41. Grace Hopper Go Back index biographies grace Murray hopper. Biography. grace hopperwas born grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/hopper_grace.html

Grace Murray Hopper December 9 1906, New York City, USA; January 1 1991, Alexandria, VA, USA Grace Hopper principal papers COBOL hardware software COBOL , A/O keyords Compilers see also related subjects Achievement Naval officer and computer scientist developing the first compiler and who led the effort in the 1960s to develop COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) Biography Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children. Her father, Walter Murray, was an insurance broker while her mother, Mary Van Horne, had a love of mathematics which she passed on to her daughter. Both Grace's parents believed that she and her sister should have an education of the same quality as her brother. Hopper wanted to join the military as soon as the United States entered World War II. However her at 34 she was too old (and not heavy enough for her height) to enlist and anyway as a mathematics professor her job was considered essential to the war effort. However she was determined to join the Navy and, despite being told that she could serve her country best by remaining in her teaching post at Vassar College, After initial training at Midshipman's School, after which she was commissioned a Lieutenant, Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at the Cruft Laboratories at Harvard University.

42. Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend In Her Own Time Biography by Elizabeth Dickason.Category Computers History Pioneers hopper, grace Murray...... In 1986, eightyyear-old grace hopper retired involuntarily from theNavy. The Retirement didn't slow grace hopper down. Shortly http://www.norfolk.navy.mil/chips/grace_hopper/file2.htm

Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time By Elizabeth Dickason Eighty-five-year-old Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper who dedicated her life to the Navy passed away on 1 January 1992. As a pioneer Computer Programmer and co-inventor of COBOL, she was known as the Grand Lady of Software, Amazing Grace and Grandma COBOL. She'll be remembered for her now famous sayings, one of which is "It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission." It's only fitting that Grace Brewster Murray was born between two such memorable events as the Wright Brothers' first successful power-driven flight in 1903 and Henry Ford's introduction of the Model T in 1908. Taught by her father at an early age to go after what she wanted, Grace's life consisted of one success after another, including the significant contributions she made to the computer age and the Navy. Young Grace's diligence and hard work paid off when in 1928 at the age of 22 she was graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College. She then attended Yale University, where she received an MA degree in Mathematics and Physics in 1930 and a Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1934. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931 where her first year's salary was $800. She stayed there until she joined the United States Naval Reserve in December 1943. Upon graduation, she was commissioned a LTJG and ordered to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University. There she became the first programmer on the Navy's Mark I computer, the mechanical miracle of its day. Hopper's love of gadgets caused her to immediately fall for the biggest gadget she'd ever seen, the fifty-one foot long, 8 foot high, 8 foot wide, glass-encased mound of bulky relays, switches and vacuum tubes called the Mark I. This miracle of modern science could store 72 words and perform three additions every second.

43. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper The late RADM grace Murray hopper USN (ret) served the United States Navyand its computer and communications communities for many years. http://www.norfolk.navy.mil/chips/grace_hopper/

Welcome to the Hopper homepage - both the lady and her ship... The late RADM Grace Murray Hopper USN (ret) served the United States Navy and its computer and communications communities for many years. It's only fitting that her personal homepage and that of the ship named in her honor reside here with us, the people who served with her. Our intention is to do more than document RADM Hopper's achievements. That has obviously been done numerous times. Instead, we want to preserve the personal memories of those who served with her. The Ship - USS GRACE HOPPER (DDG 70) The Woman - Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, USN (Ret) ASF Video of Rear Admiral Grace Hopper speech (self-extracting .exe)

44. IBM Archives -- Catalog / Personal Names / Hopper, Grace Advanced Search. Catalog / Personal Names / hopper, grace, Limit formats. All FormatsImage. Subjects. articles (2). Folders. About IBM Privacy Legal Contact. http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/catalog/catalogpage_0000001513.html

Home My account Select a country IBM Archives ... Using the Archives Search Archives Advanced Search Catalog Personal Names Hopper, Grace Limit formats All Formats Image Subjects articles Folders About IBM Privacy Legal Contact

45. IBM Archives -- Catalog / Personal Names / Hopper, Grace / Articles Item 13510 Short biographies of Thomas Watson, Sr., Charles Babbage, Herman Hollerith,William Burroughs, Blaise Pascal, grace hopper, J. Presper Eckert, John http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/catalog/catalogpage_0000001512.html

