61. Statistics Glossary - Hypothesis Testing hypothesis Testing. Contents. hypothesis Test Null hypothesis. Alternative hypothesis.Simple hypothesis. Composite hypothesis. Type I Error. Type II Error. http://www.cas.lancs.ac.uk/glossary_v1.1/hyptest.html

Hypothesis Testing Contents Hypothesis Test Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Simple Hypothesis ... Back to Main Contents Hypothesis Test Setting up and testing hypotheses is an essential part of statistical inference. In order to formulate such a test, usually some theory has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument, but has not been proved, for example, claiming that a new drug is better than the current drug for treatment of the same symptoms. , against the alternative hypothesis, denoted H . These two competing claims / hypotheses are not however treated on an equal basis, special consideration is given to the null hypothesis. We have two common situations: 1. The experiment has been carried out in an attempt to disprove or reject a particular hypothesis, the null hypothesis, thus we give that one priority so it cannot be rejected unless the evidence against it is sufficiently strong. For example, H : there is no difference in taste between coke and diet coke against H : there is a difference.

62. Gaiaweb Discussion of the developmental history of the Gaia hypothesis. http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~iss023/gaiaweb/

Welcome to Gaiaweb! Few ideas have ignited more contentious debate within the modern scientific community than James E. lovelock's Gaia hypothesis - the proposal that the Earth can be viewed as a super organism In the three decades since Gaia was first postulated, the reactions that the idea evoked from mainstream scientists have ranged from polemical opposition, to interested skepticism, to acclaim as a new scientific model. Because of criticism, Gaia has metamorphosed into a candidate theory that all scientists will accept, even changing its name to "Global Geophysiology". But Gaia has somehow found its way into popular culture, where she has become an icon, embraced by both environmentalists and anti-environmentalists alike, religious cults as well as the woman's spiritual movement. These pages are dedicated to the ever changing Gaian theories that we have today, and are intended to encourage debate as well as introduce new ecologists into the remarkable world of early Lovelock. Steve Smith BSc, University of Wales. [1996]

63. An Evolutionary Hypothesis For Eating Disorders Abed, Riadh T (1998) The sexual competition hypothesis for eating disorders. British Journal of Medical Psychology 71(4)525547. http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/08/00/cog00000800-00/eatdis~1

The Sexual Competition Hypothesis For Eating Disorders Riadh T. Abed, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych. Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, Rotherham District General Hospital, Moorgate Road, Rotherham S60 2UD, United Kingdom, and Honorary Clinical Lecturer, University of Sheffield. Fax: 114 2507651; E-mail: abed@globalnet.co.uk Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Dr. R.L. Palmer and Dr. K. de Pauw for reading and commenting on earlier versions of this paper. I also wish to thank Professor P. Gilbert Associate Editor and the two anonymous referees for their critical review of the paper and for offering valuable advice. The Sexual Competition Hypothesis For Eating Disorders Evolutionary science has made few inroads into psychiatry despite the fact that over 130 years have passed since Darwin’s Origin The hypothesis on eating disorders presented here is derived from the evolutionary theory of human sexuality. The present hypothesis is based upon the assumption that, besides shaping anatomical systems, selection also designs psychological and behavioural adaptations that are just as important for the organisms survival and reproductive success (Lorenz, 1937; Dawkins,1982). Hypothesis: The present hypothesis is based upon the following assumptions: 1. In the ancestral environment, the female shape was a generally reliable indicator of the female’s reproductive history and hence her future reproductive potential.

64. What Is The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? A 1983 paper by Paul Kay and Willett Kempton, available in GIF and PostScript formats. Supports a Category Science Social Sciences Sapir-Whorf hypothesis......What is the SapirWhorf hypothesis? Paul Kay and Willett Kempton COGSCI-83-08April 1983 Experimental evidence from the domain of http://cs-tr.cs.berkeley.edu/TR/UCB:COGSCI-83-08

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Paul Kay and Willett Kempton COGSCI-83-08 April 1983 Experimental evidence from the domain of color perception is presented for a version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that is considerably weaker than the version usually proposed. How to view this document Display an overview of the document in one of the following formats. Overview of thumbnail pages Display a selected page in one of the following formats (document has 27 pages). inline gif image Display the whole document in one of the following formats. PostScript 114436 bytes. Print or download all or selected pages. Search NCSTRL This server operates at UC Berkeley SUNSITE . Send email to tech-rpt@library.berkeley.edu

65. Riemann's Hypothesis A beginners guide by Jon Perry.Category Science Math Number Theory Analytic Riemann hypothesis......Riemann's hypothesis. Riemann's hypothesis. Euler's zeta function This new zetafunction has zeroes, and these form the basis for the Riemann hypothesis. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~perry/maths/riemannshypothesis/riemannshypothe

