21. Astrolabe History theon of alexandria (ca. 390) wrote a treatise on the astrolabe that wasthe basis for much that was written on the subject in the Middle Ages. http://www.astrolabes.org/HISTORY.HTM

Astrolabe History Origins of Astrolabe Theory The origins of the astrolabe were in classical Greece. Apollonius (ca. 225 BC), the great codifier of conic sections, probably studied the astrolabe projection. The most influential individual on the theory of the astrolabe projection was Hipparchus who was born in Nicaea in Asia Minor (now Iznik in Turkey) about 180 BC but studied and worked on the island of Rhodes. Hipparchus, who also discovered the precession of the equinoxes and was influential in the development of trigonometry, redefined and formalized the projection as a method for solving complex astronomical problems without spherical trigonometry and probably proved its main characteristics. Hipparchus did not invent the astrolabe but he did refine the projection theory. The earliest evidence of use of the stereographic projection in a machine is in the writing of the Roman author and architect, Vitruvius (ca. 88 - ca. 26 BC), who in De architectura describes a clock (probably a clepsydra or water clock) made by Ctesibius in Alexandria. Apparently, Ctesibius' clock had a rotating field of stars behind a wire frame indicating the hours of the day. The wire framework (the spider) was possibly constructed using the stereographic projection with the eye point at the north celestial pole. Similar constructions dated from the first to third century and have been found in Salzburg and northeastern France, so such mechanisms were apparently fairly widespread among Romans.

22. Hypatia's Work On Ptolemy's Almagest theon of alexandria's commentary on the third (book) of the Mathematical syntaxisof Ptolemy, the edition having been prepared paranagnostheisa by the http://www.cs.appstate.edu/~sjg/womeninmath/book3.html

Hypatia's work on Ptolemy's Almagest References Theon of Alexandria's commentary on the third (book) of the Mathematical syntaxis of Ptolemy, "the edition having been prepared [paranagnostheisa] by the philosopher, my daughter Hypatia." From The Primary Souces for the Life and Work of Hypatia of Alexandria, by Michael A.B. Deakin Theon was Hypatia's father and he devoted much of his professional life to the production of student editions or "commentaries" on earlier mathematical classics, notably the works of Euclid and Ptolemy. The translation of the brief sentence at the start of Book III of his Commentary on Ptolemy's major work is the subject of much debate. It is seen by some (Rome, Heath, Knorr) as attributing authorship of the material to Hypatia and most likely indicating that a computational advance (an improved technique for long division) was devised by Hypatia. For details, see W. R. Knorr's Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies From Hypatia's Mathematics: A Review of Recent Studies, by Edith Prentice Mendez Classroom Discussion (based on Knorr's Textual Studies...)

23. Biography-center - Letter T Mathematicians/Theodosius.html; theon of alexandria, wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Theon.html;Theon of Smyrna http://www.biography-center.com/t.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish T 340 biographies Tabern, Donalee L. www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/142.html Tacca, Ferdinand www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a451-1.html Tacquet, Andrea www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tacquet.html Taft, Helen Herron www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/firstladies/html/ht27.html Taft, William Howard odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/wt27/about/taftbio.htm Tagore, Rabindranath www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-bio.html Tahir, ibn www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Baghdadi.html Taiga, Marton www.kirjasto.sci.fi/taiga.htm Taillandier, Vincent www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a1075-1.html Tait, Peter Guthrie www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tait.html Takacs, Karoly

24. SJSU Virtual Museum Hypatia , the daughter of theon of alexandria, was born in about 370 AD.she is the earliest woman scientist whose works have been documented. http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hyp.html

Hypatia , the daughter of Theon of Alexandria, was born in about 370 AD. she is the earliest woman scientist whose works have been documented. As a young woman, she traveled to Athens and Italy. Upon her return to Alexandria, she became a philosopher and mathematician. She was appointed to expound the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle and was a noted lecturer on the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and mechanics. Most of her writings dealt with mathematics, especially algebra. Her most noted work, called Arithmetica, was a commentary on the writings of Diophantus. Hypatia also wrote an explanation of the geometry works of Apollonius of Perga, which was titled, On the Conics of Apollonius. Later in her career she worked with Theon and coauthored a work on Euclid's geometry which is titled Elements. In addition to her mathematical works, Hypatia also developed an apparatus for distilling water, an instrument for measuring the level of water, a plane astrolabe (for measuring the positions of the stars, planets, and sun) and a graduated brass hydrometer for determining the specific gravity of a liquid. Hypatia's philosophical beliefs were in conflict with the views of the Christian rulers of the city of Alexandria. When Cyril, a fanatical Christian, became Partiarch of Alexadria in 412 AD he began a persecution of scholars in the city. In 415 AD Hypatia was arrested, tortured and killed in the church called Caesarium. References Alic, M. (1986).

