81. Cellular Automata And Art Ask not what mathematics can do for biology, ask what biology can do for mathematicsstanislaw ulam stanislaw and Francoise ulam, John Von Neumann. http://www.cs.newpaltz.edu/~zeidne08/CA.html

Art, Cellular Automata, and the Sciences of Complexity Ask not what mathematics can do for biology, ask what biology can do for mathematics -Stanislaw Ulam Stanislaw and Francoise Ulam John Von Neumann Cellular Automata is a hugely diverse field that encompasses many sets of terminologies and techniques. CA is generally any system that is modeled on a lattice (of arbitrary dimension), in which each cell is updated according to simple rules depending on values of the cell's 'neighborhood'. The cells are updated in discrete time intervals. The neighborhood can be defined in any number of ways, the most popular being the 'Von Neumann neighborhood' or the 8 surrounding cells in a grid lattice. Other popular configurations include hexagonal or 3-dimensional isohedral frameworks. The values of the cells can be real-valued or continual, but for simplification, most experiments are limited to bivalence (binary values or 0/1:on/off). The most popular form of CA is Conway's 'Game of Life'. The Game of Life is unique in that it exhibits the behavior of curious and mesmerizing structures that appear lifelike (respective of the name), despite the extremely simple rules that govern them. Like many CA systems, Life is modeled on a planar grid lattice, and conforms to the 8-neighbor Von Neumann configuration. The rules are simple: a cell will remain 'alive' if and only if surrounded by 2 or 3 neighbors that are also alive, otherwise it will die of 'loneliness' or 'overcrowding'.

82. Ulam's Problem - Project #5 Introduction. In 1976, stanislaw ulam (quoted in 2) raised the followingquestion, which subsequently became known as ulam's Problem http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~psavad/cs251/ulam.html

McGill University: School of Computer Science Winter 1999 Project for DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS Project #5: ULAM'S PROBLEM Introduction In 1976, Stanislaw Ulam (quoted in [2]) raised the following question, which subsequently became known as "Ulam's Problem": Someone thinks of a number between one and one million (which is just less than 2 ). Another person is allowed to ask up to twenty questions, to each of which the first person is supposed to answer only yes or no. Obviously the number can be guessed by asking first: Is the number in the first half-million? and then again reduce the reservoir of numbers in the next question by one-half, and so on. Finally the number is obtained in less than log (1,000,000). Now suppose one were allowed to lie once or twice, then how many questions would one need to get the right answer? One clearly needs more than n questions for guessing one of the 2 n objects because one does not know when the lie was told. This problem is not solved in general. One can also present Ulam's problem in the following manner (see [3]): consider an interactive game between two players, the Questioner and the Responder. The Responder thinks of an number x in the set and the Questioner has to find this number by asking yes-no queries of the type " x S ?" where S is any subset of . The game is played interactively, i.e. each query is answered before the next query is stated. Ulam asked what is the minimal number of such yes-no queries required to find the number

83. Society For Philosophy And Technology - Volume 3, Number 3 Mathematician stanislaw ulam once gave his opinion on this calculationThe magnitude of the problem was staggering. ulam, stanislaw. 1976. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v3n3/html/FITZPATR.html

Spring 1998 Volume 3 Number 3 DLA Ejournal Home SPT Home Table of Contents for this issue Search SPT and other ejournals TELLER'S TECHNICAL NEMESES: THE AMERICAN HYDROGEN BOMB AND ITS DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Anne Fitzpatrick, George Washington University Philosophical historical studies of technology are still underrepresented within contemporary studies of science. Yet focusing on technology is crucial in order to understand modern science, since the latter is ever more dependent on the former. Scientific computing emerged in the 1940s and 1950s as one of the most prominent parts of the technological infrastructure of modern physics helping to shape the course of nuclear weapons research and development. While sociologist Donald MacKenzie has suggested that the fantastic computational needs of nuclear weapons research and development strongly shaped modern computer development and even architecture, it is important to note that the relationship between computing and nuclear weapons science did not flow only in one direction. Modern scientific practice is based on elaborate instrumentation. Scientific computing, for example, is routinely used for simulations of complex scientific processes. Joe Pitt has argued that it is the technological infrastructure of science, rather than science itself, which is responsible for the monumental changes taking place in science today. Thus, science on its own is not responsible for how knowledge changes.

84. Prime Spiral -- From MathWorld This construction was first made by PolishAmerican mathematician stanislaw ulam(1909-1986) in 1963 while doodling during a boring talk at a scientific meeting http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeSpiral.html