Riemann's Hypothesis [Home] [Other Maths] [Riemann's Hypothesis Part 2] Riemann's Hypothesis Euler's zeta function Euler's zeta function, which forms the basis for Riemann's Hypothesis, is the sum of the integers from 1 to infinity raised to a complex power. It is written: This converges for complex s such that the real part of s is greater than 1, but for s <=1 it diverges, and is not considered to be valid on this region. Riemann's zeta function Riemann had the idea to extend this function into the whole complex plane, which he managed to do, except for a simple pole at s=1. He achieved this through a process called analytic continuation. Analytic continuation is whereby an alternative function is used that behaves exactly as the original function in the domain of the original function, and continues the function outside of the original domain. This is a the idea in defining i =-1. The previous definition of square root did not allow for square root of negative numbers, and i is the analytic continuation of the square root function. With analytic continuation, we can have different expressions for the zeta function, but they all behave the same. This is similar to writing either sigma(1/n

66. UFO Skeptic Suggests that aliens might be preparing mankind for the eventuality of meeting species from other worlds. http://www.ufoskeptic.org/contact.html

ufoskeptic.org Fermi's Paradox and the Preparation for Contact Hypothesis The famous physicist, Enrico Fermi, was referring to such an argument when he asked: "Where are they?" Since he was a prominent (and very smart) scientist, his simple question has been given a duly profound name: Fermi's paradox. The paradox is resolved, of course, if the answer is: "Well, they are already here!" (and possibly have been for a very long time and perhaps have even been involved in the rather sudden emergence of homo sapiens sapiens, but that may be over the top, so ignore that last conjecture if it is too much, though I seem to recall that even Sagan considered that possibility at some point). Their being here but surreptitiously would answer Fermi and at the same time address a second common objection to the UFO phenomenon by scientists: that the observations indicate such utterly nonsensical, bizarre behaviour that it just could not possibly be real. Intelligent visitors just would not pull such disreputable antics as have been reported. It is tempting to argue, as some do, that since the visitors are not behaving like proper alien explorers, there are no visitors in the first place. (For some reason this logic brings to mind Galileo attempting to get the Cardinals to look through his telescope.) To counter this argument, I would like to suggest one possible rationale that might, in principle at least (no real world guarantees), account for the widespread, disjoint kind of behavior that the UFO phenomenon has manifested over 50 years. The reason for proposing this "preparation for contact hypothesis" (which is certainly no original idea of mine) is simply to facilitate a "suspension of disbelief" so that the UFO evidence can be confronted on its own terms without the mental roadblock that the phenomenon violates all common sense, or more precisely the common sense of modern western society, and that of the scientific community in particular, and hence cannot be real.

67. Logic Of Hypothesis Testing Chapter 9 Logic of hypothesis Testing. Other Sites. Contents. Instructional DemosTests of proportions by Charles Stanton Text hypothesis testing by Gene Glass. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lane/hyperstat/logic_hypothesis.html

Chapter 9: Logic of Hypothesis Testing Other Sites Contents Instructional Demos Tests of proportions by Charles Stanton Text Hypothesis testing by Gene Glass Hypothesis testing: Does chance explain the results? by P. B. Stark Hypothesis testing part 1 Hypothesis testing part 2 by Keith Dear Testing statistical hypotheses by H. J. Newton, J. H. Carroll, N. Wang, and D. Whiting Hypothesis testing by David Stockburger Interpreting p values by TexaSoft Main Contents Search Glossary Ruling out chance as an explanation ... Following a nonsignificant finding

68. Index Of /endocrine/ Describes the coordination of U.S. federal government efforts to examine the hypothesis that there are chemicals present in the environment of humans and wildlife that, by virtue of their ability to interact with endocrine systems, are causing a variety of adverse health effects. http://www.epa.gov/endocrine/

Index of /endocrine/ Name Last modified Size Description Parent Directory Pubs/ 21-Feb-2003 14:49 8K bosc/ 21-Feb-2003 15:40 8K endocrine/ 21-Feb-2003 15:50 8K

69. Null Hypothesis (1 Of 4) Null hypothesis (1 of 4). The null hypothesis is an hypothesis abouta population parameter. The purpose of hypothesis testing is http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lane/hyperstat/A29337.html

var address = document.location.href var i = address.indexOf("hyperstat"); var newAddress = "http://davidmlane.com/" +address.substring(i,500); document.write(" You are using an old version of HyperStat. Click here for latest version.") Null hypothesis (1 of 4) The null hypothesis is an hypothesis about a population parameter. The purpose of hypothesis testing is to test the viability of the null hypothesis in the light of experimental data. Depending on the data, the null hypothesis either will or will not be rejected as a viable possibility. and the null hypothesis is that the parameter equals zero. The null hypothesis is often the reverse of what the experimenter actually believes; it is put forward to allow the data to contradict it. In the experiment on the effect of alcohol, the experimenter probably expects alcohol to have a harmful effect. If the experimental data show a sufficiently large effect of alcohol, then the null hypothesis that alcohol has no effect can be rejected. HyperStat Online