25. Hypatia Hypatia's father, theon of alexandria, was a teacher of mathematics withthe Museum of Alexandria in Egypt. A center of Greek intellectual http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_hypatia.htm

zfp=-1 About History Women's History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with Women's History with Jone Johnson Lewis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Essentials/Basics March: WH Month! Biographies World: by Place ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Hypatia (355 or 370 - 415) philosopher, astronomer and mathematician Hypatia's father, Theon of Alexandria, was a teacher of mathematics with the Museum of Alexandria in Egypt. A center of Greek intellectual and cultural life, the Museum included many independent schools and the great library of Alexandria. Hypatia studied with her father, and with many others including Plutarch the Younger. She herself taught at the Neoplatonist school of philosophy. She became the salaried director of this school in 400. She probably wrote on mathematics, astronomy and philosophy, including about the motions of the planets, about number theory and about conic sections.

26. Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math Learned mathematics from her father, theon of alexandria. Greatly regardedas a teacher and a scholar of mathematics and philosophy. http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/57556.html

Associated Topics Dr. Math Home Search Dr. Math The Woman Mathematician Hypatia Date: 11/7/95 at 9:0:27 From: Anonymous Subject: Hypatia Hi, this is an 8th grade student that is from Oshkosh, WI. We were trying to find information on a mathematition named Hypatia. Were stuck. We can't find any info. Help us, please! Beth Leisses Perry Tipler Middle School Date: 11/7/95 at 10:1:6 From: Doctor Sarah Subject: Re: Hypatia Hi there - If you have access to a Web browser, you can find out a lot about math history from the Internet Resource Collection of the Geometry Forum: http://mathforum.org/library/browse/static/topic/history.html There's a picture of Hypatia at http://www.scottlan.edu/lriddle/women/hypatia.htm where it says: First woman mathematician about whom there is historical evidence. Learned mathematics from her father, Theon of Alexandria. Greatly regarded as a teacher and a scholar of mathematics and philosophy. Edited works of geometry, algebra, and astronomy. Brutally murdered by a Christian mob. Source: Grinstein and Campbell. Women of Mathematics Michael Deakin. "Hypatia and Her Mathematics," American Math. Monthly, March 1994. Here's something from the History of Mathematics - MacTutor Archive (St. Andrews) Web site at http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk:80/~history/

27. Euclid's Geometry: Swarthmore College Library It is true, but difficult to prove, that theon of alexandria heavily edited and rewrotemuch of The Elements, and that all later Greek manuscripts and printed http://mathforum.org/geometry/wwweuclid/anecdote.htm

17. An anecdote from the Swarthmore College Library I turned on my computer and called Bryn Mawr college's library through my modem to search its catalogue for Simson's translation and edition of The Elements, which was of historical value to this project. Simson claims, on his title page, that "The Errors, by which Theon, or others, have long ago vitiated these Books, are corrected, and some of Euclid's Demonstrations are restored." It is true, but difficult to prove, that Theon of Alexandria heavily edited and rewrote much of The Elements, and that all later Greek manuscripts and printed editions depended on Theon's "recension." (In the 1800's, a Frenchman named Peyrard finally found a manuscript in the Vatican library which proved to be free of some of Theon's interpolations.) Simson's aim was accuracy, so he "corrected" and "restored" the text to what he thought was the original Euclid, cutting out what he thought Theon had added and adding what he thought Theon had cut out. I'm sure Theon thought he was improving the state of Euclidean scholarship as much as Simson did. They just had different ideas of what an "improvement" entailed. I expected to get a reprinted edition or a reproduction of Simson's edition, since it was originally published in the l700's. What arrived at Bryn Mawr, to the delight of both the librarian and me, was an original, crumbling, 1781 edition of Simson held together by book tape. It is beyond repair and has no particular value as a rare book in its current condition, so Swarthmore will simply keep it in circulation until it returns to dust.