Geometry Curves Spirals Number Theory ... Pegg Prime Spiral The numbers arranged in a spiral , with primes indicated by a special color, as illustrated above. Unexpected patterns of diagonal lines are apparent in such a plot, as illustrated in the above grid. This construction was first made by Polish-American mathematician Stanislaw Ulam (1909-1986) in 1963 while doodling during a boring talk at a scientific meeting. While drawing a grid of lines, he decided to number the intersections according to a spiral pattern, and then began circling the numbers in the spiral that were primes. Surprisingly, the circled primes appeared to fall along a number of diagonal straight lines or, in Ulam's slightly more formal prose, it "appears to exhibit a strongly nonrandom appearance" (Stein et al. 1964). The spiral appeared on the March 1964 cover of Scientific American magazine. Remarkably, noted science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke described the prime spiral in his novel The City and the Stars (1956, Ch. 6, p. 54). Clarke wrote, "Jeserac sat motionless within a whirlpool of numbers. The first thousand primes.... Jeserac was no mathematician, though sometimes he liked to believe he was. All he could do was to search among the infinite array of primes for special relationships and rules which more talented men might incorporate in general laws. He could find how numbers behaved, but he could not explain why. It was his pleasure to hack his way through the arithmetical jungle, and sometimes he discovered wonders that more skillful explorers had missed. He set up the matrix of all possible integers, and started his computer stringing the primes across its surface as beads might be arranged at the intersections of a mesh."

85. Military/The Mike Shot, The First Hydrogen Bomb Detonation Engraved on my memory,' ulam's stanislaw ulam, considered the actual fatherof the Hydrogen Bomb wife later wrote, 'is the day when I found him at noon http://mt.sopris.net/mpc/military/mike.html

Military/The Mike Shot, the First Hydrogen Bomb Detonation Home Military "Inspiration for a hydrogen bomb came from the sun and the stars." Edward Teller_The Legacy of Hiroshima_1962, at 34. "The Mike device used liquid deuterium as the fusion fuel. It was a massive laboratory apparatus installed on Elugelab Island in the Enewetak Atoll consisting of a cylinder about 20 feet high (more exactly 243.625 inches or 6.19 m), 6 ft 8 in wide, and weighing 164,000 lb (including attached diagnostic instruments); also said to weigh 140,000 lb without "the cryogenic unit" (this may mean the casing by itself)....It used a 92 point ignition system, that is, 92 detonators....The detonation of Mike completely obliterated Elugelab, leaving an underwater crater a 6240 feet wide and 164 ft deep in the atoll where an island had once been. Mike created a fireball 3 miles wide; the 'mushroom' cloud rose to 57,000 ft in 90 seconds, and topped out in 5 minutes at 135,000 ft - the top of the stratosphere- with a stem eight miles across. The cloud eventually spread to 1000 miles wide, with a stem 30 miles across. 80 million tons of soil were lifted into the air by the blast."

86. AAHM Gallery Tour - The "Special" Bomb Exhibit stanislaw ulam. stanislaw ulam, a brilliant Polish mathematician from the Universityof Wisconsin, went to Los Alamos to solve the implosion problem. http://www.airpowermuseum.org/trspcbmb.html

The "Special" Bomb Little Boy Fat Man T ermed as "special" in official documents during World War II, atomic bombs were originally developed as strategic weapons to be carried by large bombers. Many military experts believed that bombs of high explosive force could end the war quickly. One atomic bomb promised to deliver the destructive force equivalent to 2,000 B-29 Superfortresses, each with a maximum bomb load of 10,000-15,000 pounds. The atomic bomb was a completely new type of artificial explosive. All explosives developed prior to it derived their power from the rapid burning or decomposition of chemical compounds, such as gunpowder. Atomic bombs, however, involved energy sources within the nucleus of the atom. Uranium Bomb: Little Boy Explosion Trigger T he uranium bomb was relatively easy to detonate, using two pieces of uranium. One piece of uranium was a large cup-shaped piece that was just under the amount needed to achieve critical mass. The second piece of uranium was a small cylindrical slug that would fit inside the cup-shaped piece to bring the amount of uranium up to critical mass, which is the amount necessary to create a chain reaction. L ittle Boy used a standard explosion trigger, called the "gun" method. One piece of uranium was fired into a second piece at the end of a gun barrel. The firing mechanism was so simple that the scientists calculated the chances of failure were only one in ten thousand. The instant they came together, an explosion with the force of 20,000 tons of TNT would occur. Little boy was considerably less complicated in design than the plutonium Fat Man implosion weapon. So confident were the scientists in Little Boy, that it was not tested prior to its actual use on Hiroshima.

87. Mathematical Quotations -- U Back to MQS Home Page Back to T Quotations Forward to V Quotations.ulam, stanislaw. In many cases, mathematics is an escape from reality. http://math.furman.edu/~mwoodard/ascquotu.html

Mathematical Quotations U Back to MQS Home Page Back to "T" Quotations Forward to "V" Quotations Ulam, Stanislaw In many cases, mathematics is an escape from reality. The mathematician finds his own monastic niche and happiness in pursuits that are disconnected from external affairs. Some practice it as if using a drug. Chess sometimes plays a similar role. In their unhappiness over the events of this world, some immerse themselves in a kind of self-sufficiency in mathematics. (Some have engaged in it for this reason alone.) Adventures of a Mathematician , Scribner's, New York, 1976. Back to MQS Home Page Back to "T" Quotations Forward to "V" Quotations

88. Browse A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All. AuthorUlam, stanislaw, Title, 1 Title. Type, Date. Science, computers,and http://www.reviews.com/Browse/Browse_author2.cfm?author_id=1762255

