61. PALACE MUSEUM PHOTOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Ch'ing Shihtsu Chung K'uei; Hanging scroll; CV 1 Ta ch'ung-kuang, Wang Hui, YünShou-p'ing, and Yang chin Tao-chi and Wang Yüan-ch'i Bamboo and Orchid; Hanging http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/aapd/PMPDcat4.html

PALACE MUSEUM PHOTOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Black and white photographs only from the collection of the National Palace Museum, Taiwan Artists are listed under the following historical periods: FIVE DYNASTIES 907 - 960 SUNG DYNASTY 960 - 1279 MING DYNASTY 1368 - 1644 Various Artist's Albums Artists are listed alphabetically by Wade-Giles Romanization under the periods in which they worked, and under the names by which they are most commonly known. To search for a specific artist, use the find mode (under Edit) from the pull-down menu. Consult the AAPD Pinyin/Wade-Giles Concordance for help in transliteration. See also Asian Art Photographic Distribution's INDEX OF CHINESE ARTISTS for additional lists. Information contained in this file includes the following: Artist/or period Title Date, if known Format Ku-Kung #, (PMPD [University of Michigan Archive] #) CHING DYNASTY 1644 - 1911 White Eagle Hanging scroll CV 138, (5715) Manjusri Hanging scroll CV 140, (1199) Landscape (after Chang Seng-yu) Hanging scroll CV 117, (5705) Chang Jo-ai Figure in a Snowy Landscape Hanging scroll CV 107, (5700)

62. A Piece Of Pi About 150 AD, Ptolemy of Alexandria (Egypt) gave its value as 377/120 and inabout 500 AD the chinese tsu ch'ungchi produced the value as 355/113. http://www.csgnetwork.com/piinfo.html

A Piece Of Pi Pi, which is denoted by the Greek letter ( ), is the most famous ratio in mathematics, and is one of the most ancient numbers known to humanity. PI is approximately 3.14, by definition, the number of times that a circle's diameter will fit around the circle. PI goes on forever, and can't be calculated to perfect precision. On our site and in all of our calculators, 3.14159 is the value we use, unless otherwise specified. (You can also calculate it yourself using our PI Calculator . Dividing the PI(e) has always been a problem but sometimes multiplying with it is also. You can do either here PI power is also available.) The only exception is the expatiated calculation below. (I didn't have much to do last night and TV was terrible - the only thing on was the 8,534,565th repeat of Hawaii 50 (divided by PI), so I calculated PI to 10,000 places on my 1959, still working, easy on the eye yellow, NASA issue, Pickett slide rule . I was going to try for a million but the slide was a little dirty and I felt accuracy MIGHT be compromised... We certainly don't want to compromise PI!) The value 3.14159 was defined in 1998 by the Alabama legislature as the official state value for PI. (I'll bet you didn't know that you needed a state value for PI. Of course, they also said that PI are round and cornbread are squared... They would have been better served to say that PI was to personal taste.) This infinite calculation phenomena is known as the decimal expansion of PI. No apparent pattern emerges in the extreme succession of digits; a predestined yet unfathomable code. They do not repeat periodically, but seemingly do pop up repeating a few sequences by blind chance, (lacking any perceivable order, rule, reason, or design). In 1991, the Chudnovsky brothers in New York, using their computer

63. Prime Curios!: 113 The smallest three digit prime whose product and sum of digits is prime. Russo.tsu ch'ungchi (430-501 AD) and his son stated that is approximately 355/113. http://primes.utm.edu/curios/page.php?number_id=109

64. Kids Mag Over the centuries, many mathematicians, such as Ptolemy (the ancient Greek astronomer),tsu ch'ungchi (of china) and Ludolph van Ceulen (of Germany) kept http://www.nrich.maths.org.uk/prime/nov99/magazine.htm