28. Encyclopædia Britannica theon of alexandria University of St Andrews Biographical sketch of thisEgyptian mathematics and astronomy supplemented with references. http://search.britannica.com/search?query=philo of alexandria&ct=igv&fuzzy=N&sho

29. Encyclopædia Britannica theon of alexandria University of St Andrews, Scotland Biography ofthis teacher of mathematics and astronomy, and father of Hypatia. http://search.britannica.com/search?query=philo of alexandria&ct=igv&fuzzy=N&sho

30. The Beginnings Of Trigonometry According to theon of alexandria, who worked in Alexandria as a teacher of mathematicsand astronomy, Hipparchus wrote a treatise in twelve books on chords in http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/436-s00/Papers2000/hunt.html

The Beginnings of Trigonometry Joseph Hunt History of Mathematics Rutgers, Spring 2000 The ancient Greeks transformed trigonometry into an ordered science. Astronomy was the driving force behind advancements in trigonometry. Most of the early advancements in trigonometry were in spherical trigonometry mostly because of its application to astronomy. The three main figures that we know of in the development of Greek trigonometry are Hipparchus, Menelaus, and Ptolomy. There were likely other contributors but over time their works have been loss and their names have been forgotten. "Even if he did not invent it, Hipparchus is the first person of whose systematic use of trigonometry we have documentary evidence." (Heath 257) Some historians go as far as to say that he invented trigonometry. Not much is known about the life of Hipp archus. It is believed that he was born at Nicaea in Bithynia. (Sarton 285) The town of Nicaea is now called Iznik and is situated in northwestern Turkey. Founded in the 4th century BC, Nicaea lies on the eastern shore of Lake Iznik. He is one of the g reatest astronomers of all time. We know from Ptolemy's references that he made astronomical observations from 161 to 127 BC. (Sarton 285) Unfortunately, nearly all of his works are lost, and all that remains is his commentary on the Phainomena of Eudoxos of Cnidos, and a commentary on an astronomical poem by Aratos of Soloi. (Sarton 285) Most of what we know about Hipparchus comes from Ptolemy's

31. DIPT:-Thaa Tha’un. theon of alexandria Greek astronomer and mathematician of 4 th centuryCE; teacher at the Museum of Alexandria; editor of Euclid’s Elements. http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/pd/d-4.htm

-Thaa Thalis al-Malti Thales of Miletus (c. 640-c. 546 B.C.): Greek philosopher and scientist; recognised as the founder of Greek philosophy or first who made name as a philosopher, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. In philosophy he taught that water was the ultimate stuff of all things. Thamistiyus Metaphysics , Book A was translated into Arabic in the 9 th century C.E. Theophrastus (370 -287 B.C.): faithful disciple and friend of Aristotle ( Aristatalis , q.v.). Known to Muslim scholars for his work on botany. Theon of Alexandria: Greek astronomer and mathematician of 4 th Uqlidis , q.v.) had merely stated his geometrical propositions while Theon had proved them. Al-Kindi

32. Mathematicians c. 300c. 350) *SB *mt. Serenus of Antinopolis (c. 350). theon of alexandria (c.390). Martianus Capella (c. 365-440) *SB. Synesius of Cyrene (c. 370-c. 413). http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html

List of Mathematicians printed from: http://aleph0.clarku.edu:80/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *mt 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *mt Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *mt Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *mt Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *mt Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *mt Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425) Socrates (469-399) Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *mt 400 B.C.E. Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?) Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *mt Plato (427-347) *SB *MT Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *mt Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB

33. Xrefer - Search Results - Hypatia Hypatia 370 415. Hypatia370 415 Greek mathematician Hypatia, who was born in Alexandria,Egypt, was the daughter of theon of alexandria, the author of a http://www.xrefer.com/results.jsp?shelf=&term= Hypatia

34. Biography Of Hypatia She may also have assisted her father, theon of alexandria, a scholarat the Museum, in writing a commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/hypatia.html

