41. Classical Islamic Biomedicine Index website maintained by the Karolinska Institute.Category Society History By Topic Science Medicine...... mirrored); Brief Note on hunayn ibn ishaq al'Ibadi; The Discovery ofthe Pulmonary Circulation Revisited Soubani et al.,'95 (SA); http://www.mic.ki.se/Arab.html

search help staff Classical Islamic Biomedicine A Brief Chronology of Muslim History [ISL Software] - USC Muslim Stud Assoc, and some islamic history maps - UPenn (US) Internet Islamic History Sourcebook P Halsall The Prophet Mohammad - Muslim Students Assoc., USC The Dome of the Rock Holy Qur'an Resources on the Internet D al Tableegh ] - (UK) and The Koran [transl. MH Shakir] - U of Michigan/HTI (US) Translations of the Qur'an USC Muslim Students Assoc. Translation, partial, of Kitab Al-Tibb (Medicine), Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 28, and of Sahih Bukhari, Book 71 - USC Muslim Stud. Assoc. Server (US) Excerpts from The Sunnah [in English] - Medieval Source Book Arabic Legacies Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts , and Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the NLM (US) Islamic Alchemy in the context of Islamic Science [ed. Hamed A Ead On Islamic Medicine S Athar Science Heritage Center - Cairo University (EG) Home Page - Islamic Gateway (UK) Some notes on Medieval Islamic Chemical Technology PJ Gans Muslim Scholars and Thinkers through the 14th Century Batke et al. ] - Princeton (US) Islamic Science - Univ. of Oklahoma (US)

42. Costantino Africano Translate this page iniziare gli studenti in medicina fino alla fine del Medioevo, versione abbreviatadelle Questioni sulla medicina di hunayn ibn ishaq (Giovannizio), traduttore http://www.accademiajr.it/medweb/costantino.html

Costantino Africano Practica (in dodici libri), dove scrisse come il medico conserva la salute e cura la malattia ; il Librum duodecim graduum; Diaeta ciborum; Librum febrium (tradotto dall'arabo); De urina, De interioribus membris; De coitu; Viaticum [...], Tegni; Megategni; Microtegni; Antidotarium; Disputationes Platonis et Hippocratis in sententiis; De simplici medicamine; De Gynaecia [...]; De pulsibus; Prognostica; De experimentis; Glossae herbarum et specierum; Chirurgia; De medicamine oculorum. Il viatico del viaggiatore di Ibn al-Gazzar. Ma le traduzioni costantiniane che maggiormente incisero sulla medicina europea furono senz'altro le opere d'insegnamento medico tardo-alessandrino tradotte in arabo, di cui l'occidente aveva ricevuto solo una pallida eco attraverso versioni greco-latine: innanzitutto la Ysagoge Johannitii Questioni sulla medicina di Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Giovannizio), traduttore dal greco in arabo nel IX secolo, ripresa delle introduzioni al galenismo proposte dai maestri alessandrini del V e VI secolo. La traduzione costantiniana del Libro regale , composto alla fine del X secolo dal medico di origine persiana 'Ali ibn al'Abbas al-Magusi (noto nell'Occidente latino come Haly Abbas), nota con il nome di Pantegni Pantegni funse da manuale da cui attingere conoscenze fondamentali in tutti i campi, specialmente nell'anatomia, scienza piuttosto trascurata nell'alto medioevo, ed insieme all'

43. HISTORIA MATHEMATICA VOLUME 19, PAGES 125232, MAY 1992 177 Ishaq ibn Hunayn, hunayn ibn ishaq, and the Third ArabicTranslation of Euclid's Elements Gregg de Young http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/hm/table/19125232.html

Volume Index Previous VOLUME 19, PAGES 125232, MAY 1992 Elements Gregg de Young ....................................................... 188 SOURCES Guo Schuchun's Edition of the Jiu Zhang Suan Shu . (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art) Guo Schuchun ......................................................... 200 REVIEWS Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite, Book I , by Leonhard Euler (Ronald Calinger) .................................................... 213 Hermann Weyl 18851985 ABSTRACTS Next Back to Historia Mathematica homepage. Last Updated: September 27, 1996

44. Untitled Bonn C. Schilze, 1935. (41 QE362.H3); hunayn ibn ishaq alIbadi, 809-873 Le livredes questions sur l'oeil de Honain ibn Ishaq, par P. Sbath et M. Meyerhof. http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~library/scienc.htm