Kids Mag November 99 NRICH Prime NRICH Club ... Maths Chit Chat Is it Spring or Autumn where you live? Well anyway, the weather is changing, and so is our Primary site. Make sure you have a look at the new World of Tan. Funny Maths Dry Rot by Allan White (Australia) Look! Webwatch Do you know the 'trick' for multiplying any number by 11? Have a look at this website and learn how to do multiplications like 348 x 11 fast in your head! Eleven Times Tables: http://www.learningkingdom.com/eleven/ Mouldy Maths Pi, a Very Special Number is the symbol used for this special number Pi is its name (Say it as 'pie') comes from working with circles is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. This means that you can work out by dividing distance around a circle by the length of its diameter. The strange thing is that the answer you get can only ever be approximate - that is, you can never have an exact value for pi. This has fascinated mathematicians for a very long time and they have kept trying to find ways to calculate values for pi that are more accurate. is needed to find the area of a circle using the formula r To work out the area of a circle you need to use an approximate value for pi (like 3.14) then multiply that by the radius of the circle squared. For example; if the radius was 5 cm, the area would be 3.14 x 5 x 5 = 78.5 square centimetres.

65. Pinyin To Wade-Giles Conversion Table chi CH'IH, chong ch'ung, chou CH'OU. hui HUI, hun HUN, huo HUO. ji chi, jia chiA,jian chiEN, jiang chiANG, jiao chiAO. zu tsu, zui tsuI, zun tsuN, zong tsuNG, zuoTSO. http://www.daochinasite.com/eng/study/wg.htm

Choose your codepage: win koi alt mac CONTENTS: Main Page Live and Learn! Places Worth to Visit Notes about China ... E-Mail You are visitor # 57470 on the site. Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Live and learn! Chinese input software Chinese Newspapers Online ... Pinyin to Wade-Giles conversion table PINYIN to WADE-GILES conversion table A B C D ... Z a A ai A an AN ang ANG ao AO ba PA bai PAI ban PAN bang PANG bao PAO bei PEI ben PEN beng PENG bi PI bian PIEN biao PIAO bie PIEH bin PIN bing PING bo PO bu PU ca TS'A cai TS'AI can TS'AN cang TS'ANG cao TS'AO ce TS'E cen TS'EN ceng TS'ENG cha CH'A chai CH'AI chan CH'AN chang CH'ANG chao CH'AO che CH'E chen CH'EN cheng CH'ENG chi CH'IH chong CH'UNG chou CH'OU chua CH'UA chuai CH'UAI chuan CH'UAN chuang CH'UANG chu CH'U chui CH'UI chun CH'UN chuo CH'O ci TZ'U cong TS'UNG cou TS'OU cu TS'U cuan TS'UAN cui TS'UI cun TS'UN cuo TS'O da TA dai TAI dan TAN dang TANG dao TAO de TE dei TEI den TUN deng TENG di TI dian TIEN diao TIAO die TIEH ding TING diu TIU dong TUNG dou TOU du TU duan TUAN dui TUI dun TUN duo TO e EH ei EI en EN er ERH fa FA fan FAN fang FANG fo FO fei FEI fen FEN feng FENG fou FOU fu FU ga KA gai KAI gan KAN gang KANG gao KAO ge KO gei KEI gen KEN geng KENG gong KUNG gou KOU gua KUA guai KUAI guan KUAN guang KUANG gu KU gui KUEI gun KUN guo KUO ha HA hai HAI han HAN hang HANG hao HAO he HO hei HEI hen HEN heng HENG hong HUNG hou HOU hua HUA huai HUAI huan HUAN huang HUANG hu HU hui HUI hun HUN huo HUO ji CHI jia CHIA jian CHIEN

66. 0-500 BC Alexandria). 460. Proclus (commentator). 476. Birth of ryabhata;fall of Rome. 480. tsu ch'ungchi's approximation of p as 355/113. http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/courses/math21180/chrono06.htm

Home Up Before 3000 BC 3000-2000 BC ... 500-0 BC Possible date of Heron (machines, plane and solid mensuration, root extraction, surveying). Nicomachus (number theory); Menelaus (spherical trigonometry); Theodosius (geometry, astronomy); Arithmetic in Nine Sections Plutarch Ptolemy (trigonometry, table of chords, planetary theory, star catalogue, geodesy, Almagest Probable date of inscriptions carved in the caves at Nasik. Probable date of Diophantus (number theory, syncopation of algebra). Wang Fan (astronomy, p = 142/45); Liu Hui (commentary on the Arithmetic in Nine Sections). Pappus (Mathematical Collection, commentaries, isoperimetry , projective invariance of cross ratio, Castillon-Cramer problem, arbelos theorem generalization of Pythagorean theorem , centroid theorems, Pappus' theorem Iamblichus (number theory). Theon of Alexandria (commentator, edited Euclid's Elements). Hypatia of Alexandria (commentator, first woman mentioned in the history of mathematics, daughter of Theon of Alexandria Proclus (commentator).