Home My account Select a country IBM Archives ... Using the Archives Search Archives Advanced Search Catalog Personal Names Hopper, Grace ... articles Limit formats All Formats Image Subjects Folders Computerworld History of Computing Item #13510 Short biographies of Thomas Watson, Sr., Charles Babbage, Herman Hollerith, William Burroughs, Blaise Pascal, Grace Hopper, J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly, Conrad Zuse, Alan Turing, and other pioneers in the history of calculators and computers. Profiling Computer People Item #13618 Data on number of employees in computer industry, salaries, types of job assignments, and memberships in professional organizations; brief references to Thomas Watson, Sr., Grace Hopper, Ross Perot, Max Palevsky, and other key figures. About IBM Privacy Legal Contact

46. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Hopper, Grace (Pioneers In Computing) Looking for the best facts and sites on hopper, grace? World Book Online Articleon hopper, grace MURRAY; hopper, grace; hopper, grace Murray Profile; http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Middle_School/T

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Hopper, Grace document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on HOPPER, GRACE MURRAY Hopper, Grace Hopper, Grace Murray: Profile Hopper, Grace: Biography ... Contact Us

47. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Hopper, Grace (Featured Biographies) Looking for the best facts and sites on hopper, grace? HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Biography Biographies of Women Science Featured Biographies hopper, grace. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Tec

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Hopper, Grace document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on HOPPER, GRACE MURRAY Hopper, Grace Hopper, Grace Murray: Profile Hopper, Grace: Biography ... Contact Us

48. Inventor Of The Week: Archive grace Murray hopper (1906 1992). By the time she retired in 1986, Rear Admiralgrace hopper had taken her place in history by questioning the impossible. http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/hopper.html

This Week Inventor Archive Inventor Search Inventor of the Week Archive Browse for a different Invention or Inventor Grace Murray Hopper (1906 - 1992) Computer Compiler Grace Murray Hopper spent much of her inventive career proving that something that's never been done before isn't impossible. It was this kind of positive thinking that inspired Hopper to invent the first computer "compiler" in 1952. This revolutionary software facilitated the first automatic programming of computer language. Before Hopper's invention, programmers had to write lengthy instructions in binary code (computer language) for every new piece of software. Because binary code consists solely of 0's and 1's, it was difficult for programmers to get through their time-consuming tasks without many frustrating mistakes. Hopper knew there had to be a solution to this dilemma. Determined, she wrote a new program which freed software developers from having to write repetitive binary code. Each time the computer needed instructions that were common to all programs, the compiler would have the computer refer to codes in its own memory. The compiler was a time and error-saving breakthrough for the computer world, but Hopper didn't stop there. She also invented COBOL, the first user-friendly business software program, which is still in use today.

49. Grace Hopper Celebration Of Women In Computing The 1997 grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Latest ConferenceInformation. September 1921, 1997 Fairmont Hotel San Jose, California. http://www.systers.org/hopper/

The 1997 Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Latest Conference Information September 19-21, 1997 Fairmont Hotel San Jose, California General Chair: Ruzena Bajcsy , University of Pennsylvania Program Chair: Fran Allen, IBM Program Committee: Ed Lazowska , University of Washington; Mary Lou Soffa , Univ. of Pittsburgh; Liba Svobodova, IBM Zurich; Valerie Taylor , Northwestern University; Telle Whitney, Actel Corp Workshops Chair: Telle Whitney, Actel Corporation Technical Sessions Chair: Kathy Richardson, Digital Equipment Corporation Fund Raising Chair: Anita Borg , Digital Equipment Corporation Publicity Chair: Ann Redelfs , San Diego Supercomputing Center Local Arrangements: Ruth Stergio, Planning Dynamics, Inc. The 1994 GHC . Posters, booklets and t-shirts from the 1994 conference are still available.

50. Hopper, Grace Brewster Murray hopper, grace Brewster Murray. (19061992), mathematician, computerscientist, and military officer grace Murray was born in New http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Hopper_Grace_Brewster_Murray.html