Biography of Hypatia Born in Alexandria, Egypt around A.D. 370, Hypatia is the first woman known to have actively participated in an academic community. She lectured in Alexandria on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, and although none of her work is extant, she reportedly wrote commentaries on Diophantus's Arithmetica , and Apollonius's Conic Sections . She may also have assisted her father, Theon of Alexandria, a scholar at the Museum, in writing a commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest Her association with Greek philosophy and pagan religion, as well as her friendship with Orestes, the Roman prefect of Alexandria, seems to have led to her death in 415. Orestes became embroiled in a power struggle with Cyril, the archbishop of Alexandria. At the height of the conflict, Orestes executed one of Cyril's followers. In retaliation, a mob attacked and brutally killed Hypatia, believing that she had been instrumental in preventing a friendship between Cyril and Orestes. TOP MAIN DOCUMENT CONTENTS FIRST MENTION To return to place in document from which you came, click on your browser's BACK BUTTON. Selected Biographical References Gillispie, Charles C. ed.

35. DIOPTASE understanding him fully. On the other hand he is quoted by theon of alexandria(who observed an eclipse at Alexandria in AD. 365); and his http://30.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DI/DIOPTASE.htm

document.write(""); DIOPTASE protection of trees generally (according to Pherecydes in C. W. MUller, Frag. HISt. Graec. iv. p. 637, the word r’ikra signified “tree”). It is suggested that the cult of Dionysus absorbed that of an old tree-spirit. He was figured also, like Hermes, in the form of a pillar or term surmounted by his head. For the connexion of Dionysus with Greek tragedy see DRAMA. See Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, v. (1910); also 0. Rap Beziehungen des D’ionysuskulius zu Thrakien (1882); 0. Ribbec Among the great variety of problems solved are problems leading to determinate equations of the first degree in one, two, three or four variables, to determinate quadratic equations, and to indeterminate equations of the first degree in one or more variables, which are, however, transformed into determinate equations by arbitrarily assuming a value for one of the required numbers, Diophantus being always satisfied with a rational, even if fractional, result and not requiring a solution in integers. But the bulk Of the work consists of problems leading to indeterminate eq,uations of the second degree, and these universally take the form that one or two (and never more) linear or quadratic functions of one variable x are to be made rational square numbers by finding a suitable value for x. A few problems lead to indeterminate equations of the third and fourth degrees. an easy indeterminate equation of the sixth degree being Several varieties, depending on differences in structure and chemical composition, have been distinguished, viz. coccolite

36. 0-500 BC Pappus' theorem). 320. Iamblichus (number theory). 390. theon of alexandria(commentator, edited Euclid's Elements). 410. Hypatia of http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/courses/math21180/chrono06.htm

Home Up Before 3000 BC 3000-2000 BC ... 500-0 BC Possible date of Heron (machines, plane and solid mensuration, root extraction, surveying). Nicomachus (number theory); Menelaus (spherical trigonometry); Theodosius (geometry, astronomy); Arithmetic in Nine Sections Plutarch Ptolemy (trigonometry, table of chords, planetary theory, star catalogue, geodesy, Almagest Probable date of inscriptions carved in the caves at Nasik. Probable date of Diophantus (number theory, syncopation of algebra). Wang Fan (astronomy, p = 142/45); Liu Hui (commentary on the Arithmetic in Nine Sections). Pappus (Mathematical Collection, commentaries, isoperimetry , projective invariance of cross ratio, Castillon-Cramer problem, arbelos theorem generalization of Pythagorean theorem , centroid theorems, Pappus' theorem Iamblichus (number theory). Theon of Alexandria (commentator, edited Euclid's Elements). Hypatia of Alexandria (commentator, first woman mentioned in the history of mathematics, daughter of Theon of Alexandria Proclus (commentator).

37. Ypatia Ypatia was the daughter of the mathematician and philosopher theon of alexandriaand it is fairly certain that she studied mathematics under the guidance and http://math.uh.edu/UH_NEW/information/ypatia/

Ypatia of Alexandria 370 - 415 AD Ypatia of Alexandria was one of the first women to make a substantial contribution to the development of mathematics. Ypatia was the daughter of the mathematician and philosopher Theon of Alexandria and it is fairly certain that she studied mathematics under the guidance and instruction of her father. Ypatia became head of the Platonist school at Alexandria in about 400 AD. There she lectured on mathematics and philosophy, in particular teaching the philosophy of Neoplatonism. Ypatia based her teachings on those of Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism, and Iamblichus who was a developer of Neoplatonism around 300 AD. She was described by all commentators as a charismatic teacher. These notes on Ypatia are based on the history page of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, St Andrews Scotland. The picture above of Ypatia is taken from that page. So as to follow modern Greek pronunciation, we have used the spelling Ypatia rather than Hypatia which fits better with classical Greek pronunciation. In fact there were many women mathematics in Ancient Greece, most of them connected with the Pythagorean school. A

