81. GERSTENBERG gersonIDES, or ben gerson (GERSHON), levi, known alsc as RALBAG (1288—1344), Jewishphilosopher and commentator, was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, probably http://96.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERSTENBERG.htm

document.write(""); GERSTENBERG Gerson.” (T. M. L.; X.) GERSONIDES, or BEN GERSON (GERSHON), LEVI, known alsc as RALBAG (1288—1344), Jewish philosopher and commentator, was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, probably in 1288. As in the case of the other medieval Jewish philosophers little is known A careful analysis of the Milliamotli is given in Rabbi Isidore Weil’s Philosophie religieuse de Lévi-Ben-Gerson (Paris, 1868). See also Munk, Mélanges de phil. juive et arabe; and Joel, Religionsphilosophie d. L. Ben-Gerson (1862). The Milizamoth was published in 1560 at Riva di Trento, and has been published at Leipzig, 1866. (I. A.) GERSTACKER, FRIEDRICH (1816—1872), German novelist and writer of travels, was born at Hamburg on the 10th of May i816, the son of Friedrich Gerstacker (1790—1825), a celebrated opera singer. After being apprenticed to a commercial h~use he learnt farming in Saxony. In 1837, however, having imbibed from Robinson Crusoe a taste for adventure, he went to America and wandered over a large part of the United States, supporting himself by wMtever work came to hand. In 1843 he returned to Germany, to find himself, to his great surprise, famous as an author. His mother had shown his diary, which he re~ular1v Gerstäcker’s Gesammelte Schriflen were published at Jena in 44 vols. (i872—1879) ; a selection, edited by D. Theden in 24 vols. (1889— i89o). See A. Karl, Friedrich Gerstdcker, der Weitgereiste. Em Lebensbild (1873).

82. UCL/SIPM - Travaux Publiés Translate this page 19-45. gersonides (sive levi b. gerson) 00/247 – GLASNER, R., «Aa Unknowncommentary by levi ben Gershom», in Kiriat Sefer, 64 (1992/3), p. 1101. http://www.isp.ucl.ac.be/isp/SIEPM/inter/g.html

G Galenus TROHMAIER ASNAWI LAMRANI -J AMAL OUAD , Paris, Peeters (Orientalia Lovanoensia Analecta 79), 1997, pp. 209-216. Gabriel Bielus Georgius Gemistius Pletho Cf. Marsilius Ficinus ALOGLOU , Chr. P., zum Geleit B. S CHEFOLD (Historical Monographs, 19). Athens, St. D. Basilopoulos, 1998, 150 pp. AMBRUN -K RASKER XIV e et XV UBOIS - B. R OUSSEL Gerardus Cremonensis EDERICI V ESCOVINI Theorica planetarum Gerardi EBBIAI -D ALLA G UARDA - J.-Fr. G ENEST (Bibliologia 18, Elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia). Turnhout, Brepols, 1998, pp. 169-174. Gerbertus Aureliacensis EVET (Limoges-Tokyo), 2 (1997), pp. 67-70. EVET (Limoges-Tokyo), 2 (1997), pp. 19-45. Gersonides ( sive Levi b. Gerson) LASNER Kiriat Sefer, LASNER Jewish Quarterly Review, 86 (1995), pp. 51-90. LASNER Early Science and Medecine, 1 (1996), pp. 151-203. LASNER Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 27 (1996), pp. 545-584. LASNER Metaphysics Medieval Encouters, 4 (1998), pp. 130-157. LEIN -B RASLAVY Da'at - A Journal of Jewish Philosophy and Kabbalah, 39 (1997), pp. 23-68 [Hebrew].

83. Page About Freemasonry, Essays: Pythagoras And Mystic Science The leading Jewish mathematician of the 14th century was Rabbi levi bengerson (RaLBaG)of Catalonia, but more commonly known in science books as Master Leo de http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/Masonry/Essays/pythagoras.html

Dr. Daniel Farhey, Jacob Caspi Lodge, Haifa, Israel In fact, the "Ancient Mysteries' Magi" specialized in "science" as it was perceived in those days, with the considerable influence of their "specialization" in paganism. The sparse knowledge of the Magi and the surrounding society caused the secrecy and mysticism. At this period, special instructors called "Sophists" (scholars) were brought from Sicily. Opposed to the first and original Pythagoreans, the Sophists taught for pay and somehow abandoned the secrecy and mysticism. Hippocrates, a Pythagorean, was the principal combatant against the secrecy and published for the first time a book entitled "Principles". Subsequently, a very famous school was founded in Alexandria, Egypt, under Pythagorean influence. The most famous scholars were Euclid, Ptolemy, Menelaus, and Nicomachus, who revived the original Pythagorean theory. After the year A.D. 415, these theories did not continue to develop in Alexandria and the principal subject for research and study was theology, while the paganism passed away with the art of science. In the year A.D. 529, all the schools in Athens were closed according to an order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, thus ending one of the most brilliant periods in the development of mathematics and science. The philosophy and many theories on the Pythagorean way of life, transmitted orally by Pythagoras, were considerably influenced by the way of life of Judaism and the Bible, which was the only source explicitely prescribing the order. King Solomon lived about 400 years before Pythagoras. After the destruction of the First Temple of Jerusalem (586 B.C., before Pythagoras was born), under foreign and hostile rule, Jews gathered in regional schools. The five-pointed star (not six!) refered in Judaism "Solomon's Seal" and by the Greeks "pentagrama", was, in addition to the triangle, one of the symbols of the Pythagoreans. As known, the most ancient source of the pentagrama found by archeologists is Jewish. There is even a presumption that it was the symbol of the Jews before the six-pointed star "Shield of David".