67. ³q°T­^¤å¥Ø¿ýV6 Then ..Lin tsutzao. Li Han-chi ..HSÜFu SUN ch'ung-t http://www.litphil.sinica.edu.tw/publish/newsletter/通訊英文ç›

Vol. 6 No.1 March 1996 Lectures The Tunes in T'ang Hsien-tzu's Drama and His Time............Hsu Shuo-fang On Nei-tan ........................................................................Isabelle Robinet Reconsider the History of Tz'u in Late-Imperial China......................Yen Ti-ch'ang Conference Report of the International Conference on Ming Studies of Confucian Classics................Lin Ch 'i ng-cahng/Chiang Ch 'i u-hua Interviews and Reports The Ts 'a ng-shu-lou in Chia-yeh Its Now and Then....................... L in Tsu-tzao Bibliographies on Selected Topics Bibliography of Research on Hsiao-shuo in the T 'a ng.................Chiang Yi-fang Translation On Chung Po-ching 's Shih-ching chung-p 'i ng and Other Related Problems................................................................................Murayama Yoshihiro Notes on Research Review of the New Sub-genres of Chinese Opera from Northern China in the Ch 'i en-lung Reign................................................................................ C h 'e n Fang Forum On the Definition of "Taoist Literature"...........................................

68. Wade-Giles To Pinyin Conversion Table uang ch'üeh ch'ui ch'un ch'ün ch'ung cha chai che chen cheng qi qia qiang qiaoqie qian chi qin qing tsang tsao tse tsei tsen tseng tso tsou tsu tsuan tsui http://www.rom.on.ca/pub/unicorn/unipinyi.html

THE MYTHIC CHINESE UNICORN ZHI Table of Contents Conversion Table Wade-Giles to Pinyin A C E F ... Y A Wade-Giles a ai an ang ao Pinyin a ai an ang ao C Wade-Giles ch'a ch'ai ch'an ch'ang ch'ao ch'e ch'en ch'eng ch'i ch'ia ch'iang ch'iao ch'ieh ch'ien ch'ih ch'in ch'ing ch'iu ch'iung ch'o ch'ou ch'u ch'uai ch'uan ch'uang ch'ui ch'un ch'ung cha chai chan chang chao che chei chen cheng chi chia chiang chiao chieh chien chih chin ching chiu chiung cho chou chu chua chuai chuan chuang chui chun chung Pinyin cha chai chan chang chao che chen cheng qi qia qiang qiao qie qian chi qin qing qiu qiong chuo chou chu qu chuai chuan quan chuang que chui chun qun chong zha zhai zhan zhang zhao zhe zhei zhen zheng ji jia jiang jiao jie jian zhi jin jing jiu jiong zhuo zhou zhu ju zhua zhuai zhuan juan zhuang jue zhui zhun zhong jun E Wade-Giles ei en eng erh Pinyin ei en eng er F Wade-Giles fa fan fang fei fen feng fo fou fu Pinyin fa fan fang fei fen feng fo fou fu H Wade-Giles ha hai han hang hao he / ho hei hen heng hou hsi hsia hsiang hsiao hsieh hsien hsin hsing hsiu hsiung hu hua huai huan huang hui hun hung huo Pinyin ha hai han hang

69. Database: Chinese Zen Masters (IRIZ) Linji Yixuan, Linchi I-hsüan, , Rinzai Gigen. Longtan Chongxin, Lung-t'anCh'ung-hsin, , Ryôtan Mazu Daoyi, Ma-tsu Tao-i, , Baso http://www.iijnet.or.jp/iriz/data/master00.en.html