Sciences Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, 'Ali ibn Muhammad, 10th., Cent. The zoological chapter of the kitab al-Imta' wal-Mu'anasa of Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (10th century). Translated from the Arabic and annotated by L. Kopf. (s.l.) : (s.n.), (n.d.). Avicenna, 980-1037? al-Biruni, 973-1048 Das vorwort zur drogenbunde des Beruni. Eingeleitet, iiberstzt und erlautert von Max Meyerhof. Berlin : J. Springer, 1932. Dunlop, D. M. Arabic science in the West. Karachi : Pakistan Historical Society, 1958. Galenus Galen on medical experience. First edition of the Arabic version with English translation and notes by R. Walzer. London : Oxford : University Press, 1944. Galenus Galen uber die medizinischen namen Arabisch und Deutsch herausgegeben von Max Meyerhof und Joseph Schacht. Berlin : Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1931. Gauthier, Leon, 1862-1949 Antecedents Greco-Arabes de la psychophysique. Beyrouth : Imprimerie Catholique, 1939. Hasehmi, Mohammed Jahia Die Quellen des steinbuches de Beruni. Bonn : C. Schilze, 1935. Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi, 809-873

45. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics Thus, some of Islam earliest and most prominent scientists at the Abbasidcourt, Ishaq Ibn Hunayn and hunayn ibn ishaq were Nestorian Christians. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=257

46. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics The famous hunayn ibn ishaq translated most of Greek works in medicine,philosophy and mathematics, namely works of Aristotle and Galen. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=266

47. The History Of Translation History, A Review By Alex Gross Of "Translators Throu As we visit Baghdad, we learn that the master translator hunayn ibn ishaq was paidin gold for his work according to its weight (and hence tended to use thick http://language.home.sprynet.com/trandex/histrhis.htm

to home The History of Translation History ATA Chronicle, September, 1996 By my count, nine useful books about translation history, specialized works aside, have been published over the last thirty years. It must say something about where this field is going that six of them have come out during the last seven years (and four since 1992). The latest such work, Translators through History , edited and directed by Jean Delisle and Judith Woodsworth, appears under the very highest auspices, being co-published by John Benjamins and Unesco. The combined effort of fifty scholars from twenty different nations, this volume has been five years in the making and is now published simultaneously in French and English with assistance from several Canadian sponsors and the F.I.T. The editors have set out to create "a selective and thematic overview" rather than "an exhaustive study of the history of translation,...without compromising ...standards of scholarship...they have sought to make the book readable and accessible to as wide an audience as possible." The volume is divided into nine chapters, each covering one of the roles played by translators over the ages: inventors of alphabets, developers of national languages, creators of national literatures, disseminators of knowledge, accessories to power, religious proselytizers, transmitters of cultural values, authors of dictionaries, and interpreters as the middlemen of history.

48. Different Aspects Of Islamic Cultures: International Scientific Committee Cultures, 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1997, HelaineSelin, ed, papers on Ibn alNafis (pp.409-410), hunayn ibn ishaq (pp. http://www.unesco.org/culture/aic/html_eng/comite.htm

description of project International Scientific Committee authors online chapter bibliography and references photo gallery Dr Idris El-Hareir (Chairman) Author of about 25 studies in History. Since 1998, he is the Delegate of the World Islamic Call Society to UNESCO. http://www.islamic-call.org/ , World Islamic Call Society Professor A. Bouhdiba Professor of Law at De Paul College, Chicago. Secretary-general of the International Association of Penal Law. President of the International Institute of Criminal Science. Author of numerous publications, including The Islamic Criminal Justice System. http://www.depaul.edu/ , De Paul College, Chicago Professor A.Y. al-Hassan Educated in Jerusalem, Cairo and London, with a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. He was Dean of Engineering, President of the University of Aleppo, and Minister of Petroleum, Electricity and Mineral Resources in Damascus. He established in 1974 the Institute for the History of Arabic Science at the University of Aleppo, and was its first Director. He was for some years Visiting Professor at the Department for the History and Philosophy of Science, University College, London, and Visiting Professor at the Department of Middle East and Islamic Studies, University of Toronto. He is an Associate of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. He is an editor of the

