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         Whitney Hassler:     more books (15)

21. Old Papers © March-01-2000 BF.
84 (1933) 92111 Schouten.tgz, 2M, Wed 21 Aug 2002 1426. Schouten.zip, 1M,Wed 21 Aug 2002 1426. whitney, hassler Sphere-Spaces Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
http://kaluza.physik.uni-konstanz.de/~fauser/P_old_papers.shtml
Site of Extensions : Old Papers
3/3/99 BF. Start Page
Cookeville 2002

Conf. Registration

Pre-Registered Persons
... Konstanz, Lake Mail to BF. Debug This page presents scaned versions of some papers which are of historic interest to reasearchers working in geometric algebra. You can download and print out these works. However, be aware that the files are extraordinary large! There are ps-files included in tgz-archives or tiff pictures in zip-archives available. If you have scaned versions of importand historic papers, you are welcome to send them as email (attached) to be incorporated into this list. How to unpack:
Authors in lexicographical order
Eckmann, Beno
Comentarii mathematici Helvetici, 15, 358-366, 1943
Eckmann.ps.gz
Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:27 Eckmann.tiff Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:27
Einstein, A.; Mayer, W.
Semi-Vektoren und Spinoren Sitzungsbericht der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1932) 522-550
EinsteinMayer.tgz
Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:26 EinsteinMayer.zip Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:26
Zur Theorie der Farbenmischung Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie Bd. 89 (1853) 69-84 (i.e. Annalen der Physik)

22. Benezet Centre
indicates. hassler whitney. whitney (now 1986. Reports on the articleby hassler whitney (the next item in this list). hassler whitney
http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sanjoy/benezet/
Benezet Centre
Over 70 years ago in Manchester, New Hampshire, children learnt no formal arithmetic until grade 6 (about age 11). The program's creator, Superintendent Louis Benezet, describes it like this: In the fall of 1929 I made up my mind to try the experiment of abandoning all formal instruction in arithmetic below the seventh grade and concentrating on teaching the children to read, to reason, and to recite - my new Three R's. And by reciting I did not mean giving back, verbatim, the words of the teacher or of the textbook. I meant speaking the English language. I picked out five rooms - three third grades, one combining the third and fourth grades, and one fifth grade. The paragraph above is from the first part of his classic three-part paper: L. P. Benezet, "The Teaching of Arithmetic I, II, III: The Story of an Experiment," Journal of the National Education Association
  • Volume 24(8): 241-244 (November 1935) html pdf
  • Volume 24(9): 301-303 (December 1935) html pdf
  • Volume 25(1): 7-8 (January 1936) html pdf The articles were reprinted in the Humanistic Mathematics Newsletter #6: 2-14 (May 1991).
  • 23. Old Papers © March-01-2000 BF.
    84 (1933) 92111 Schouten.tgz, 2.1M, Wed 21 Aug 2002 1426. Schouten.zip, 1.2M,Wed 21 Aug 2002 1426. whitney, hassler Sphere-Spaces Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
    http://clifford.physik.uni-konstanz.de/~fauser/P_old_papers.shtml
    Site of Extensions : Old Papers
    3/3/99 BF. Start Page
    Cookeville 2002

    Conf. Registration

    Pre-Registered Persons
    ... Konstanz, Lake Mail to BF. Debug This page presents scaned versions of some papers which are of historic interest to reasearchers working in geometric algebra. You can download and print out these works. However, be aware that the files are extraordinary large! There are ps-files included in tgz-archives or tiff pictures in zip-archives available. If you have scaned versions of importand historic papers, you are welcome to send them as email (attached) to be incorporated into this list. How to unpack:
    Authors in lexicographical order
    Eckmann, Beno
    Comentarii mathematici Helvetici, 15, 358-366, 1943
    Eckmann.ps.gz
    Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:27 Eckmann.tiff Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:27
    Einstein, A.; Mayer, W.
    Semi-Vektoren und Spinoren Sitzungsbericht der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1932) 522-550
    EinsteinMayer.tgz
    Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:26 EinsteinMayer.zip Wed 21 Aug 2002 14:26
    Zur Theorie der Farbenmischung Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie Bd. 89 (1853) 69-84 (i.e. Annalen der Physik)

