21. Norsk Botanisk Forening Meddelelser, Index 1936-1941 Chromosome Number of Some Species of Carex and Eriophorum 77 Hagen, Asbjørn Onygenaequina and corvina in Norway 93 holmboe, Jens Professor dr. bernt Lynge. http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/nbf/blyttia/1936reg.htm

NORSK BOTANISK FORENING MEDDELELSER 1936 NYTT MAGASIN FOR NATURVIDENSKAPENE BIND 77 TRYKT MED BIDRAG AV FRIDTJOF NANSENS FOND OSLO 1937 Innhold Norsk Botanisk Forening, stiftet 2. desember 1935 Lov for Norsk Botanisk Forening Norsk Botanisk Forenings medlemmer Norsk Botanisk Forenings ekskursjoner og utferder i 1936 (ved Johannes Lid) Notiser Benum, Peter: Epipogium aphyllum i Troms fylke Braarud, Trygve: Noen spredte lakttagelser over vannplanter Frisch, Ragnar: Honningplanter i Norge Heiberg, Hans H. H.: A New Norwegian Habitat for Papaver relictum (Lundstr.) Nordhagen Horn, Kristian: Hydnum septentrionale Fr. i Norge Lid, Johannes: Dryopteris austriaca var. Willeana n. var. Lundestad, Jon: Nitratreduktion durch einige Agar-spaltende Meeresbakterien NORSK BOTANISK FORENING MEDDELELSER 1937 NYTT MAGASIN FOR NATURVIDENSKAPENE BIND 77 TRYKT MED BIDRAG AV FRIDTJOF NANSENS FOND OSLO 1938 Redaksjonsnevnd: Innhold V Norsk Botanisk Forenings regnskap for 1937 VI Norsk Botanisk Forenings ekskursjoner og utferder i 1937, ved Johannes Lid VII X XIII Notiser XV Benum, Peter: Matricaria discoidea DC. i Nord-Noreg

22. Untitled Hb O 25008. Hurdal PN 08 05 (ca.) Nordlikampen 10.8.1928. bernt Lynge. Hb O24975. Jens holmboe. Hb O 24977. PM 14 86 (ca.) Tømteåsen 14.9.1962. http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/nbf/loa/dipcom.htm

Lokalflora Oslo og Akershus Skogjamne Diphasiastrum complanatum Kart generert 27.09.1999 Asker NM 78 32 S f tjernet SW f Drengsrudvannet (Abbortjern) 4.6.1978. Jon Kaasa. Hb O 25014. PM 54 31 Setskog: Hauketjern 17.7.1933. Karen Breien, Jens Holmboe. Hb O 25004. PM 54 53 Aurskog: N.Mangen, eldre furu-gran-best. 14.7.1962. 220 m. Johan Kielland-Lund. Hb O 25003. NM 79 41-42 Ramsaas 22.6.1895. Joh. Dyring. Hb O 25017. Eidsvoll Feiring: Feiring 21.8.1881. u.s.. Hb NLH 62. PM 19 93 Mistberget, ovenfor Spetalen 14.8.1934. Jens Holmboe. Hb O 25042. PM 20 96 Mistberget 14.10.1956. Halfdan Rui. Hb O 25013. PN 17 16 (ca.) Feiring: Skreikampen 17.9.1931. Johannes Lid. Hb O 24980. PN 18 14 Feiring: Alnessetra 18.9.1931. Johannes Lid. Hb O 25010. Enebakk PM 11 28 Andersrud 13.9.1927. Johannes Lid. Hb O 25002. Fet PM 24 46 (ca.) Heivann 10.8.1986. O. Schelbred, B. Hestnes. Hb O 25008. Hurdal PN 08 05 (ca.) Nordlikampen 10.8.1928. Bernt Lynge. Hb O 24975. PM 076 411 Knuttjernsveien rett V f veidelet med veien mot Skilledalen 14.5.1994. Jan Wesenberg. Hb O 160153. Nannestad Nordmokorset 8.9.1980. Odd Stabbetorp. Hb O 54007.