70. The Case Against Q Web Site (Automatic Forward) Mark Goodacre argues against the Two Source hypothesis in favor the Farrer hypothesis, according to which Luke obtained the Q material from the Gospel of Matthew. http://www.bham.ac.uk/theology/q/

The Case Against Q The Case Against Q

71. Hypothesis Testing E. hypothesis Testing. Contents. http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/

Virtual Laboratories A B C ... D [E] E. Hypothesis Testing Contents Introduction Tests of the Mean in the Normal Model Tests of the Variance in the Normal Model Tests in the Bernoulli Model ... Notes Applets Mean Test Experiment Proportion Test Experiment Variance Test Experiment chi-square Dice Experiment ... Quantile Applet Quote We must be careful not to confuse data with the abstractions we use to analyze them William Henry James Virtual Laboratories A B C ... D [E] Contents Applets Data Sets Biographies ... Feedback

72. The Universe Standard Model II (Field Theory) A field principally consisting of surfaces, as forms, imbedded in threedimensional space, can explain all known forces associated with mass and charge. Practical extensions of this study could yield new technologies on levitation and motors which do not require fuel. http://zyx.org

PUSH THE BLUE BUTTONS FOR LANGUAGE TRANSLATION ALPHABETICAL INDEX PREVIOUS HOME PAGE NATURAL SCIENCE PROFESSOR WEBB WELCOME TO THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE HOME PAGE, ZYX.ORG: THE UNIVERSE SPIRITUALISM / CARE GIVING COSMOLOGY PHILOSOPHY ADMINISTRATIVE

73. Conference In Honor Of D. A. Martin's 60th Birthday Held in coordination with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute workshop on The Continuum hypothesis. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; 2728 May 2001. http://www.math.berkeley.edu/~steel/martin.html

Conference in Honor of D. A. Martin's 60th Birthday May 27 - 28, 2001 The University of California, Berkeley Organizers: Stephen Jackson , University of North Texas, Denton, jackson@jove.acs.unt.edu John R. Steel , University of California, Berkeley, steel@math.berkeley.edu W. Hugh Woodin , University of California, Berkeley, woodin@math.berkeley.edu Presented under the auspices of the The University of California and in coordination with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institure workshop The Continuum Hypothesis The conference focused on topics close to Martin's work. Here is the meeting schedule, with copies of the speakers' presentations, as available. May 27, morning 8:45-9:30 : Coffee, etc. in 1015 Evans 9:30-10:30 : Theodore Slaman, University of California, Berkeley, ``High'' is definable in the partial order of the Turing degrees of the recursively enumerable sets, abstract and slides of talk 10:30-11:00 : Coffee, etc. in 1015 11:00-12:00 : Stephen Jackson, University of North Texas, A survey of the inductive analysis of L(R) assuming determinacy slides of talk 12:00-2:00 : Lunch May 27, afternoon

74. Hypothesis Testing hypothesis TESTING. DEFINITION. hypothesis tests are procedures for making rationaldecisions about the reality of effects. Rational Decisions. http://www.psychstat.smsu.edu/introbook/sbk18m.htm

75. LOTH State Of The Art Article by Murat Aydede, an extended version of his Stanford Encyclopadeia entry `The Language of Thought hypothesis' (LOTH). http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/aydede/LOTH.SEP.html

This is an incomplete and a very rough first draft, please read it accordingly. A shorter version of this is to be found in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Language of Thought Hypothesis: State of the Art MURAT AYDEDE The University of Chicago, Department of Philosophy 1010 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 EMAIL: m-aydede@uchicago.edu The Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) is an empirical thesis about thought and thinking. For their explication, it postulates a physically realized system of representations that have a combinatorial syntax (and semantics) such that operations on representations are causally sensitive only to the syntactic properties of representations. According to LOTH, thought is, roughly, the tokening of a representation that has a syntactic (constituent) structure with an appropriate semantics. Thinking thus consists in syntactic operations defined over representations. Most of the arguments for LOTH derive their strength from their ability to explain certain empirical phenomena like productivity, systematicity of thought and thinking. CONTENTS 0 Introduction [[to be completed...]]