    24. I7334: Allan John HECK (1 Jun 1882 - ABT 1925)
    INDEX. HOME HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5eWIN95 (Sep 26 1998)on 08/05/2001 054729 . hassler whitney. 27 Mar 1907 - .
    http://members.frys.com/~parsons/d0012/g0000098.html
    Allan John HECK
    1 Jun 1882 - ABT 1925
    • BIRTH : 1 Jun 1882, ,,CT,USA
    • DEATH : ABT 1925
    Family 1 Bessie Preston KINGSBURY
    • MARRIAGE : 15 Mar 1915, Rockville,Tolland,Connecticut
    • SEALING TO SPOUSE : 5 Nov 1988
      Temple : OK

    Allan John HECK
    INDEX HOME HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 08/05/2001 05:47:29
    Stephen Titus HOSMER
    ABT 1763 -
    • BIRTH : ABT 1763
    Family 1 Lucia PARSONS
    Stephen Titus HOSMER
    INDEX HOME HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 08/05/2001 05:47:29
    Benjamin B. (Rev.) NEWTON
    ABT 1806 -
    • BIRTH : ABT 1806, of St. Albans,,VT,USA
    Family 1 Maria SMITH
  • John W. NEWTON Benjamin B. (Rev.) NEWTON INDEX ... HOME HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 08/05/2001 05:47:29
    George A. OTIS
    ABT 1844 -
    • BIRTH : ABT 1844
    Family 1 Hannah PARSONS
  • Mary OTIS
  • Ida M. OTIS George A. OTIS ... HOME HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998) on 08/05/2001 05:47:29
    Abner PARSONS
    12 Nov 1725 - 5 Jul 1798
    • BIRTH : 12 Nov 1725, Springfield,Hampshire Co.,MA,USA
    • DEATH : 5 Jul 1798
    Father: Daniel PARSONS
    Mother: Abigail COOLEY
    Family 1 Mary ABBOT
  • Mary PARSONS
  • Nancy PARSONS
  • Abigail PARSONS ... _Thomas (Sen.) BLISS
  • 25. (Sarah WHITING - William Dwight WHITNEY )
    Goddard whitney (29 Nov 1856 14 May 1882) Elizabeth whitney (30 Mar 1822 - 23 Jun1863) Emily Henrietta whitney (29 Aug 1864 - ) hassler whitney (27 Mar
    http://members.frys.com/~parsons/index/ind0631.html
    Index of Persons
    Sarah WHITING (ABT 1592 - )
    William Joseph WHITING
    (ABT 1766 - )
    Betsey WHITMAN
    (ABT 1794 - )
    Samuel (Rev.) WHITMAN
    (ABT 1764 - )
    WHITMER
    (ABT 1876 - )
    Edith Lola WHITMORE
    (5 May 1916 - 31 Jul 1923)
    Irving WHITMORE
    (ABT 1889 - )
    Caroline WHITNEY
    (25 Jun 1901 - )
    Edward Baldwin WHITNEY
    (16 Aug 1857 - 5 Jan 1911)
    Edward Payton WHITNEY
    (22 May 1833 - ABT 1857)
    Eleanor Goddard WHITNEY
    (29 Nov 1856 - 14 May 1882) Elizabeth WHITNEY (30 Mar 1822 - 23 Jun 1863) Emily Henrietta WHITNEY (29 Aug 1864 - ) Hassler WHITNEY (27 Mar 1907 - ) Hezekiah WHITNEY (26 Jan 1778 - ) Joseph Dwight (LLD) WHITNEY (Jr.) (23 Nov 1819 - 19 Aug 1896) Josiah Dwight WHITNEY (Sr.) (ABT 1799 - ) Margaret WHITNEY (12 Mar 1829 - 23 Jun 1836) Margaret Dwight WHITNEY (19 Nov 1866 - ) Maria WHITNEY (12 Nov 1830 - 10 Jan 1910) Marion Parker WHITNEY (6 Feb 1861 - ) Roger Sherman WHITNEY (6 Jan 1863 - 17 Jan 1874) Roger Sherman WHITNEY (19 Jun 1905 - ) Sarah Birdseye WHITNEY (11 Feb 1824 - 9 Jul 1864) Simon Newcomb WHITNEY (5 Apr 1903 - ) Sylvia WHITNEY (ABT 1897 - ABT 1897) William Dwight WHITNEY (26 Aug 1899 - ) UP (Chester WARNER - Margaret WILLISTON ) BACK (Jane WHITE - Sarah WHITING ) NEXT (William Dwight (A) WHITNEY - Jacob WICKER ) SURNAMES HOME HTML created by GED2HTML v3.5e-WIN95 (Sep 26 1998)