49. Ibn Al Nafis He wrote treatises on eye diseases and diet and commentaries on medicalwritings of Hippocrates, Avicenna, and hunayn ibn ishaq. http://www.damascus-online.com/se/bio/ibn_al.htm

Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288) in full 'AL A ' AD-DIN AB U AL-'AL A ' 'ALI IBN ABI AL- H ARAM AL-QURAYSHI AD-DIMASHQI IBN AN-NAFIS, Arab physician who first described the pulmonary circulation of the blood. In finding that the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart is solid and without pores, he disputed Galen's view that the blood passes directly from the right to the left side of the heart. Ibn an-Nafis correctly stated that the blood must pass from the right ventricle to the left ventricle by way of the lungs. But the significance of his statement remained unheeded, and, in fact, was probably unknown by physicians in western countries. It was only in the 20th century that his work was brought to light. Ibn an-Nafis studied in Damascus under the physician ad-Dakhw a r and went to Egypt to take charge of the N as iri Hospital in Cairo. He wrote treatises on eye diseases and diet and commentaries on medical writings of Hippocrates, Avicenna, and H unayn ibn Is ha q.

50. Classics Log 9708b - Message Number 35 Archive for History of Exact Sciences 44(1992) 287329 Gregg De Young, Ishaq ibnHunayn, hunayn ibn ishaq, and the third Arabic Translation of Euclid's Elements http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu:8080/hyper-lists/classics-l/listserve_archive

>>From xpolakis@hol.gr Tue Aug 5 17:50:14 1997 Received: from mx2.u.washington.edu (mx2.u.washington.edu [140.142.32.7]) by lists.u.washington.edu (8.8.4+UW97.07/8.8.4+UW97.05) with ESMTP id RAA50628 for ; Tue, 5 Aug 1997 17:50:13 -0700 Received: from prometheus.hol.gr (root@prometheus.hol.gr [194.30.220.120]) by mx2.u.washington.edu (8.8.4+UW97.07/8.8.4+UW97.04) with ESMTP id RAA17201 for ; Tue, 5 Aug 1997 17:50:06 -0700 Received: from [194.30.208.18] (port2.ppp10.hol.gr [194.30.208.18]) by prometheus.hol.gr (8.8.5/11.4.0) with SMTP id DAA27543 for ; Wed, 6 Aug 1997 03:46:57 -0200 (GMT) X-Sender: xpolakis@hol.gr (Unverified) Message-Id:

51. Www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/ARABLIT.TXT Answers. hunayn ibn ishaq (808837) was a famous physician, philosopher,and translator of Greek works under several caliphs. He http://www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/ARABLIT.TXT

52. Philosophers : Razi he was interested in music but later on he learned medicine, mathematics, astronomy,chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, who was well http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/razi.html

al-Razi Iranian Muslim Philosopher Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learned medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia. He was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for along time. He moved from time to time to various cities, specially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g.

53. Science3 One of its most famous scholars was hunayn ibn ishaq (Joanitius) who eventuallytranslated the entire set of Greek medical books into Arabic, including the http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/ScienceMath/Science3.html

Islamic Science and Math (continued) D. Optics - Study of Light and Vision 1. Egyptians were already making glass in 3500 BCE, although it was not perfectly transparent. A number of Greek and Roman references from about 200 BCE cite the usefulness of curved glass lenses in starting fires. From Dr. Zahoor's site The Islamic Empire, through its massive work of translating Greek and Roman texts into Arabic, learned about the manufacture of glass lenses. Islamic scientist Ibn Sahl (984) developed the first accurate theory of refraction of light . He gave Islamic science the understanding needed to develop all the optical tools and theories later developed in 17th century Europe. 2. Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham (965 - 1040 C.E.) was known in Europe as Alhazen. He studied the human eye and describe how we see. His Book of Optics recognized that sight is visual images entering the eye, made perceptible by adequate light. Read more about Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham who is considered the father of modern optics E. Advances in Medicine:

54. Medicina Arabe Translate this page árabes. hunayn ibn ishaq, médico y traductor, fue uno de estos médicos,particularmente célebre por sus traducciones de Galeno. El http://www.hispanoarabe.com/mundo_arabe/medicina_arabe/medicina_arabe0.htm