Home Database > Chinese Zen Masters Database Pinyin Wade-Giles Kanji Romaji Baiyun Shouduan Hakuun Shutan Baizhang Huaihai Pai-chang Huai-hai Bajiao Huiqing Pa-chiao Hui-ch'ing Baofeng Kewen Pao-feng K'o-wen Bojian Jujian Hokkan Kokan Caoshan Benji Ts'ao-shan Pen-chi Changsha Jingcen Ch'ang-sha Ching-ts'en Chuji Ch'u-chi Shojaku Dahong Zuzheng Ta-hung Tsu-cheng Dahui Zonggao Ta-hui Tsung-kao Damei Fachang Ta-mei Fa-ch'ang Danxia Zichun Tan-hsia Tzu-ch'un Tanka Shijun Danyuan Yingzhen Tangen Oshin Daowu Yuanzhi Tao-wu Yuan-chih Daoxin Tao-hsin Daoxuan Deshan Xuanjian Tokusan Senkan Deshan Yuanmi Tokusan Enmitsu Dongshan Liangjie Tung-shan Liang-chieh Dongshan Shouchu Tung-shan Shou-ch'u Doushuai Congyue Fachi Fa-ch'ih Farong Fa-jung Fayan Wenyi Fa-yen Wen-i Fengxue Yanzhao Fenyang Shanzhao Fen-yang Shan-chao Fozhao Deguang Fo-chao Te-kuang Gaofeng Yuanmiao Guifeng Zongmi Kuei-feng Tsung-mi Guishan Lingyou Kuei-shan Ling-yu Hangzhou Tianlong Hang-chou T'ien-lung Heze Shenhui Ho-tse Shen-hui Kataku Jinne Hongran Hung-jen Gunin Huangbo Xiyuan Obaku Kiun Huanglong Huinan Huang-lung Hui-nan Huguo Jingyuan Gokoku Keigen Huifang Hui-fang Huike Hui-k'o Eka Huineng Hui-neng Huitang Zuxin Hui-t'ang Tsu-hsin Huiyan Zhizhao Hui-yen Chih-chao Huizhong Hui-chung Huoan Shiti Huo-an Shih-t'i Wakuan Shitai Huqiu Shaolong Hu-ch'iu Shao-lung Jingshan Daoqin Ching-shan Tao-ch'in Jingshan Ruyan Ching-shan Ju-yen Kinzan Nyoen Juzhi Gutei Kaifu Daoning K'ai-fu Tao-ning Lanxi Daolong Lan-shi Tao-lung Leian Zhengshou Lei-an Cheng-shou Linji Yixuan Rinzai Gigen Longtan Chongxin Lung-t'an Ch'ung-hsin Luohan Guichen

70. Pinyin – Yale - Wade-Giles che ch’e chen chen ch’en cheng cheng ch’eng chi chr ch’ih chong chung ch’ungchou chou ch tz’u cong tsung ts’ung cou tsou ts’ou cu tsu ts’u http://www.wfu.edu/~sinclair/pinyinwg.htm

Pinyin - Yale - Wade-Giles Transcription Table Pinyin Yale Wade-Giles a a a ai ai ai an an an ang ang ang ao au ao ba ba pa bai bai pai ban ban pan bang bang pang bao bau pao bei bei pei ben ben pen beng beng peng bi bi pi bian byan pien biao byau piao bie bye pieh bin bin pin bing bing ping bo bwo po bou bou pou bu bu pu ca tsa ts’a cai tsai ts’ai can tsan ts’an cang tsang ts’ang cao tsao ts’ao ce tse ts’e cen tsen ts’en ceng tseng ts’eng cha cha ch’a chai chai ch’ai chan chan ch’an chang chang ch’ang chao chau ch’ao che che ch’e chen chen ch’en cheng cheng ch’eng chi chr ch’ih chong chung ch’ung chou chou ch’ou chu chu ch’u chuai chwai ch’uai chuan chwan ch’uan chuang chwang ch’uang chui chwei ch’ui chun chwun ch’un chuo chwo ch’o ci tsz tz’u cong tsung ts’ung cou tsou ts’ou cu tsu ts’u cuan tswan ts’uan cui tswei ts’ui can tswun ts’un cuo tswo ts’o da da ta

71. Mark Humphries : History Of Chinese Mathematics During the 5th Century, tsu Ch’ungchi and his son did even better,finding that 3.1415926 3.1415927. and tsu Ch’ung chi. The http://www.maths.adelaide.edu.au/pure/pscott/history/mark/mhpi.html