23. Forskning Ved Handelshøjskolen I Århus 6. s. 11. Andre publikationer Kastberg, Peter; Møller, bernt; holmboe, Henrik;Westergaard, Astrid Fælles EU-fodslag i sprog- og IT-studier. http://www.hba.dk/fsk/publist_fsk.asp?fsk=Henrik Holmboe

24. Forskning Ved Handelshøjskolen I Århus 1997, 1999. s. 291301. Andre publikationer Kastberg, Peter; Møller, bernt; holmboe,Henrik; Westergaard, Astrid - Fælles EU-fodslag i sprog- og IT-studier. http://www.hba.dk/fsk/publist_fsk.asp?fsk=Bernt Møller

25. Mostra Eventos Da Data Selecionada Translate this page de George David Birkhoff (matemático norte-americano) Fatos relacionados 23/03/1795- Nascimento de bernt Michael holmboe (matemático norueguês) 24/03/1809 http://www.ponteiro.com.br/mostrad8.php?w=13&pg=3

26. Mostra Eventos Da Data Selecionada Translate this page 28/03/1849 - Morte do botânico e historiador austríaco Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher28/03/1850 - Morte do matemático norueguês bernt Michael holmboe 28/03 http://www.ponteiro.com.br/mostrad7.php?w=2&pg=38

27. I12661: Adelus Andersdatter BENKESTOK (CIR1552 - 1628) bernt WESTERMANN H.ZIEGLER Mother Anne Marie Jensdatter FLOR Family 1 Hans Jenssen holmboe http://home.online.no/~nermo/slekt/d0021/g0000008.html

Adelus Andersdatter BENKESTOK BIRTH : CIR1552, til Meløy DEATH : 1628, Meløy, NO NATURALIZATION : 6 barn Father: Anders (2) Torleivsson BENKESTOK Mother: NN PEDERSDATTER Family 1 Henrik Jørgenssøn STAUR MARRIAGE Aksel Henrikssøn STAUR Henrik Henrikssøn STAUR Karen Henriksdatter STAUR Jørgen Henrikssøn STAUR ... INDEX HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 09/10/2002 10:30:40 Jens Mogens BOYESEN Family 1 Erle Sigrun BRYN Jens Mogens BOYESEN INDEX still living - details excluded HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 09/10/2002 10:30:40 Lars GREGERSSØNN Family 1 Dorothea WULF MARRIAGE Lars GREGERSSØNN INDEX HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 09/10/2002 10:30:40 Randi Lauritsdatter HOLCH 1540 - 29 May 1597 BIRTH : 1540, Tønsberg BAPTISM : (Holck) DEATH : 29 May 1597, Mandal (Tønsberg ?) NATURALIZATION : Nedst. fra Jon Haftors. Sudreim (1315-) Father: Laurits Olufsen HOLCK Mother: Marthe Jonsdatter PACKE Family 1 Niels LAURITSSØN MARRIAGE Lauritz Nilsen HOLCH Iver Nielsen HOLCH Anna Nielsdatter HOLCH Maren Nielsdatter HOLCH ... INDEX HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998)

28. I20029: Maren ANCHER (24 Jun 1708 - 24 Apr 1783) NATURALIZATION 12 barn. Father bernt ANCHER Mother Karen TANCHEFamily 1 Otto Jenssen holmboe MARRIAGE CIR1736, Søndre Land. http://home.online.no/~nermo/slekt/d0018/g0000031.html

Maren ANCHER 24 Jun 1708 - 24 Apr 1783 BIRTH : 24 Jun 1708, Søndre Land, OP DEATH : 24 Apr 1783, Christiania NATURALIZATION : 12 barn Father: Bernt ANCHER Mother: Karen TANCHE Family 1 Otto Jenssen HOLMBOE MARRIAGE : CIR1736, Søndre Land Maria HOLMBOE Maren Kristine HOLMBOE Jens HOLMBOE Karen HOLMBOE ... INDEX HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 09/10/2002 10:30:40 Lukas Patrick ANDERSON Father: David Michael ANDERSON Mother: Stilliani KOUKOULIS _Anton ANDERSON _David Keith ANDERSON _Helen HAMILTON ... INDEX still living - details excluded HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 09/10/2002 10:30:40 Gunnhild Margaretha DORAN Family 1 Hans Ogman GRØN MARRIAGE Paulina Elisabeth SCHAUER Gunnhild Margaretha DORAN INDEX HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 09/10/2002 10:30:40 Rønnoug IVARSDOTTER BIRTH : CIR1598, Uppigard Sør-Sandbu, Vågå DEATH : 1659, Helle, Vågå Father: Ivar Amundsson Gjesling SANDBU Mother: Kari OLSDOTTER Family 1 Jon Eiriksson HELLE MARRIAGE Eirik Jonsson HELLE _Ivar Roarsson DØL _Amund Ivarsson RØSSUM _NN Amunsdatter RØSSUM ... INDEX HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998)

