of the Middle Ages English and Scottish Education. Universities and Public Schools to the Time of Colet ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes Volume II. The End of the Middle Ages.

67. PHILTAR - Compendium Of Philosophers/G links to texts. George of Trebizond (13951486) An introduction tohis life and work. gerard of cremona (1114-1187) An introduction to http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/compendium_of_philosophers/g/

Compendium of Philosophers G Links to materials by and/or about over a thousand philosophers from thousands of years from all over the world from A to Z This compendium contains entries large and small, single or multiple, on hundreds of philosophers. Links vary in size from a few lines of biography to the whole of the Summa Theologica. Sometimes you are directed to a site which has further links. In that case there is no guarantee that all the further links will work, but enough work to make a visit worthwhile. This compendium does not provide links to philosophers’ own home pages. A list of them can be found here A B C ... Z Gadamer, Hans-Georg (b 1900) An introduction to his work Galen (129-c210) A biographical sketch On the Natural Faculties Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642) A brief introduction to his life and work An introduction to his life and work Galluppi, Pasquale (1770-1846) An introduction to his life and work Gampopa (1079-1153) An account of his life Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma] (1869-1948) An introduction to his life and work Mahatma Gandhi - A Biography 'Mahatma Gandhi and his Myths' Gassendi, Pierre (1592-1655) A brief introduction to his life and work Another brief introduction, but with some useful further links

68. New Page 74 His Compendium of astronomy, a work much esteemed, was translated intoLatin by gerard of cremona and by Johannes Hispalensis. Regiomontaus http://www.islam4all.com/new_page_74.htm

Astronomy and Mathematics Part I Part II Part III I The Arabs are before all else the pupils of the Greeks; their science is a continuation of Greek science which it preserves, cultivates, and on a number of important points develops and perfects. One of the greatest of them, al-Biruni, said in considering all the conditions necessary for scientific research-early education, knowledge of languages, long life, the possession of means sufficient to enable one to make journeys and acquire books and instruments: ‘all these conditions are rarely found in a single individual, especially in our day. That is why we ought to confine ourselves to what the ancients have dealt with and endeavour to perfect what can be perfected. The middle way is in all things the most praiseworthy; and he who attempts too much ruins himself and his estate’. Al-Biruni is here, however, obviously too modest; for with this limited ambition the Arabs have really achieved great things in science; they taught the use of ciphers, although they did not invent them, and thus became the founders of the arithmetic of everyday life; they made algebra an exact science and developed it considerably and laid the foundations of analytical geometry; they were indisputably the founders of plane and spherical trigonometry which, properly speaking, did not exist among the Greeks. In astronomy they made a number of valuable observations. They preserved for us in their translations a number of Greek works, the originals of which have been lost: three books of the Conics of Apollonius, the

69. MEDIEVAL SCIENCES: THE ISLAMIC FOUNDATION OF THE RENAISSANCE: Medievalhistory.ne Most of their writings came to the west, however, in the later twelfthcentury through the Arabic versions translated by gerard of cremona. http://www.medievalhistory.net/islamica.htm

Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! The ISLAMIC FOUNDATION OF THE RENAISSANCE Hugh Bibbs, B.A. Scriptorium Series: Volume 3 First Edition Foreword The scholasticism of medieval Catholic Europe, focussed entirely as it was upon ancient authority, was unable to inform scientific inquiry until the revolutionary libraries of Islam were made available to the Catholic world. All western advances in civil engineering, mathematics, chemistry, medicine and astronomy were founded upon the medieval sciences of Islam, which were themselves built upon the classical traditions lost to the west during the Germanic destruction of the Roman Empire. This text clearly details the huge contribution of Islamic civilisation to the Later European Renaissance, and is an edited version of a paper once written for a university course. At that time, the professor examining the History of Science held that since any Islamic contribution to Western science was unknown to him it was therefore irrelevant to his subject, and he refused to read the

70. Servants Of The Light Thoughts On Elemental Correspondences Of I possible combination. Cornelius Agrippa and gerard of cremona attributethese sixteen signs to the 12 Signs of the Zodiac. Note that http://servantsofthelight.org/SOL/Archives/Knowledge/Thoughts.html

71. History Of Science And Technology In Islam Liber Lumen Luminum (Light of Lights), of alRazi that exists in Latin and whichis devoted mainly to salts and alums, was translated by gerard of cremona.36 http://www.gabarin.com/ayh/Nitrates.htm