84. îÏ×ÁÑ áÓÔÒÏÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÁÑ üÎÃÉËÌÏÐÅÄÉÑ The summary for this Russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://encyclopedia.astrologer.ru/cgi-bin/guard/L/Levi.html

85. Judaic Treasures Of The Library Of Congress: Women Of Italy Among the earliest of Hebrew books is this commentary on the Pentateuch by Leviben gerson (gersonides), printed by Abraham Conat in Mantua, c. 1476. http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/loc/Italy.html

Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: Women of Italy In the making of the Jewish book, women have played a role as publishers, printers, patrons, and writers. The first woman involved in printing Hebrew books was Estellina, the wife of the physician Abraham Conat, who introduced Hebrew printing in Mantua and published six Hebrew books there in 1474-77. A printing press had been established in that cultured city in 1471 and others followed. As David W. Amram writes in his The Makers of Hebrew Books in Italy At one of these presses Conat caught the inspiration to print Hebrew books, and communicated it to his worthy helpmeet, Estellina. She printed on her own account. . . "Investigation of the World" by Jedaiah Bedersi and in the colophon she writes, "I Estellina, wife of my master my husband, the honored Rabbi Abraham Conat, may he be blessed with children and may his days be prolonged, Amen! wrote this book, 'Investigation of the World"' . . . She "wrote" the book, as her husband said, "with many pens without the aid of a miracle," for the art had not yet invented the word "printing" by which to define itself. It seems clear that she had a hand in the printing and proofreading, both of which the word "wrote" connotes. It is most fitting that the Mantua of the Gonzagas, rulers who were patrons of the arts, be the place where a Jewish woman entered into Hebrew bookmaking. The Jews of that city were the most integrated into the general culture of any contemporary Jewish community, women as well as men. "The libraries of the women of Mantua," Shlomo Simonsohn writes in his

86. Math Trek : Conquering Catalan’s Conjecture, Science News Online, June 22, 2002 Interestingly, more than 500 years before Catalan formulated his conjecture, Leviben gerson (1288–1344) had already shown that the only powers of 2 and 3 http://www.sciencenews.org/20020622/mathtrek.asp

Math Trek Conquering Catalan’s Conjecture Food for Thought The Buzz over Coffee Science Safari Super Conductors TimeLine 70 Years Ago in Science News Week of June 22, 2002; Vol. 161, No. 25 Conquering Catalan’s Conjecture Ivars Peterson Innocent-looking problems involving whole numbers can stymie even the most astute mathematicians. As in the case of Fermat’s last theorem, centuries of effort may go into proving such tantalizing, deceptively simple conjectures in number theory. Now, Preda Mihailescu of the University of Paderborn in Germany finally may have the key to a venerable problem known as Catalan’s conjecture, which concerns the powers of whole numbers. Consider the sequence of all squares and cubes of whole numbers greater than 1, a sequence that begins with the integers 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, 27, and 36. In this sequence, 8 (the cube of 2) and 9 (the square of 3) are not only powers of integers but also consecutive whole numbers. In 1844, Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan (1814–1894) asserted that, among all powers of whole numbers, the only pair of consecutive integers is 8 and 9. Solving Catalan’s problem amounts to a search for whole-number solutions to the equation x p y q = 1, where

87. Jakobstab http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/jakobstab.html

Jakobstab Unter dem Jakobstab baculus jacob Winkelmessung mit dem Jakobstab Levi ben Gerson Regiomontanus Gradstock cross-staff , bei Franzosen arbalete und bei Portugiesen balestilha Regula Hipparchi , die bereits von dem griechischen Astronomen und Mathematiker Hipparchos regulella Regiomontanus beschreibt in seiner Kometenschrift Tabula directionum aus dem Jahre 1475 enthalten ist. Die Kometenschrift Regiomontanus o und den Durchmesser des Kopfes zu o bestimmte. Obwohl der Jakobstab bereits 1433 von Paolo Toscanelli (1397 - 1482) erfolgreich zur Ortsbestimmung eines Kometen verwendet worden war, konnte er sich in der Seefahrt, trotz der erheblichen Vereinfachung im Gebrauch durch Regiomontanus Eine vom Zeichner nicht verstandene Darstellung des Jakobstabes

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