29. OPE-MAT - Historique Translate this page William Hall, Philip Heng, Zhang Hölder, Otto Halley, Edmond Henrici, Olaus Hollerith,Herman Halphen, George Hensel, Kurt holmboe, bernt Halsted, George http://www.gci.ulaval.ca/PIIP/math-app/Historique/mat.htm

A Abel , Niels Akhiezer , Naum Anthemius of Tralles Abraham bar Hiyya al'Battani , Abu Allah Antiphon the Sophist Abraham, Max al'Biruni , Abu Arrayhan Apollonius of Perga Abu Kamil Shuja al'Haitam , Abu Ali Appell , Paul Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani al'Kashi , Ghiyath Arago , Francois Ackermann , Wilhelm al'Khwarizmi , Abu Arbogast , Louis Adams , John Couch Albert of Saxony Arbuthnot , John Adelard of Bath Albert , Abraham Archimedes of Syracuse Adler , August Alberti , Leone Battista Archytas of Tarentum Adrain , Robert Albertus Magnus, Saint Argand , Jean Aepinus , Franz Alcuin of York Aristaeus the Elder Agnesi , Maria Alekandrov , Pavel Aristarchus of Samos Ahmed ibn Yusuf Alexander , James Aristotle Ahmes Arnauld , Antoine Aida Yasuaki Amsler , Jacob Aronhold , Siegfried Aiken , Howard Anaxagoras of Clazomenae Artin , Emil Airy , George Anderson , Oskar Aryabhata the Elder Aitken , Alexander Angeli , Stefano degli Atwood , George Ajima , Chokuyen Anstice , Robert Richard Avicenna , Abu Ali B Babbage , Charles Betti , Enrico Bossut , Charles Bachet Beurling , Arne Bouguer , Pierre Bachmann , Paul Boulliau , Ismael Bacon , Roger Bhaskara Bouquet , Jean Backus , John Bianchi , Luigi Bour , Edmond Baer , Reinhold Bieberbach , Ludwig Bourgainville , Louis Baire Billy , Jacques de Boutroux , Pierre Baker , Henry Binet , Jacques Bowditch , Nathaniel Ball , W W Rouse Biot , Jean-Baptiste Bowen , Rufus Balmer , Johann Birkhoff , George Boyle , Robert Banach , Stefan Bjerknes, Carl

30. Hjemmesider På Folk.uio.no Jing Liu, Li Liu, Yi Ljoså, Sondre Llorente, Alicia Loch, bernt Loffler, Rolf SuongThi Lurås, Gunnhild Lutfi, Nizar Luth, Alf Harald holmboe Luth, Cathrine http://folk.uio.no/hjemmesider/l.html

UiO - nettsider UiO - personer BIBSYS - forfatter BIBSYS - tittel WWW - AltaVista Om UiO Studier Studentliv Forskning ... IT-TJENESTER Hjemmesider på folk.uio.no Denne listen generes automatisk hver natt. Kun personer som har laget egen hjemmeside er med på denne listen. A B C D ... Z L L`Abee-Lund, Åsa Johanne Laake, Ida Laake, Jon Henrik Laane, Fredrik Andreas ... Løw, Kristin Redaksjon: webmaster@uio.no Sist oppdatert: 2:12 lørdag 29. mars 2003

31. Index Of Family Sofie (07.09.180821.07.1870) Hansen Oline Hartzen Benedicta holmboe Carl Fredrik IBalthazar Michael (21.11.1782-23.06.1812) Lange I bernt Christopher (ca. http://www.ziesler.net/slekt/left.html