    26. Combinatorial Approximation To The Divergence Of One-Forms On Surfaces
    Math. 28 (1978), 233305. whitney, hassler, Geometric Integration Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1957. History of this page.
    http://www.ster.be/lieven/pub/pub4.html
    Combinatorial Approximation to the Divergence of One-Forms on Surfaces
    Author
    Lieven Smits
    Bibliographical Reference
    Israel Journal of Mathematics , volume 75 (1991), pages 257-271.
    Abstract
    We consider the approximation of a differential operator on forms by combinatorial objects via the correspondences of Whitney and de Rham. We prove that the Hilbert space dual of the combinatorial coboundary is an L approximation to the codifferential of one-forms on a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold.
    Availability
    The author has some reprints left. If your library does not have this particular journal issue, ask for a reprint by emailing him your postal address. Remove "unwanted" from the address below. lieven@sterunwanted.be
    References
  • Albeverio, Sergio and Zegarlinski, Boguslaw , Construction of Convergent Simplicial Approximations of Quantum Fields on Riemannian Manifolds, University of Bochum preprint SFB 237, 1989. Cheeger, J., Analytic Torsion and Reidemeister Torsion, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Schrader, Robert , On the Curvature of Piecewise Flat Spaces, Comm. Math. Phys.
  • 27. Whitney Numbers
    numbers to refer to the sizes of each of the ranklevels of a geometric latticeL, in honor of the combinatorialist and topologist hassler whitney, who more
    http://math.ucsd.edu/~jcooper/graph.html
    I recently wrote a short C program to calculate the Whitney numbers of a graphical matroid very quickly. Below is the source, the executable (for a Win98 DOS console), and some sample graphs. To run, simply double-click the executable, and give it the name of a graph file in the same directory as the executable when it asks for the filename. Sorry about the lack of annotation and the somewhat sloppy coding: it was written in haste. Feel free to clean it up and/or improve on my algorithms. Graph files are text files containing the adjacency matrix of a graph. Click here to download everything zipped up together (19K).
    Let me know if you see something interesting or make any significant improvements. So, what are Whitney numbers? The late Gian-Carlo Rota coined the term "Whitney numbers" to refer to the sizes of each of the rank-levels of a geometric lattice L , in honor of the combinatorialist and topologist Hassler Whitney, who more or less discovered/invented matroids. That is, the n th Whitney number is the number of flats in L with rank n . Don't know what a matroid or a geometric lattice is? No sweat, I'll describe the concept for graphs, and you can go read more if you think it's interesting.

    28. Academic Ancestors
    JosephLouis Lagrange Simeon Denis Poisson Michel Chasles HA (Hubert Anson) NewtonEliakim Hastings Moore George David Birkhoff hassler whitney Herbert Robbins
    http://math.ucsd.edu/~fan/ances.html
    Academic Ancestors
    Johann Bernoulli
    Leonhard Euler

    Pierre-Simon Laplace

    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    ...
    Michel Chasles

    H. A. (Hubert Anson) Newton
    Eliakim Hastings Moore

    George David Birkhoff

    Hassler Whitney

    Herbert Robbins
    ...
    The Mathematics Genealogy Project

    29. Mat530 Texts
    hassler whitney, Annals of Math. 37 (1936) 668672 Thanks to Larry Cruvant for thisreference. hassler whitney, Geometric Integration Theory, Princeton Univ.
    http://www.math.sunysb.edu/~tony/archive/top/refs.html
    MAT 530 (Fall 1995) Topology/Geometry I
    Text and References
    Text
    John G. Hocking and Gail S. Young, Topology , Dover Publications, Inc., New York 1988. (This work was first published, by Addison-Wesley, in 1961)
    This is an excellent book that gives the motivation for topological concepts along with rigorous definitions, and does a good job of communicating why topologists love topology. Some of the terminology is somewhat archaic. The concept of category appears only implicitly in the first section. The authors use transformation where today one more commonly hears map or mapping , and separated for our disconnected (beware a possible confusion with the French usage of to mean Hausdorff References Nicolas Bourbaki, General Topology John Kelly, General Topology , Van Nostrand, Princeton NJ 1955.
    Includes all you ever wanted to know about the Axiom of Choice and more. This book is a model of elegant exposition; you know you're in the hands of a master. James Munkres, Topology, a First Course , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ 1975 Leopoldo Nachbin