Navigation Home Bio Search Feedback Form Articles Potassium Nitrates Gun Powder Arabic Origin of Jabir's Latin Works Brief Notes Taqi al-Din Steam Turbine Origin of the Suction Pump Crank-Connecting Rod System Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya Soap Making Origin of Liber Fornacum Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine Sal Nitri and Sal Petrae History of Science and Technology in Islam Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources Ahmad Y. al-Hassan This paper discusses the various names that were given to potassium nitrate in Arabic, and the equivalent words that were used in Latin. In investigating this subject the following question was posed: what were the names of potassium nitrate in Arabic before the word barud became common? Because the term barud was applied in Arabic to potassium nitrate in the thirteenth century, some historians of science and technology assumed that familiarity with potassium nitrate in Arabic chemistry and alchemy dates from the thirteenth century only. For a listing of some of the major Arabic word in this article, click here Potassium nitrate is a resource that was always available in natural deposits. Its existence could not have passed unnoticed as in the case of other materials found in nature. It should have been utilized to meet the various needs of societies across history. Hence, its applications as a viable substance, as a medicine, as a raw material for industry or in warfare in some form or another, were readily discernable.

72. The Bodleian Tribute Islamic Legacy instruction for 600 years. His only rival was gerard of cremona, thegreatest translator of the Toledo school. When he died, his http://users.erols.com/ameen/bodley.htm

73. History Of Philosophy 34 the only professedly eclectic philosopher of this period, the eclectic tendencyis apparent in Peter the Lombard, Alanus of Lille, gerard of cremona, {1} and http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/hop34.htm

Jacques Maritain Center History of Philosophy / by William Turner CHAPTER XXXIV ECLECTICS Although John of Salisbury is perhaps the only professedly eclectic philosopher of this period, the eclectic tendency is apparent in Peter the Lombard, Alanus of Lille, Gerard of Cremona and others. JOHN OF SALISBURY Life Sources . In addition to his letters, which shed so much light on the history of his times, John of Salisbury wrote a large number of philosophical works, of which the most important are the Polycraticus and the Metalogicus . These are published by Migne, Patr. Lat. , Vol. CXCIX. DOCTRINES John contributed very little to the philosophical discussions which occupied to such an extent the minds of his contemporaries. He was a historian, a humanist, and a critic, rather than a dialectician. Indirectly, however, he rendered valuable service to the cause of philosophy by his advocacy of culture, and by his denunciations of obscurantism, which was represented in those days by the Cornificians (pseudonym), a sect which flourished about the middle of the twelfth century.

74. Regiomontanus Biography on the Islamic scholar alFargãnî at the University of Padua, wrote a critiqueof the Theorica Planetarum attributed to gerard of cremona, and continued to http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/regiomontanus.html

Links Personalities Tour (Next) Previous Regiomontanus Tour (Next) Regiomontanus Pages Regiomontanus Astrology Calendar Reform Mathematical Techniques ... Astronomical Tables General Pages Home Index Regiomontanus Regiomontanus (1436-1476) was born in Konigsberg and educated at Leipzig and Vienna. He sought to restore astronomy, dissatisfied as he was with the inadequate translation of ancient works and the disparities he found between theory and observation. His Epitome of the Almagest was published in 1496. Frontispiece of Regiomontanus' Epitome of the Almagest depicting Ptolemy and Regiomontanus sitting beneath an armillary sphere. Image by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College Cambridge. Large image (144K). Very large image (4.0M). Syntaxis he had begun at the behest of Cardinal Johannes Bessarion. This work was finished by 1463, and printed as the Epitome of the Almagest in 1496; it was later used by such astronomers as Copernicus and Galileo In Vienna, Regiomontanus had been an avid hunter, copyist, and reader of manuscripts on mathematical and astronomical subjects. After Peurbach's death, he went with Bessarion to Rome, and accompanied him on various travels around Italy. Association with the Cardinal, a native of Trebizond in Turkey and a great patron of humanist scholarship, gave Regiomontanus access to other texts, and the opportunity for him to become fluent in Greek. On several occasions, he was to forcefully express his opinion about the inadequacy of translations of Greek works, including Ptolemy's

75. Astrology From the Whipple Museum. Contains articles on astronomical instruments and techniques as well as Category Society Religion and Spirituality Astrology History...... In the arts faculties of medieval universities, the theory of planetary motion ofSacrobosco, Ptolemy and gerard of cremona (later Georg Peurbach) was always http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/astrology.html