89. Biography-center - Letter U Uhlenbeck, Karen www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/uhlenbk.htm; ulam, StanislawM. www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX74.html; http://www.biography-center.com/u.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish U 44 biographies Ubayy ibn Kab, www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.UBAYY_IBN_KAB.html Uccello, Paolo www.abcgallery.com/U/uccello/uccellobio.html Uccello, Paolo euro-art-gallery.net/history/uccello.htm Ucello, Paolo www.kfki.hu/~arthp/bio/u/uccello/biograph.html Uchatius, Franz von www.acmi.net.au/AIC/VON_UCHATIUS_BIO.html Uden, Lucas van www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a471-1.html Uhlenaut, Rudolf www.grandprix.com/gpe/cref-uhlrud.html Uhlenbeck, George www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Uhlenbeck.html Uhlenbeck, Karen www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Uhlenbeck_Karen.html Uhlenbeck, Karen www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/uhlenbk.htm Ulam, Stanislaw M. www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX74.html Ulam, Stanislaw

90. AAS Database - Full View Of Document Title, Analogies between analogies the mathematical reports of SM ulam and hisLos Alamos collaborators / by SM ulam, edited by AR Bednarek and Francoise ulam. http://valeph.tau.ac.il/ALEPH/ENG/ATA/AAS/AAS/FULL/1200859

AAS database - Full view of document to mail the record to your e-mail account. System No Author Ulam, Stanislaw M.; Bednarek, A. R.; Ulam, Francoise; Title Analogies between analogies : the mathematical reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos collaborators / by S.M. Ulam, edited by A.R. Bednarek and Francoise Ulam Imprint Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 1990 Pages xvii, 565 p. Subject Ulam, Stanislaw M. A; Stochastic processes; Nonlinear theories; Mathematical physics; Series Los Alamos series in basic and applied sciences ; 10 Holdings For librarians use only!!

91. Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports Of S.M. Ulam And His Los A Search this Book Buy This Book. Analogies Between Analogies The MathematicalReports of SM ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators SM ulam. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9g50091s/

Search this Book: Analogies Between Analogies The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators S.M. Ulam Suggested citation: Ulam, S. M.  Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators.  Berkeley : University of California Press, 1990. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9g50091s/ Contents Foreword Preface 1—  Theory of Multiplicative Processes:  With David Hawkins (LA-171, November 14, 1944) 2—  Statistical Methods in Neutron Diffusion:  With J. von Neumann and R. D. Richtmyer (LAMS-551, April 9, 1947) ... See the XML upon which this page is based. University of California Press eScholarship Editions are published by eScholarship , the California Digital Library © 2003 The Regents of the University of California

92. The Mysterious Ulam Spiral Phenomenon path. This was accidentally discovered by nuclear physicist StanislawUlam while he was passing the time during a boring lecture. http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/ulam.htm

The Ulam spiral phenomenon There is currently no explanation for the distinct diagonal lines which appear when the primes are marked out along a particular 'square spiral' path. This was accidentally discovered by nuclear physicist Stanislaw Ulam while he was passing the time during a boring lecture. Prime Number Spiral : P. Meyer's software for exploring the Ulam spiral phenomenon in the distibution of primes. Dario Alpern's Ulam's Spiral page, with simple viewing applet. J.-F. Collona's generalised Ulam spiral graphics A. Leatherland's Ulam spiral page R. Sacks' NumberSpiral page with an interesting graphical variation on the theme Michel Charpentier's Ulam spiral page Le village premier - Ulam spiral plotting applet Wolfgang Schildbach's Patterns in prime numbers? Bryan Clair's Spirals of Primes Harvey Heinz's Ulam's Prime Sprial notes Birger Nielsen's Ulam's primtalsspiral (in Danish) C. Lane's Prime Spiral Applet A. Uittenbogaard's thoughts on the Ulam phenomenon Stein, Ulam and Wells, "A visual display of some properties of the distribution of primes", American Mathematics Monthly A.K. Dewdney, "How to pan for primes in numerical gravel"

93. Ulam Quarterly The refereed journal, established in January 1992 as a memorial to StanislawUlam, is available online in either AMSTEX or Postscript form. http://gort.ucsd.edu/newjour/u/msg01638.html

NewJour Home NewJour: U Search [Prev] ... [Next] Ulam Quarterly Apparently-To : newjour-outgoing@ccat.sas.upenn.edu Sender : owner-newjour@ccat.sas.upenn.edu http://www.ulam.usm.edu ftp://ftp.math.ufl.edu/pub/ulam/ NewJour Home NewJour: U ... [Next]

94. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic?eu=76082&type=13

95. BIBCYT Autor: Alejandría BE 4.7.1.7r Translate this page Autor Kac, Mark, (Comienzo). 2 registros cumplieron la condición especificadaen la base de información BIBCYT. Registro 1 de 2, Base de información BIBCYT. http://bibcyt.ucla.edu.ve/cgi-win/be_alex.exe?Autor=Kac, Mark&Nombrebd=BIBCYT

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