- LA MEDICINA ÁRABE: UNA INTRODUCCIÓN - La medicina árabe fue un nexo de unión entre la sabiduría del mundo clásico y la medicina del Renacimiento. Los antiguos textos clásicos, perdidos para los médicos occidentales, eran conocidos y fueron transmitidos por los árabes. Hunayn ibn Ishaq , médico y traductor, fue uno de estos médicos, particularmente célebre por sus traducciones de Galeno. El uso del yeso en el siglo X fue un avance significativo. Con la adicción de agua a un polvo de sulfato cálcico deshidratado se producía un material sólido. Se atribuye a Rhazés (850-923 d.C.), médico persa, la utilización del yeso por primera vez en medicina, en su tratado médico " Hawi ". Otro persa, Abu Mansur Muwaffak describió la colocación de yesos para fracturas y otras lesiones óseas de los miembros. Entre los más importantes cirujanos árabes de la época se encuentra Abulcasis Avicena (980-1073 d.C.) fue uno de los más prestigiosos médicos árabes. Escribió el " Canon de la Medicina"

55. 830 A.D. 830 AD. hunayn ibn ishaq al'Ibadi, Christian who translated severalGreek works into Arabic, was twentytwo years old. Abu'l-Hasan http://faculty.oxy.edu/jquinn/home/Math490/Timeline/830AD.html

830 A.D. There were three prominent mathematicians alive in the year 830 AD. Hunayn ibn Ishaq al'Ibadi, Christian who translated several Greek works into Arabic, was twenty-two years old. Abu'l-Hasan Thabit ibn Qurra, a mathematician from Harran who studied astronomy and worked with the Pythagorean Theorem, was born in 826 AD. The most famous of the three mathematicians was Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa al'Khwarizmi, who was born in Baghdad in 790 AD and died at the age of fifty. It was in this year that al'Khwarizmi wrote his famous work on algebra, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala. In this work, al'Khwarizmi solves and classifies the solutions of linear and quadratic equations. al'Khwarizmi only deals with positive coefficients in this treatise, and does not use any algebraic symbols. The term algebra comes from the arabic word al-jabr in the title of this treatise. Later, al'Khwarizmi wrote about hindu-arabic numerals, but the original translation has been lost. In the Latin version of this work, the author's name is translated to Algoritmi and it is from this that the word algorithm was derived. Author : Tim Lucas References: Mac Tutor History of Mathematics Archive http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Al'Khwarizmi.html

56. Islamic Medicine About Muslim Spain from Si, Spain Ottowa (CA) About Ibn al-Baitar - Muslim ScholarsPage (mirrored) Brief Note on hunayn ibn ishaq al'Ibadi The Discovery http://www.ummah.com/islam/taqwapalace/fitness/health1.html

57. Islam-usa.com I would like to quote the example of al Razi also known as Rhazes.He was a Persian Muslim who trained under hunayn ibn ishaq. http://islam-usa.com/im13.html

ISLAMIC MEDICINE (Edited by Shahid Athar , M. D.) Islamic Philosophy Of Medicine Amanullah Khan, M.D., Ph.D. "Nor walk on the earth with insolence; for thou canst nor rend the earth asunder, nor reach the mountains in height." XVII:37 The belief is a very strong component of our religion. Islam itself means submission to the will of Allah. the religion places tremendous responsibility on the individual. It is the individual himself or herself that is answerable for all his or her deed and no one else will help on the day of judgement. "Namely, that no bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another;" "That man can have nothing but what he strives for;" "That (the fruit of) his striving will soon come in sight;" "Then will he be rewarded with a reward complete"LIII:38-41 Thus, the principles laid down by Islam attempted to purge the society of tribal traditions and ills and helped create a healthy society. MUSLIM QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE AND HARMONY AMONG RELIGIONS: PERIOD OF TRANSLATION AND AMALGMATION: Greek medical works, especially those of Galen were translated during the early 9th century by a prolific translator Humayn ibn Ishaq and his disciples in Bagdad, which became one of the great learning centers of that period. He translated voluminous materials and many of these manuscripts can still be found in the libraries of Constantinople. He also wrote manuals and textbooks, for students, such as "Question on Medicine" (which was in the question and answer form), "Ten treatises on the Eye" (the first text book of ophthalmology ) and numerous other similar works. Humayan demonstrated that he was an excellent editor because his writings were very succinct, and translated from at least three different manuscripts of a book so as to maintain and preserve the original thought. Compendiums of medical knowledge were compiled discussing various diseases systematically. This provides evidence of the understanding of medicine even in those early days.