51. Dictionary Of Computers, Multi-Media And The Internet - Hopper, Grace COMPUTERS. hopper, grace (1906–1992). US computer pioneer who createdthe first compiler and helped invent the computer language COBOL. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/computers/data/m0046077.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Email ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.DICTIONARIES") REFERENCE DICTIONARIES Animals Computers Difficult Words English ... Plants TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us INDEX: A B C D ... Z COMPUTERS US computer pioneer who created the first compiler and helped invent the computer language COBOL . She also coined the term 'debug'. Hopper was educated at Vassar and Yale. She volunteered for duty in World War II with the Naval Ordinance Computation Project. This was the beginning of a long association with the Navy (she was appointed rear admiral 1983). After the war, Hopper joined a firm that eventually would become the Univac division of Sperry-Rand, to manufacture a commercial computer. In 1945 she was ordered to Harvard University to assist Howard Aiken in building a computer. One day a breakdown of the machine was found to be due to a moth that had flown into the computer. Aiken came into the laboratory as Hopper was dealing with the insect. 'Why aren't you making numbers, Hopper?' he asked. Hopper replied: 'I am debugging the machine!' Hopper's main contribution was to create the first computer language, together with the compiler needed to translate the instructions into a form that the computer could work with. In 1959, she was invited to join a Pentagon team attempting to create and standardize a single computer language for commercial use. This led to the development of COBOL, still one of the most widely used languages.

52. Grace Murray Hopper grace Murray hopper. (19061992). In 1946 grace hopper published a book AManual of Operations for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/hopper.html

Distinguished Women of Past and Present First Page Name Index Subject Index Related Sites ... Search Grace Murray Hopper The programming pioneer Grace Murray Hopper was born December 9, 1906 in New York, New York, USA. Grace enjoyed playing with machines when she was a young girl. She took apart several alarm clocks owned by her family to see how they were put together inside and she spent lots of time building strange vehicles with her Structiron kit. Her grandfather, John Van Horne, was a surveyor for New York City and Grace sometimes helped him hold his surveyor's pole when he was planning new streets. She learned about angles, curves and intersections. She was a very good student in school and was accustomed to be at the head of her class. When asked about influences in her life, she said, "My mother's very great interest in mathematics and my father's, a house full of books, a constant interest in reading, and insatiable curiosity... these were a primary influence all the way along." In 1924, Grace enrolled in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. She majored in math and physics. In her senior year in college, she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, an honorary society for students with top grades. She won Vassar College Fellowship which provided money for further education. After graduating in 1928, she enrolled in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut to earn a master's degree in mathematics. After receiving her degree in 1930, she married Vincent Hopper, an English instructor at New York University, whom she had dated for a couple of years.

53. The Grace Hopper Celebration Of Women In Computing grace hopper Celebration '94 grace hopper Celebration '97 gracehopper Celebration 2000 Legal Statement Privacy Statement. http://research.compaq.com/nsl/hopper/info.html

Grace Hopper Celebration '94 Grace Hopper Celebration '97 Grace Hopper Celebration 2000 Legal Statement Grace Hopper Celebration '94 Grace Hopper Celebration '97 Grace Hopper Celebration 2000 Legal Statement ... Privacy Statement

54. The Grace Hopper Celebration Of Women In Computing The grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Washington, DC. June911, 1994. Future Events! The 1997 grace hopper Celebration. http://research.compaq.com/nsl/hopper/grace94.html

The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Washington, DC June 9-11, 1994 Future Events! The 1997 Grace Hopper Celebration The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women conference is a technical conference presenting talks by many of the most successful women in the computing field as well as panels, workshops and birds-of-a-feather sessions. The speakers are leaders in their fields and represent the major technical computing disciplines, and the academic, government and industrial communities. General Information Conference Schedule Registration Form Order a beautiful commemorative poster or t-shirt! Order Videos! Videotapes of 15 of the conference lectures are available from University Video Communications. These tapes belong in every computer science video library. Attendees will be informed of the latest advances in the rapidly changing computing field. In addition to focusing on and celebrating women's achievements, the conference will encourage collaboration across the subfields of computing. The Technical talks will cover significant work in many of the computing disciplines given by some of the field's most respected researchers and practitioners. Attendees will leave with up to date information about their own and other areas. Anita Borg, General Chair

55. LookSmart - Grace Hopper hopper, grace A Legend in Her Own Time - Elizabeth Dickason writes this articletitled Remembering grace Murray hopper that details her military career and http://www.looksmart.com/eus1/eus317836/eus317916/eus65573/eus54327/eus232297/eu

56. ACM: Grace Murray Hopper Award grace Murray hopper Award Awarded to the outstanding young computerprofessional of the year selected on the basis of a single http://www.acm.org/awards/awards_hopper.html