Links Astrology Tour (Next) Astrology Pages Astrology Islamic Astrolabes Copernicus Hipparchus ... Index Astrology An image of a 'zodiac man', showing the parts of the body governed by the various signs of the zodiac. Image by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge. Large image (106KB). Very large image (2.5MB). Astrology - belief in the physical influence of planetary rays on earth - is one of the most important historical contexts in which astronomy developed. Astrology served as a motivation as well as a means of gainful employment for astronomers. The Babylonians meticulously compiled tablets of the position of Venus, as it was believed to signify omens for weather, war, famine, diseases, rulers and kingdoms. Ptolemy composed the Tetrabiblos , believing that astrology could be placed on a rational footing, despite being a conjectural art like medicine. In practice, belief in astrology meant that horoscopes were cast for new-born children, prospective spouses and political enemies, public buildings were opened and marriage and other ceremonies conducted on auspicious days. Numerous records of astrological practice can be found from the Roman times. Several important Arabic authors on astronomy, such as al-Kindi, Masha'allah and Abu Ma 'Shar were astrologers: Abraham ibn Ezra and

76. Mathem_abbrev Galileo Galilei Galois, Evariste Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gelfand, Israil GeminusGemma Frisius, Regnier Genocchi, Angelo, gerard of cremona Gerhard of Cremona http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

77. Web Version quatuor capitulis de sompno et visione (Alkindi, tr. gerard of cremonapr. Beitra;ge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters http://duke.usask.ca/~frk302/MSS/sbh.htm

78. The History Of Translation History, A Review By Alex Gross Of "Translators Throu translator Hunayn ibn Ishaq was paid in gold for his work according to its weight(and hence tended to use thick paper!), that gerard of cremona wandered from http://language.home.sprynet.com/trandex/histrhis.htm

to home The History of Translation History ATA Chronicle, September, 1996 By my count, nine useful books about translation history, specialized works aside, have been published over the last thirty years. It must say something about where this field is going that six of them have come out during the last seven years (and four since 1992). The latest such work, Translators through History , edited and directed by Jean Delisle and Judith Woodsworth, appears under the very highest auspices, being co-published by John Benjamins and Unesco. The combined effort of fifty scholars from twenty different nations, this volume has been five years in the making and is now published simultaneously in French and English with assistance from several Canadian sponsors and the F.I.T. The editors have set out to create "a selective and thematic overview" rather than "an exhaustive study of the history of translation,...without compromising ...standards of scholarship...they have sought to make the book readable and accessible to as wide an audience as possible." The volume is divided into nine chapters, each covering one of the roles played by translators over the ages: inventors of alphabets, developers of national languages, creators of national literatures, disseminators of knowledge, accessories to power, religious proselytizers, transmitters of cultural values, authors of dictionaries, and interpreters as the middlemen of history.

79. Science Timeline GellMann, Murray, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1961, 1963, 1964. Gentile da Foligno, 1348.gerard of cremona, 1175. Gerlach, Walter, 1921. Germer, Lester Halbert, 1927. http://www.sciencetimeline.net/siteindex_g.htm

use checkboxes to select items you wish to download Select Index Letter: a b c d ... w-x-y-z Gabor, Dennis, 1947 Galard, Lucien, 1881 Galen, Claudius, 170, 1185, 1250, 1348, 1543, 1664 Galileo Galilei, 1583, 1586, 1592, 1612, 1621, 1632, 1636, 1642, 1655, 1687 Gall, Franz Joseph, 1791, 1800, 1810, 1824, 1861 Galle, Johann Gottfried, 1846 Gallo, Robert, 1985 Gally, Joseph, 1962 Galton, Francis, 1869, 1875, 1883 Galvani, Luigi, 1791, 1838 Gamow, George, 1928, 1928, 1939, 1946, 1948, 1953 Garan, Alan,1966 Garrod, Archibald Edward, 1908 Garstang, Walter, 1922 Gassendi, Pierre, 1624, 1631, 1642, 1649, 1687 Gasser, Herbert Spencer, 1922 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 1796, 1801, 1801, 1809, 1818, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1859, 1915 Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 1787, 1806, 1808 Gebhardt, Karl, 2000

80. El Zahrawi AtTasrif was translated into Latin by gerard of cremona in the 12th century andalongside Avicenna's Canon, played a major role as a medical text in the http://www.ummah.org.uk/history/scholars/el_zahrawi/

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 101    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | Next 20