76. Riemann A short article with some grahpical and numerical evidence in the critical strip.Category Science Math Number Theory Analytic Riemann hypothesis......The Riemann hypothesis is currently the most famous unsolved problemin mathematics. Like the Goldbach Conjecture (all positive http://www.mathpuzzle.com/riemann.html

The Riemann Hypothesis is currently the most famous unsolved problem in mathematics. Like the Goldbach Conjecture (all positive even integers greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes), it seems true, but is very hard to prove. I did some playing around with the Riemann Hypothesis, and I'm convinced it is true. My observations follow. The Zeta Function Euler showed that z p 6 , and solved all the even integers up to z (26). See the Riemann Zeta Function in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics for more information on this. It is possible for the exponent s to be Complex Number ( a + b I). A root of a function is a value x such that f x The Riemann Hypothesis : all nontrivial roots of the Zeta function are of the form (1/2 + b I). Mathematica can plot the Zeta function for complex values, so I plotted the absolute value of z b I) and z b I). z b I) for b = to 85. Note how often the function dips to zero. z b I) for b = to 85. Note how the function never dips to zero. The first few zeroes of z b I) are at b = 14.1344725, 21.022040, 25.010858, 30.424876, 32.935062, and 37.586178. Next, I tried some 3D plots, looking dead on at zero. The plot of the function looked like this:

77. 5(d). The Gaia Hypothesis Chapter from the online textbook "Fundamentals of Physical Geography."Category Science Math Abstract Organisms Gaia Education...... Spheres, and Gaia. (d) The Gaia hypothesis, In 1965, JE Lovelock publishedthe first scientific paper suggesting the Gaia hypothesis. http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/5d.html

The Universe, Earth, Natural Spheres, and Gaia (d) The Gaia Hypothesis In 1965, J.E. Lovelock published the first scientific paper suggesting the Gaia hypothesis . The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature and composition of the Earth's surface are actively controlled by life on the planet. It suggests that if changes in the gas composition, temperature or oxidation state of the Earth are caused by extraterrestial, biological, geological, or other disturbances, life responds to these changes by modifying the abiotic environment through growth and metabolism. In simplier terms, biological responses tend to regulate the state of the Earth's environment in their favor. The evidence for Gaia is as follows: If not continually replaced by biotic activities gases like methane and hydrogen would become non-existant in the atmosphere in a few decades.

78. Hypothesis Testing - Main INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS CONCEPTS, MODELS, AND APPLICATIONS. Web Edition1. David W. Stockburger Southwest Missouri State University. http://www.psychstat.smsu.edu/introbook/SBK18.htm

79. AIDS/HIV: Lies, Deception, Profits And Genocide - AZT: Poison By Prescription An opinion expressing the total failure of the HIV/AIDS hypothesis and criticism of the use of AZT. http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/aids.htm

AIDS/HIV/AZT Controversy - AZT Forced Treatment of Kids - Healing AIDS: no drugs "AIDS is a cruel deception that is maintained because so many people are making money from it. Take away this money and the entire system of mythology will collapse." Charles Thomas, PhD A growing number of scientists world-wide have publicly denounced the total failure of the HIV/AIDS hypothesis, questioned the meaning of the "AIDS test", and criticized the use of AZT which has been proven to be a toxic poison that makes the patient sicker and is actually the cause of AIDS deaths. The group includes scientists such as Kary Mullis, who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1993 for inventing the polymerase chain reaction used to test for HIV. James DeMeo, Ph.D., Director of Orgone Biophysical Research Lab, and Peter H. Duesberg, Ph.D., a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. If you are stuck in someone else's frame, click here to escape from it. Welcome to... AIDS/HIV/AZT: PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 Shirleys-WellnessCafe.com (aka: MyWellnessHouse.com)

80. The Sweet Smell Of The Immune System Manfred Milinski and Claus Wedekind find evidence for the hypothesis that perfumes are selected for self to amplify in some way body odors that reveal a person's immunogenetics . http://www.nature.com/nsu/010308/010308-10.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search The sweet smell of the immune system Your taste in scent might say something about your genes. 7 March 2001 JOHN WHITFIELD Enduring scents probably chime with our basic biology If the perfume industry hopes to concoct a universal knock-'em-dead scent, it should think again. New research suggests that a person's taste in perfume is as individual as the genetics of her or his immune system. Manfred Milinski and Claus Wedekind, of Bern University, Switzerland, have found that the way a person would like to smell reflects the make-up of their 'major histocompatability complex' (MHC) a part of the genome involved in sexual attraction and in the body's defence against disease Instead of being an attempt to mask body odour, preferred perfumes might amplify certain aspects of it, alerting compatible mates and giving a general impression of health. Milinski and Wedekind measured men and women's responses to 36 different scents, including old favourites such as myrrh, jasmine and vanilla. The 137 respondents, whose MHC genes fell into nine different groups, were asked how much they would like to use a perfume or aftershave that contained each ingredient, and also whether they would find the scent attractive on a potential mate. There was a significant correlation between a person's MHC group and the things they would like to smell of. Different genotypes, for example, had very different ideas about the merits of musk.

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