Grace Murray Hopper Award Awarded to the outstanding young computer professional of the year...selected on the basis of a single recent major technical or service contribution. A prize of $5000 is supplied by the UNISYS Corporation . The candidate must have been 35 years of age or less at the time the qualifying contribution was made. 2001 Winner: George Necula Award Recipients Donald E. Knuth Paul E. Dirksen Paul H. Cress Lawrence Breed ... Edward H. Shortliffe No Award Given Raymond Kurzweil Stephen Wozniak Robert M. Metcalfe Daniel S. Bricklin ... Brian K. Reid No Award Given Daniel H.H. Ingalls, Jr. Cordell Green William N. Joy John K. Ousterhout ... Feng-hsiung Hsu No Award Given Bjarne Stroustrup No Award Given No Award Given Shafrira Goldwasser No Award Given No Award Given Wen-mei Hwu Lydia Kavraki ACM/Grace Murray Hopper Award. Last Update: March 5, 2002 HOME ABOUT ACM MEMBERSHIP PUBLICATIONS ... Association for Computing Machinery

57. The Grace Hopper Celebration Of Women In Computing Conference Reports The grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing.One Student's Experience. Sara M. Carlstead. When I first http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds1-1/hopper.html

ACM Crossroads Student Magazine The ACM's First Electronic Publication Crossroads Home Join the ACM! Search Crossroads crossroads@acm.org ... Crossroads The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing One Student's Experience Sara M. Carlstead When I first heard about the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing I knew it was the place for me. The combination of my two favorite passions computer science and women's issues was too much for me to resist. When my university agreed to pay for the conference I was set. Washington D.C. here I come! The conference was in honor of Grace Hopper, one of the first Computer Programmers in the U.S., a leading force in the development of COBOL and compilers, and the woman who said ``It is easier to apologize than to get permission.'' It was part of a movement to provide women in computing a forum for encouragement, communication, and networking. Women get about 12% of the Ph.Ds granted in computer science (Taulbee Report) and the number of women undergraduates choosing to major in computer science has been steadily declining since the mid-1980s. The conference was different from anything of the sort I had ever attended. The participants were not just students; they included professionals with jobs in the industrial world, women with Ph.Ds working in academia, people who had started their own business, executives of large computer companies, and civil servants. As a first-year undergraduate, even graduate school seemed like something I might never achieve, much less becoming as successful as so many of these women had become.

58. Amazing Grace hopper, grace Murray (1981a) “The First Bug,” Annals of the Historyof Computing, 3(3) 340. hopper, grace Murray (1981b) Keynote http://www.cobolreport.com/columnists/denise/featurepart2.html

Search Feedback Contact Us Membership ... Ad Info "Amazing Grace" - continued FLOW-MATIC and COBOL Hopper was particularly interested in opening the nascent field of programming to others. Hopper's overarching vision was a more natural and useful human- machine interface capable of engaging the full potential of the computer for all members of society: a decidedly unpopular notion among scientists and technicians of the day. The problem was language, or more specifically the lack of a standardized language for business. As pundits were quick to point out mathematics had been standardized over a 4,000 plus year period; with an international agreed upon collection of terms, expressions, and semantics. Mathematics lay in a realm where symbols held sway. Thus, up to that point in time, symbols were the natural and only diet of computers. A mathematician herself Hopper understood that mathematics was in a sense a short-hand version of natural language. Undaunted by the naysayers who proclaimed that a computer would never understand English, Hopper set about to build a new language, a language of business software engineering. Hopper strove to cleave the meaningful from the jargon, preferring well-known English words and terms over their computer laden counterparts. Hopper and her team began by identifying about 30 verbs which seemed to capture the semantics and operators of data processing.

59. Www.mith2.umd.edu/WomensStudies/ReadingRoom/History/Biographies/hopper-grace grace hopper born December 9, 1906, died January 1, 1992 Admiral gracehopper was a distinguished naval officer and computer scientist. http://www.mith2.umd.edu/WomensStudies/ReadingRoom/History/Biographies/hopper-gr

Grace Hopper born December 9, 1906, died January 1, 1992 Admiral Grace Hopper was a distinguished naval officer and computer scientist. The first person to receive the computer sciences Man of the Year award from the Data Processing Management Association (1969), she is also known as "Amazing Grace". Hopper was the programmer of the world's first large-scale digital computer, Mark I. Her work resulted in the first computer language compiler, and she developed COBOL, a computer language. In 1973, she became the first woman to be promoted to captain in the navy while on the retired reserve list, and in 1983, she was appointed Rear Admiral. After her retirement from the armed services, she worked as a consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation until her death.

60. Encyclopædia Britannica hopper, grace Murray Encyclopædia Britannica Article. To cite this page MLA style hopper, grace Murray. 2003 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=889

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