Chinese Counting Computation of Pi Magic Squares ... Index Computation of Pi The Chinese put a lot of emphasis on computing , the ratio a circle's circumference to its diameter. The computation of was an area of mathematics where the Chinese were far ahead of the Western world. From the Arithmetic in Nine Sections , the area of a circle is approximated as the square of the diameter, or one-twelfth of the square of the circumference, which is consistent with a value of 3 for Much progress was made in computing during the Post-Han period, which lasted from 220AD to around 600AD. In the third Century, a general named Wang Fu established the rational approximation for and arriving at the rational approximation , which yields correct to 6 decimal places. This level of precision was not surpassed until 1420, when The approximation of was done by calucating the perimeter of a polygon of certain number of sides, inscribed inside a circle of a known diameter. As the number of sides in the polygon is increased, the closer the polygon approximates the circle, and so the closer the approximation for will be.

72. Pi Sayýsý 120 olarak vermistir. Ms 500’lü yillarda da tsu Ch’ungchi’ninortaya attigi deger 355/113. Ptolemy’nin buldugu http://www.sanalmatematik.com/d/p.html

s a n a l m a t e m a t i k c o m kütüphane e -test yazýlar yarýþma ... linkler Pi sayýsý Þüphesiz ki, pi sayýsý, en ünlü sayýlar arasýndadýr, sembolüyle gösterilir. Pi sayýsý, çemberin çevresinin, çapýna oranýdýr. Tüm çemberler için bu oran sabittir. Pi sayýsýný ünlü yapan, sayýnýn irrasyonel bir sayý olmasý, hatta, irrasyonel sayýlardan da öte bazý özelliklerinin olmasýdýr. Öncelikle bunlara deðinelim. Ýrrasyonel sayý, ondalýk basamak sayýsý sonsuz olan sayýdýr. Örneðin “3” sayýsýnýn ondalýk basamaðý yoktur, yani irrasyonel deðildir, “1,345” sayýsýnýn ondalýk basamak sayýsý üçtür. Yani sonlu sayýdadýr. Bu nedenle 1,345 sayýsý irrasyonel deðildir. En çok karþýmýza çýkan irrasyonel sayýlar, Pi sayýsý, , “e” gibi sayýlardýr. Burada, sayýsý, birçok fiziksel eþitlikte, sabit sayý olarak kullanýldýðý gibi, örneðin iki kenarýnýn uzunluðu 1 olan bir ikizkenar dik üçgenin hipotenüsüdür. Ayrýca pisagor sabiti olarak bilinir. “e” sayýsý ise logaritmada karþýmýza çýkar. Doðal logaritmik taban olarak bilinir. Pi sayýsý, bütün irrasyonel sayýlar içinde, hatta tüm sayýlar içinde matematikçiler tarafýndan üzerinde en çok çalýþýlan ve en çok merak uyandýran sayýdýr. Þunu da belirtmek gerekir ki, pi sayýsýnýn irrasyonel bir sayý olduðu ancak 1737’de ispatlanmýþtýr.

73. ZUR ZAHL Pi - Altertum Translate this page tsu Ch’ung chi (Zu Chong Zhi) wurde als Mathematiker und Astronom bekannt und waretwa 800 Jahre lang der Weltrekordhalter in der Präzision der Darstellung http://www.pimath.de/quadratur/pi_geschichte1.html

Zur Geschichte der Zahl Pi ( p Altertum 1850/1650 v.Chr. Babylonien 1900 - 1600 v.Chr. Die Griechen 400 - 300 v.Chr. Archimedes 287 - 212 v.Chr. Heron von Alexandria 10-75 n.Chr. 85-165 n.Chr. China 250/430-501 n.Chr. Indien v.Chr. /500 n.Chr Verzeichnis Home weiter Einleitung - p p p des Kreisumfangs zum Kreisdurchmesser soll sich ableiten aus dem griechischen Wort perijeria (periphereia) = Kreis(umfang), Umkreis, Umfangslinie oder auch von perimetros = Umfang. p p p, p Etwa um 1850 v.Chr. enstand das Moskauer Papyrus Das Papyrus Rhind Dieses Dokument befindet sich heute im Britischen Museum in London. POSAMENTIER (The Mathematics Teacher v. 77(1); S.52,47) führt das Buch "La Science Mystérieuse des Pharaons" von Babylonien Babylonien p . Der Wert p diesen Wert an: Die Griechen und die Quadratur des Kreises Antiphon p Seine Idee ging davon aus, dem Kreis Vielecke mit immer größerer Seitenzahl einzuschreiben, so das diese schließlich nicht mehr vom Kreis zu unterscheiden sind und damit der Kreis völlig "erschöpft" ist. Auf Grund dieser Vorgehensweise nennt man diese Technik Exhaustions-Methode.