The family of Erik Ziesler 153 individuals Index in alphabetical order: "Fru Catharina" á Jessen Anna Berg I Johanne Bing Castberg Petra Christine ... Galschiött Karen (23.11.1782-cir.1856) Gjerdrum Jørgen Herman Grønbech Hannum Maren Sophie Grønvold Jonine "Jutta" Gude Albert Angel ... Lange I Bernt Christopher (ca. 1715-e. 1782) Lange I Bernt Otto Lange I Christiane Lange I Christopher Andreas Lange I Dorothea Andrea "Dorthe" ... Lange I Hans (ca. 1525-) Lange II Alexander Lange II Balthazar Otto Lange II Bernt Christopher Lange II Bernt Otto ... Lange I Margrethe (ca. 1626-) Lange I Peter (-ca. 1630) Lange VI Alexander Lange Ziesler Alexander Lange Anna Christine Lange Anna ... Lange Balthazar Otto (ca. 1672-24.01.1749) Lange Bernt Emil Lange Catharina Magdalena Lange Christiana Lange Christopher ... Lange Johann (ca. 1659-ca. 1674) Lange Johanne Elisabeth Lange Nathalie Schøyen Lange Otto Carl Lange Poul ... Lange Tycho (ca. 1657-ca. 1658) Lassen Albert Lauritsen Johan Messel Ovidia Margrethe Neumann Elise ... Würzberg Christoph (-før 1774) Young Johanne Zetlitz Kielland I Jens Zieseler Johan Friderich Zieseler Johan Friederich (CIR. 1736-18.11.1774) Zieseler Margareta Elsebe Dorothea Ziesler Bolette Nicolaysen Ziesler Constance Fredrikke Henriette Ziesler Elise Aars ... Ziesler Johan Fredrik (04.02.1844-CIR. 1914)

32. Povel - Pafg06.htm - Generated By Personal Ancestral File Hanna holmboe Irgens Dybdal (Paul Irgens Dybdal , Peder Dybdal , Giertrud MargretheHolst , Povel Madsen ) was born 1 21 Hanna married bernt Andreas Kjekstad. http://hognes.net/web/povel/pafg06.htm

Etterkommere av Povel Madsen Holst Fifth Generation Kari Moshus Pauline Birgitte Irgens Dybdal Peder Dybdal Giertrud Margrethe Holst ... Povel Madsen ) was born 2 DES 1816 in Moshuus, Øyer. She died 8 Apr 1856 in Moshuus, Øyer. Kari married Johan Jørstad on 18 Jun 1834 in Øyer, Oppland. Johan was born 1803. He died They had the following children: F i Ane Moshus was born 12 Apr 1835 in Øyer, Oppland. She died Ane married Johannes Torgersen Mageli . Johannes was born 1826 in Tretten, Øyer, Oppland. F ii Pauline Bergitte Moshus was born 15 Sep 1839 and died 1905. F iii Thea Moshus was born 26 Oct 1841 in Øyer, Oppland. She died F iv Karen Moshus was born 6 Mar 1844 and died 1867. F v Petra Moshus was born 17 Feb 1849 and died 1924. M vi Thorstein Moshus was born 6 DES 1851 and died 1935. F vii Hanna Moshus was born 9 MAI 1854 and died 1935. Hanna Holmboe Irgens Dybdal Paul Irgens Dybdal Peder Dybdal Giertrud Margrethe Holst ... Povel Madsen ) was born 21 Apr 1834 in Trysil, Hedmark. She died 23 Nov 1897.

33. Povel - Pafg12.htm - Generated By Personal Ancestral File Translate this page 178. Johannes holmboe Giæver (Theodora Ingeborg Anna Holst , Søren Schjelderup, Theodorus 1 Hansine Christine Kjeldahl, daughter of Anton bernt Didrik Holst http://hognes.net/web/povel/pafg12.htm

Etterkommere av Povel Madsen Holst Sixth Generation (Continued) Johannes Holmboe Giæver Theodora Ingeborg Anna Holst Søren Schjelderup Theodorus Bergman ... Povel Madsen ) was born 25 Sep 1844 in Tromsø, Troms and was christened 13 Nov 1844 in Tromsø, Troms. He died 21 Jul 1920. Johannes married Magna Fernanda Wilhelmine Mack , daughter of Johan Friedrich Daniel Mack and Nanna Sabine Klerck, on 28 Oct 1870 in Tromsø, Troms. Magna was born 13 Jun 1845 in Tromsø, Troms and was christened 31 Aug 1845 in Tromsø, Troms. She died 26 Aug 1906. They had the following children: M i Daniel Mack Giæver was born 29 Jul 1871 in Tromsø, Troms and was christened 3 Oct 1871 in Tromsø, Troms. He died 8 Aug 1889 in Tromsø, Troms. M ii Magnus Klerck Giæver was born 5 Mar 1876 in Tromsø, Troms and was christened 13 Jun 1876 in Tromsø, Troms. He died 11 Feb 1956. Magnus married Elisabeth Ebeltoft , daughter of Andreas Edvard Ebeltoft and Dorothea Margrethe Klerck, on 5 Mar 1924 in Oslo. Elisabeth was born 21 Apr 1883 in Tromsø, Troms. Eleonore Henrikke Clodius Giæver Theodora Ingeborg Anna Holst Søren Schjelderup Theodorus Bergman ... Povel Madsen ) was born 9 Jun 1848 in Tromsø, Troms and was christened