    30. The Princeton Mathematics Community In The 1930s (PMC43)
    hassler whitney. (with ALBERT TUCKER). We are here at the Institute for AdvancedStudy in Princeton in hassler whitney's office on 10 April 1984.
    http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/mathoral/pmc43
    The Princeton Mathematics Community in the 1930s
    Transcript Number 43 (PMC43)
    HASSLER WHITNEY
    (with ALBERT TUCKER) We are here at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in Hassler Whitney's office on 10 April 1984. The interviewers are Albert Tucker from Princeton University and William Aspray from the Charles Babbage Institute. Tucker: Well, I guess you must have some recollections of the year that you were at Fine Hall as a National Research Council Fellow. That was '31-'32, wasn't it? Whitney: I have a very strong feeling about that year. It was a very wonderful year. It may not be quite so easy for me to find the details. I remember one item during the autumn: I think there were seven separate seminars in topology going on at the same time at one point. Tucker: Was it [James W.] Alexander that supposedly was your supervisor or [Solomon] Lefschetz or [Oswald] Veblen? Whitney: It was essentially Alexander. I don't remember if there was a formal requirement that I have a supervisor, but he served as one most of the time. Tucker: Whitney: I may have seen a lot more of Lefschetz than of Alexander, but I know that Alexander was the one I was most connected with, theoretically and preferably in a sense. After all he was a mountain climber, so how could I help it.

    31. The Princeton Mathematics Community In The 1930s (PMC25)
    Montgomery No, I didn't. I knew Morse then, and I knew hasslerwhitney then. I didn't have much to do with either one. I went
    http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/mathoral/pmc25
    The Princeton Mathematics Community in the 1930s
    Transcript Number 25 (PMC25)
    © The Trustees of Princeton University, 1985
    DEANE MONTGOMERY
    (with ALBERT TUCKER) This is an interview of Deane Montgomery at the Institute for Advanced Study on 13 March 1985. The interviewers are Albert Tucker and Frederik Nebeker Tucker: Perhaps I might start things out by asking you about your first coming to Princeton, which I think was in 1933-34. Montgomery: Tucker: Oh yes, 1933-34 you were at Harvard. You had taken your Ph.D. at Iowa with E.W. Chittenden in 1933, then National Research Council Fellow at Harvard, and then the following year at Princeton. Montgomery: Yes, so I came here in September 1934, and I found the atmosphere extremely pleasant. The Institute had started the year before, and all the mathematics of the Institute was combined with that of the University in Fine Hall. It was a little crowded [laughter], but I found the whole thing an extremely pleasant experience and I've been sentimental about it ever since. Nebeker: Now you were a National Research Council Fellow at Harvard. How is that you came to Princeton after that year?

    32. AAS Database - Browse - List
    2, Whitmore, GA. 1, whitney, D. Ransome. 1, whitney, Daniel E. 1, whitney, hassler.1, whitney, JM. 4, whitney, James M. 1, whitney, RR. 1, Whitt, Ward. 1, Whittaker,C.
    http://valeph.tau.ac.il/ALEPH/ENG/ATA/AAS/AAS/SCAN-R/2002373
    AAS database - Browse - AUTHOR list - ALL DOCUMENTS
    The numbers in the list below indicate the number of documents listed under a term.
    To display the documents, click on an eye . To move up or down the list, click on the arrow. Whitmore, Dennis A. Whitmore, G. A. Whitney, D. Ransome Whitney, Daniel E. Whitney, Hassler Whitney, J. M. Whitney, James M. Whitney, R. R. Whitt, Ward Whittaker, C. Whittaker, Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Joe