74. Chinese Culture Information The “Hsiang tsu pi chi”, a document written in the early touch is undoubtedlya creation of the chi’en Lung were ChouLo-yuan, Ting Erh-ch’ung and Yeh http://www.chineseculturesite.com/blank?pageid=6

75. Taoist Meditation Speculations Answer (The tsu ch'iao cavity in) the center of the the left one stands for t'aichi (supreme ultimate) and the right one for ch'ung ling (immaterial http://www.shieldwolf.net/Oriental/Taoism/speculations.html

Taoist Meditation Speculations Wolf Clan Home Home [ Taoist Meditation Speculations ] English Translations of the Tao Excerpt from Original Manuscript by Russ McClay March 19, 1976 From a paper prepared at Orange Coast College , Costa Mesa, California Speculations I have a few speculative concepts on meditation's effectiveness on the practitioner. I hypothesize that performing various breathing techniques, while concentrating on the third eye (pineal pseudo-location), will inevitably and imperceptibly stimulate the pineal to produce less melatonin and serotonin which in turn brings about a change in consciousness, creating naturally the dynamic somatics of a truly religio-spiritual experience. Indeed we know now how light plays an important role in the pineal's production of various hormones and neurotransmitter-related molecules and we can rather loosely associate this with the "Light" that often accompanies one during solitudinous "third eye meditations". Many have witnesses the light in the past and many more will witness. [33] The following is a question and answer dialogue between Lu K'uan Yu (student) and Liao Jan (teacher) concerning Taoist meditation techniques: Question: I have read Taoist books which all urge the development of the light in the original cavity or center of spirit (tsu ch'iao, in the center of the brain between the eyes) at the start of practice but I do not see why. All Taoist schools regard this as the aim of the cultivation of (essential) nature without giving details. Will you please tell me where true nature actually manifests?

76. Word Mapping Table For Pinyin, Wade-Giles And Yale Translate this page ao Chau Che Ch'e Che Chen Ch'en Chen Cheng Ch'eng Cheng chi Ch'ih Chr Chong Ch'ungChung Chou Ch Tz'u Tsz Cong Ts'ung tsung Cou Ts'ou Tsou Cu Ts'u tsu Cuan Ts http://www.m.isar.de/denner/neijia/romanisation/mapping.html

Word Mapping Table for Pinyin, Wade-Giles and Yale Author David Aspinwall to neijia list 12 Oct 1994 Since there's been some confusion about pinyin lately, heres a table mapping between pinyin, Wade-Giles, and Yale romanization systems. I've modified this from an index file created by Ed Lai. Colons are meant to be umlauts. For English speakers, Yale is the most intuitive system. If you want to make a half-assed guess as to the pronounciation of a word, Yale is a good starting point. Pinyin is the standard system in China, and is used by most newspapers in the U.S. now. Wade-Giles used to be the most common system, and is still seen in many books. Sponsor Taiji Collection

77. Conversion Table keng k'eng cheng ch'eng gan kan kong k'ung chi ch'ih gang kang kou k'ou chong ch'unggao kao zhun chun zhuo cho zi tzu zong tsung zou tsou zu tsu zuan tsuan http://larsbo.homepage.dk/conversion.html