34. 10.1. Abel, Niels (1802-1829) disciplining him. He was replaced by a young bernt Michael holmboe,an assistant to Christopher Hansteen at the university. Both of http://www.shu.edu/projects/reals/history/abel.html

10.1. Abel, Niels (1802-1829) IRA Niels Abel was one of the innovators in the field of elliptic functions, discoverer of Abelian functions and one of the leaders in the use of rigor in mathematics. His work was so revolutionary that one mathematician stated: "He has left mathematicians something to keep them busy for five hundred years." However, his life did not mirror his mathematical success and his story is one of the most tragic in the sciences. Abel's first main contribution to mathematics came before entering college. For hundreds of years, mathematicians had searched in vain to discover the general solution for the quintic equation a x + b x + c x + d x + e x + f = . Abel developed what he thought was the answer. Holmboe and Hansteen knew there was no one in Norway with the ability to understand if the answer was correct, so they sent the paper to the mathematician Ferdinand Degen in Denmark. Before receiving an answer, Abel discovered a mistake in his figures and questioned if there was an answer. Taking the tract that there was not, he eventually proved that an algebraic solution to the quintic equation was impossible. More important, however, Degen suggested that Abel take up the subject of elliptic integrals, which would become the focus of his work and the source of his fame. Before entering the University of Oslo in 1821, Abel's father died, leaving his son to support his mother and six siblings. Unable to meet his financial needs, he relied on grants from the university, gifts from his math professors and tutoring positions to keep his family afloat. However, his mathematics flourished. After fulfilling the requirements for graduation in one year, he was left on his own to study. In 1823, he published his first important paper on definite integrals, which included the first ever solutions of an integral equation. He also produced another valuable work on the integration of functions. Both of these works would have brought him instant renown and a professorship if anyone would have read them. Unfortunately, the works were written in Norwegian while the leading mathematicians of Europe wrote in French and German. The papers were ignored.

35. Kvasir: Rolf Bernt Pettersen 18271903 1 bernt Theodor Aas Pettersen. Født 21. april 4 Rolf Rolfsen. Født8 Hans-Conrad Jervell Pettersen. Født 13. april holmboe.slekt.no/data http://search.kvasir.no/query?q=rolf bernt pettersen&cf=toplist

36. Kvasir: Sidsel Moss htm 28.10.2002 - dokumentstørrelse66.7 kB Flere treff fra holmboe.slekt.no; AnleggsutvalgetArne Aas, Moss Roklubb, ble valgt som Roklubb bernt Myhre Moss http://search.kvasir.no/query?q=sidsel moss&cf=toplist

37. Matematiske Portrett Translate this page Andrew Wiles. Apollonius. Arkimedes. Augustin-Louis Cauchy. bernt holmboe. BlaisePascal. Carl Friedrich Gauss. Carl Jacobi. Charles Babbage. Claude Mydorge. Diofantus. http://www.matematikk.org/artikkel/biografi/

Matematiske portrett Abu Al-Khwarizmi Andrew Wiles Apollonius Arkimedes ... Thomas Bayes Ansvarlig for denne siden er matematikk.org Kontakt oss: post@matematikk.org Nettstedet er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom HiA HiO UiTø NTNU ... UiB og UiO Postadresse: Matematisk institutt, Postboks 1053 Blindern, 0316 Oslo Telefon: 22 85 58 81, Faks: 22 85 43 49 Prosjektleder: Annette Hessen Samarbeidspartnere: BP og Norges Forskningsråd

38. Abeljubileet 2002 Frå 1818 fekk bernt Michael holmboe ansvar for all matematikkundervisning.For Niels Henrik Abel var dette eit lukketreff. Han http://www.gjerstad.kommune.no/abel/historikk.htm