    33. Royal Statistical Society Centre For Statistical Education
    whitney, hassler, Elementary Mathematics Activities, Part A, Institute for AdvancedStudy, 1974, . Whittle, Peter, Probability, John Wiley Sons, 1970, 0 471 016578.
    http://science.ntu.ac.uk/rsscse/library_database/text_books6.htm
    Royal Statistical Society
    Centre for Statistical Education
    Library Database
    Text Books Home Activities
    Current

    Previous
    Resources
    Library
    ... R-S T-Z Author(s) Title Publisher Date ISBN Tanur, Judith M; Mosteller, Frederick; Kruskal, William H; Link, Richard F; Pieters, Reichard S; Rising, Gerald R; Lehmann, E L Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown Holden-Day Taylor, D C; Atkinson, I S Essential Mathematics for 'A' Level Nelson Teaching Statistics Trust Teaching Statistics at its Best Teaching Statistics Trust Thomas, R Notes and Problems in Statistics Stanley Thornes Publishers Thorp, Edward O Elementary Probability Card No 66-16130 Thyne, James M Patterns of error in the addition number fact University of London Press Toeplitz, Otto The Calculus, a Genetic Approach University of Chicago Press Card No 63-9731 Townsend, Neal R; Wheatley, Grayson H

    34. CAG Schedule Of Talks Spring 2003
    Extensions of the Critical Theorem Thomas Britz Jan. 24, EOW 430, 330. Historicalreviews of matroid theory often begin with hassler whitney's 1935 article.
    http://www.csr.uvic.ca/~wendym/cag/cag_talks.html
    COMBINATORIAL ALGORITHMS GROUP
    Schedule of Talks: Spring 2003
    If you would like to give a talk in our seminar series, please contact Wendy Myrvold wendym@csr.uvic.ca
    Schedule for Friday Talks:
    Date Place Time Speaker Abbreviated Title Jan. 17 EOW 430 Stefan Pantazi The Simple Perceptrons: have we seen the last of it? Jan. 24 EOW 430 Thomas Britz Extensions of the Critical Theorem Jan. 31 EOW 430 Romeo Rizzi Permutation routing in POPS networks Feb. 21 EOW 430 Wendy Myrvold Hunting for Torus Obstructions Mar. 13 EOW 430 Mohammad Salavatipour Maximum Capacity Broadcast Mar. 14 EOW 430 Michael Molloy Random constraint satisfaction problems Mar. 17 Cornett A 121 Peter Winkler Optimality and Greed in Dynamic Allocation Mar. 21 EOW 430 No CAG. Mar. 28 EOW 430 No CAG. Apr. 4 EOW 430 Valerie King Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction and a Colouring Problem Apr. 11 EOW 230 Timothy Walsh Apr. 18 No CAG: Good Friday Apr. 25 EOW 430 Gord Brown
    Upcoming Talks:
    Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction and a Colouring Problem
    Valerie King
    Friday April 4, EOW 430, 3:30
    A phylogenetic tree is an unrooted tree with weighted edges whose leaves are labeled by distinct species. The distance between a pair of species is the sum of the weights on the path between the species. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction problem is to reconstruct this tree given only an oracle which outputs the distance between a given pair of species. We start the talk by proving a tight lower bound for evolutionary trees of degree k.

    35. Mahajan
    hassler whitney’s ideas for humanistic mathematics education. SanjoyMahajan, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Abstract Late
    http://www.ihpst.uwinnipeg.ca/Abstracts/Mahajan.htm
    Hassler Whitney s ideas for humanistic mathematics education Sanjoy Mahajan, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Abstract: Late in his career (why is it always so?), the great topologist Hassler Whitney became fascinated by mathematics education. He discovered the classic and mostly forgotten papers of Louis Benezet (1935, 1936), worked with schoolteachers and mathematics educators, and produced a huge number of papers, almost all unpublished. They are a treasure of teaching ideas in the democratic and humane tradition of Dewey and Benezet. Simply because it is an enjoyable story, I will discuss how I found the papers; and then discuss some of the ideas and their historical origins. Perhaps we can rid teaching of its current locust infestation: testing, testing, and more testing.