Conversion of Pinyin and Wade-Giles Pinyin and Wade-Giles transcription When legends on Chinese coins are listed in catalogues or price lists, they are transcribed into roman letters using a certain system. The transcriptions used in catalogues are often inconsistent, and this can lead to confusion. Numismatists should be aware that there are two major systems in use: Pinyin and Wade-Giles. To understand how to pronounce the Chinese characters fairly accurately, one must study the basics of each system. For example in Wade Giles tiao is pronounced diao . If it should be pronounced with initial t sound, then it should be written t’iao Cheng is pronounced djeng and Ch’eng is pronounced tjeng pu bu p’u pu yu is pronounced you etc. Chinese has comparatively few sounds. Therefore it is impossible to see exactly which character is mentioned if the character is not in a context as there can be many different characters which are transcribed in the same way. Pronunciation is not a major concern for most numismatists, but the correct writing is always important in order to avoid mistakes in catalogues and price lists. Wade-Giles to Pinyin Pinyin to Wade Giles W-G Pinyin W-G Pinyin W-G Pinyin W-G Pinyin C ha zha ch'ia qia chou zhou ch'üan quan ch'a cha chiang jiang ch'ou chou chüeh jue chai zhai ch'iang qian g chu zhu ch'üeh que ch'ai chai chiao jiao ch'u chu chün jun chan zhan ch'iao qiao chua zhu a ch'ün qun ch'an chan chieh jie ch'ua chua E rh er chang zhang ch'ieh qie chuai zhu ai H o he ch'ang chang chien jian ch'uai chuai hsi xi chao zhao ch'ien qian chuan zhu

78. Wade-Giles To Pinyin Conversion bei t'ai tai t'un tun ch'a cha ch'ung chong juan nai sao sao tsai zai yüeh yue ch'ihchi hsi xi k chua huang huang lan lan nuan nuan shuang shuang tsu zu chuai http://www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/deall/jin.3/c231/refs/w2p.htm

Wade-Giles to Pinyin conversion Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin

79. Music By Numbers Highly recommended. * Chinese characters appear on the right. (His name is tsu ch'ungChiin Wade-Giles romanisation, read So Chuushi in Japanese.) Lived AD http://imaginatorium.org/books/mathmus.htm

Music by numbers On this page Some books tying music and mathematics together (reviews in the order I wrote them) Robert Osserman - "Poetry of the Universe" Jamie James - "The Music of the Spheres" Thomas Levenson - "Measure for Measure" I was partly spurred into thinking about this by some nonsense I found about crop circles and "diatonic ratios". Claims that "no-one had ever previously linked mathematics to music" and stuff like that. Jamie James' book is the best to read as an antidote. Osserman is a close second, and Levenson a near miss. "Only gather 2, 3, 4, and 5 together, and the mumbo-jumbo artists of the world will construct a theory, a conspiracy, or a piece of magick." Making scales - Honest, yet ill-fitting work on the numbers Semitone calculator - Converts frequency (and harmonic) ratios to semitones The pentatonic scale - How is it really built? Crop circles - "Diatonic ratios" perhaps, but fairly obviously bogus Robert Osserman "Euler and Bach lived in the eighteenth century and, as was traditional at the time, they worked under the patronage of the nobility or royalty." "Beethoven and Gauss, by contrast, personified the romantic ideals of the early nineteenth century."

80. Page 2 Translate this page Mais c’est en chine, qu’apparut ensuite une meilleure approximationpuisque tsu Ch’ung-chi proposa 355/113 soit 3,14592 . http://www.ac-orleans-tours.fr/maths-1/rallye/dossiers99/fla/pi2.htm

3ème 1 Collège Condorcet Fleury les Aubrais (Loiret) p a) Les premières découvertes Dans l' Ancien Testament , il est affirmé que p est égal à Les Babyloniens , vers 2000 avant J.C. supposaient que p était égal à 3 , puis à soit L e scribe égyptien Ahmès p ), ce qui conduit à p , soit environ b) Les premiers " records " Archimède ,vers 250 avant J.C.,après avoir tracé un cercle de diamètre 1,calcula les aires de polygones réguliers inscrits et circonscrits ( à 4,6,8,16,24,32,48,64,et 96 côtés) , et ainsi donna des encadrements de p tels que : p soit p p Ptolémée utilise soit proposa soit Fibonnaci Al-Kashi , au quinzième siècle, calcula les 14 premières décimales - Les Européens rattrapèrent leur retard, au seizième siècle, grâce à Ludolph van Ceulen qui trouva, aux Pays-Bas, 20, puis 32 et 35 décimales . D’oû le nom de " nombre de Ludolph " employé par les Allemands pour désigner p. Viète donna en 1592, la première formule : Cette formule fut encore établie en considérant les aires de polygones à 2 n côtés .

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 88    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20