58. BULLETIN In the 9th century the physiciantranslator hunayn ibn ishaq wrote monographs onophthalmology, including the influential Ten Treatises on the Eye that showed http://www.cpsp.edu.pk/bulletin/page3.HTM

College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan December Click on the page number below CPSP awards following Gold Medals (a) Prof. M. Sultan Farooqui Gold Medal: This medal was sponsored by Professor M. Sultan Farooqui in December 1993. It is awarded to a candidate who secures highest marks in FCPS Part-I (all specialities) MCQ examination in a calendar year in first attempt. (b) Burki Gold Medal: This medal was sponsored by Lt. Gen W.A. Burki in 1969. It is awarded to a candidate who clears FCPS-I and FCPS-II examination in 1st attempt and secures highest marks in any discipline of FCPS-II examination during a calender year. (c) Iftikhar Malik Gold Medal: This medal was sponsored by Maj Gen (Rtd) Iftikhar Malik in February 1991. It is awarded to a candidate who clears FCPS-I and FCPS-II examination in first attempt and secures highest marks in FCPS-II examination in the subject of Histopathology during a calendar year. (d) Syed Muzaffar Hassan Gold Medal : This medal was sponsored by the family of Syed Muzaffar Hassan in 1998. It is awarded to a candidate who clears FCPS-I and FCPS-II examination in first attempt and secures highest marks in FCPS-II examination in any of the discipline of Pathology during a calendar year.

59. Translators Of Scientific Knowledge In The Middle Ages Gerard, who reminded hunayn ibn ishaq of Toledo, translated intoLatin more than seventy Arabic books on different subjects. He http://cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl3.html

TRANSLATORS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE MIDDLE AGES Dr. A. Zahoor Full Article in the E-Book By the tenth century, the intellectual superiority of the Arabs (Muslims) was recognized in Europe. The first Christian to take up the torch of learning was Pope Sylvester II (Gerbert, d. 1003 AD). He introduced the Arab astronomy and mathematics, and Arabic numerals in place of the clumsy Roman ones. He was followed by many, especially Constantinus Africanus in the eleventh century, and Bishop Raymond (Raimundo) in the twelfth century. As early as eleventh century Toledo became a center for the transmission of Arabic (Islamic) culture and science to Europe. A number of translators flourished there. Among the scholars, who flocked to it from all over Europe, were Gerard of Cremona (1117- 1187) and John of Seville. Other famous translators were Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Michael Scot, Stephenson of Saragossa, William of Lunis and Philip of Tripoli. The early translations were primarily into Latin and some into Hebrew. Subsequent translations were done from Latin or Hebrew into vernacular languages of Europe. Many translators at Toledo had neither command over the Arabic language nor sufficient knowledge of the subject matter.

60. Quotations From Famous Historians Of Science It was equipped with a library, one of the translators there was hunayn ibn ishaq(80977) a particularly gifted philosopher and physician of wide erudition http://cyberistan.org/islamic/Introl1.html

QUOTATIONS FROM FAMOUS HISTORIANS OF SCIENCE Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq Full Article in the E-Book An Explanation of Certain Terminology Used by Orientalists George Sarton in the "Introduction to the History of Science," I John William Draper in the "Intellectual Development of Europe" ... George Sarton in the "Introduction to the History of Science," II Additional quotations from below sources are contained in the Muslim History book De Lacy O'Leary in "Arabic Thought in History" Carra de Vaux in the "Legacy of Islam" Silberberg in "Zeitschrift fuer Assyriologie," Strassburg F.G. Alfalo in "Reguilding the Crescent" Joseph Hell in the "Arab Civilization" Dr. Gustav Lebon References Full Article in Muslim History and E-Book Western writers have often used the word Arabs or Muhammadans for Muslims and Arabic civilization for Islamic Civilization. In other instances, the words Saracen(ic) and Moor(ish) are also used for Muslims (Arabs and non-Arabs) from various parts of Europe, Africa, Arabia and Asia. According to a tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) anyone whose primary language is Arabic is an Arab despite his ethnic origin, place of birth, or national origin. Arabic was the medium of communication throughout the Muslim world until a couple of centuries ago, regardless of the type of activity whether religious, social or scientific. During 800-1500 C.E. essentially all scientific works were written in Arabic. It is only after colonization of Muslim lands that this practice became less prevalent and in many instances was eliminated.

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