    36. Learning Math By Thinking
    Dr. hassler whitney, a distinguished mathematician at the Institute for AdvancedStudy in Princeton, says that for several decades mathematics teaching has
    http://hackensackhigh.org/math.html
    Learning Math by Thinking
    by FRED. M. HECHINGER From The New York Times for Tuesday, June 10, 1986 School reformers, business executives and politicians are demanding more mathematics for American children. Schools are responding, at least in terms of the hours given to math. Not all mathematicians are cheering. They worry that pressures for more hours of mathematics may hurt rahter than help, unless mathematics is taught differently. Dr. Hassler Whitney, a distinguished mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, says that for several decades mathematics teaching has largely failed. He predicts that the current round of tougher standards and longer hours threatens to "throw great numbers, already with great math anxiety, into severe crisis." Dr. Whitney has spent many years in classrooms, both teaching mathematics and observing how it is taught, and he calls for an end to what he considers wrongheaded ways. Long before school, he says, very young children "learn in manifold ways, at a rate that will never be equalled in later life, and with no formal teaching." For example, they learn to speak and communicate, and to deal with their environment. Yes the same children find much simpler things far more difficult as soon as they are formally taught in school. Learning mathematics, Dr. Whitney says, should mean "finding one's way through problems of new sorts, and taking responsibility for the results."

    37. Parapluie De Whitney
    Translate this page PARAPLUIE DE whitney whitney umbrella, whitneyscher Regenschirm hassler whitney(1907 - ) mathématicien américain. Équation cartésienne .
    http://www.mathcurve.com/surfaces/whitney/whitney.shtml
    surface suivante courbes 2D courbes 3D surfaces ... fractals PARAPLUIE DE WHITNEY
    Whitney umbrella, Whitneyscher Regenschirm
    Surface cubique
    ou Le parapluie de Whitney est un
    Oz point-pince
    surface suivante
    courbes 2D courbes 3D ... Jacques MANDONNET

    38. Catálogo De Autores
    1); Whiting, Frank M(1); Whitman, Robert V, 1928(1); whitney, FrederickLamson, 1784(1); whitney, hassler(1); whitney, William J.(1); Whittaker
    http://biblioteca.unet.edu.ve/ALEXANDR/CATALOGOS/bcunet/Cat.Aut_23.HTM
    W

    39. Hassler Family Genealogy Forum
    Alto Franklin Co. Pa. Dean whitney 11/14/99 Re John hassler , Mt. Alto FranklinCo. Pa. - Charlotte Smith 12/30/99 Re John hassler , Mt. Alto Franklin Co.
    http://genforum.genealogy.com/hassler/
    Chat Daily Search My GenForum Community Standards ... Terms of Service Jump to Forum
    Home
    Surnames : Hassler Family Genealogy Forum This forum serves all obvious variations Hassler Family Genealogy Forum Search this forum:

    Find all of the words Find any of the words 233 Messages Posted
    Jump to #

    40. Matroids: The Value Of Abstraction
    4. The development of a theory of matroids The person generally creditedwith beginning the theory of matroids was hassler whitney (19071989).
    http://www.ams.org/new-in-math/cover/matroids4.html
    Matroids: The Value of Abstraction
    Feature Column Archive
    4. The development of a theory of matroids
    The person generally credited with beginning the theory of matroids was Hassler Whitney (1907-1989). Whitney was a towering figure in American mathematics, having made major contributions to the theory of graphs and to topology. A whole host of mathematical objects are named after him, including several different Whitney numbers
    Quick to develop the idea and related areas were Saunders Mac Lane (1909-) and Garrett Birkhoff (1911-1996), whose names are also linked for being the authors of an influential book on modern algebra for undergraduates.
    Mac Lane showed connections between matroids and classical results in geometry. Specifically, he showed connections between matroids and the sets of points which lie on the lines of configurations such as the Desargues configuration and Pappus configuration in classical projective geometry (a geometry where no lines are parallel to each other). Because there are so many interesting examples of matroids, the theorems about general matroid structures have often been independently proved about these individual structures. This type of independent discovery has sometimes led to the questionable conclusion of independent rediscovery, which in no way is to take away from the impressive accomplishments of these individuals. Take for example, the case of Richard Rado (1906-1989).
    The German born British mathematician Richard Rado did his work related to matroids in the context of transversals or systems of representatives for sets (defined in the next section). Rado wrote two doctoral theses in mathematics, the first in Germany (under I.

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