HOVEDSIDEN VELKOMMEN! PROGRAM ABELSENTERET ... KONTAKTINFO Hvem var Niels Henrik Abel? Tekst: Kåre Dalane Niels Henrik Abels hus Barneår i Gjerstad 1804-1815 Niels Henrik Abel vart fødd 5. august 1802 på Finnøy i Ryfylke. Faren Søren Georg Abel var sokneprest der, og Niels Henrik var den andre sonen i familien. Niels Henriks bestefar, Hans Mathias Abel var sokneprest i Gjerstad, og då han døydde i 1803 søkte Søren George om å få kallet etter far sin, og fekk det Sommaren 1804 flytta han hit med dei to sønene og kona Anne Marie. For dei begge var det som å kome heim: Søren Georg var oppvaksen på prestegarden i Gjerstad, og Anne Marie var frå Risør Niels Henrik Abel og brødrene fekk den første opplæringa i heimen av faren og andre familiemedlemmer. Då Søren Georg kom på Stortinget blei Lars Thorsen Vævestad huslærar. Niels Henrik Abel hadde lukkelege barneår i Gjerstad. Ungane til presten stod sjølvsagt i ei særstilling, men dei var aktive i leik saman ungane i bygda. Det er fortald om Niels Henrik at han var ein hardhaus. Han symde fortare enn andre, og rann på ski ned bakkar som var så bratte at dei andre ikkje torde.

39. Abeljubileet 2002 From 1818 bernt Michael holmboe took over the responsibility for all mathematicaltuition. This was a stroke of good luck for Niels Henrik Abel. http://www.gjerstad.kommune.no/abel/english/history.htm

MAIN WELCOME! PROGRAM THE ABEL CENTER ... CONTACT Who was Niels Henrik Abel? Text: Kaare Dalane Childhood Gjerstad 1804-1815 Niels Henrik Abel was born on the 5 th of August 1802 at Finnøy in Ryfylke where his father Søren Georg Abel was the parish priest. Niels Henrik was the second son of the family. Niels Henrik's grandfather, Hans Mathias Abel was at that time the parish priest in Gjerstad, and when he died in 1803 Søren Georg Abel succeeded his father. In the summer 1804 he moved to Gjerstad with his wife Anne Marie and their two sons. For both of them it was like coming home Søren Georg had spent his childhood at the vicarage of Gjerstad and Anne Marie was from the town of Risør, situated not far from Gjerstad. Niels Henrik Abel and his brothers had their first encounter with education was at home, tutored by their father and other members of the family. When Søren Georg entered Stortinget (the Norwegian Parliament) Lars Thorsen Vævestad became the children’s teacher. Niels Henrik Abel had a happy childhood in Gjerstad. As children of the parish priest they had of course a special position in the local community but they joined in actively playing with other children. It is said that Niels Henrik was a tough boy. He swam quicker than any other and skied downhill where nobody else dared.

40. Abel When a new mathematics teacher bernt holmboe joined the school in1817 things changed markedly for Abel. The previous mathematics http://www.science.uva.nl/onderwijs/wns/onderwijsCD/biographies/abel/biography.h

Niels Henrik Abel Born: 5 Aug 1802 in Frindoe (near Stavanger), Norway Died: 6 April 1829 in Froland, Norway Niels Abel 's life was dominated by poverty and we begin by putting this in context by looking briefly at the political problems which led to economic problems in Norway. At the end of the 18th century Norway was part of Denmark and the Danish tried to remain neutral through the Napoleonic wars. However a neutrality treaty in 1794 was considered a aggressive act by England and, in 1801, the English fleet destroyed most of the Danish fleet in a battle in the harbour at Copenhagen. Despite this Denmark-Norway avoided wars until 1807 when England feared that the Danish fleet might be used by the French to invade. Using the philosophy that attack is the best form of defence, the English attacked and captured the whole Danish fleet in October 1807. Denmark then joined the alliance against England. The continental powers blockaded England, and as a counter to this England blockaded Norway. The twin blockade was a catastrophe to Norway preventing their timber exports, which had been largely to Britain, and preventing their grain imports from Denmark. An economic crisis in Norway followed with the people suffering hunger and extreme poverty. In 1813 Sweden attacked Denmark from the south and, at the treaty of Kiel in January 1814, Denmark handed over Norway to Sweden. An attempt at independence by Norway a few months later led to Sweden attacking Norway in July 1814. Sweden gained control of Norway, setting up a complete internal self-government for Norway with a government in Christiania (which is called Oslo today). In this difficult time Abel was growing up in Gjerstad in south-east Norway.

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