38. Ptolemy's Other Astronomical Works These were mostly limited to explanations of how to use the tables, but an exceptionis the socalled Great Commentary by theon of alexandria (late fourth http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/ptolgeog/astroworks.html

Ptolemy's Astronomical Works (other than the Almagest Canobic Inscription The text known as the Canobic Inscription is a transcription made in late antiquity of a lost public inscription that Ptolemy erected in A.D. 149/150 at Canopus in Egypt. The inscription records the numerical parameters of Ptolemy's models for the motions of the sun, moon, and planets. Most of the data in the Canobic Inscription agree with the Almagest , but there are a few significant differences which are now recognized as proving that the Almagest was completed later than the inscription. (see also here Sources and further reading: Edition of the text: Claudii Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia. II. Opera astronomica minora , ed. J. L. Heiberg. Leipzig, 1907. N. T. Hamilton, N. M. Swerdlow, and G. J. Toomer, "The Canobic Inscription: Ptolemy's Earliest Work." In From Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics: Essays on the Exact Sciences Presented to Asger Aaboe , ed. J. L. Berggren and B. R. Goldstein. Copenhagen, 1987. 55-73. Phaseis Ptolemy's Phaseis (in full: Phaseis aplanon asteron kai synagoge episemasion = "phases of fixed stars and collection of weather-changes") was originally a larger work than what has come down to us under this title. The Byzantine encyclopedia known as the

39. Hypatia Of Alexandria (10) Her father was the philosopher and mathematician theon of alexandria (c 335c.395),who also taught mathematics and astronomy at the Mouseion there. http://siduri.tripod.com/Hypatia_of_Alexandria.html

Hypatia of Alexandria Few primary documentary sources regarding Hypatia of Alexandria have survived, and no extant writings can be uncontestably attributed to her, yet two feminist journals and two lunar landmarks are named after her . Writers such as Edward Gibbon , Voltaire and Carl Sagan have told the storya beautiful, learned young woman living at a time when few men and even fewer women had achieved an advanced education was brutally murdered, cut down in the prime of her life by a fanatical mob. The local bishop, Cyril of Alexandria who may have instigated themor at the very least turned a blind eye to their crimeswas later made a saint. Her death is seen as the end of classical learning and free inquiry and the beginning of a dogmatic and often brutal new world order. Alexandria , where Hypatia was born and seems to have lived her entire life, was long considered a place of learning. Peter James and Nicholas Thorpe, in their book Ancient Inventions refer to the city as "the scientific center of the ancient Greek world." Here

40. PAPPUS OF ALEXANDRIA age as theon of alexandria, who wrote commentaries on Ptolemy’s great work, theSyntaxis mathematica, and flourished in the reign of Theodosius I. (AD 379 http://18.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PAPPUS_OF_ALEXANDRIA.htm

document.write(""); PAPPUS OF ALEXANDRIA of the opposition remained no less hostile than before, and in March 1837 the governor was authorized to reject the demand for constitutional reform and to apply public funds in his control to the purposes of government. In June a warning proclamation by the governor was answered by a series of violent speeches by Papineau, who in August was deprived of his commission in the militia. Canada than the fiery eloquence and dubious methods of a leader who plunged his followers into the throes of war, and deserted them at the supreme moment. From 1839 till 1847 Papineau lived in Paris. In the latter year an amnesty was granted to those who had participated in the rebellion in Canada; and, although in June 1838 Lord Durham had issued a proclamation threatening Papineau with death if he returned to Canada, he was now admitted to the benefit of the amnesty. On his return to Canada, when the two provinces were now united, he became a member of the lower house and continued to take part in public life, demanding “the independence of Canada, for the Canadians need never expect justice from England, and to submit to her would be an eternal disgrace.” He unsuccessfully agitated for the re-division of upper and lower Canada, and in 1854 retired into private life. He died at Montebello, in the province of Quebec, on the 24th of September 1871. See L. 0. David, Les Deux Pap-ineau; Fennings Taylor, Louis

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