81. Hypothesis Testing Control charts, designed experiments, and acceptance sampling plansarestatistical hypothesis tests. Statistical hypothesis Tests. http://www.ganesha.org/spc/hyptest.html

LinkExchange Member Statistical Hypothesis Tests William A. Levinson, P.E., MBA American Society for Quality CQE, CRE, CQM, CQA, SSBB Society of Manufacturing Engineers CMfgE, CEI Productivity, Quality, and Lean Manufacturing Consulting wlevinso "at" ix.netcom.com, TheBoss "at" CT-Yankee.com All material (C) 1996, Intersil Corporation (formerly Harris Semiconductor) or ASQC Quality Press Much of the following material is covered in Hypothesis testing often confuses people, but it is the keystone of most statistical applications. Every acceptance sampling test, designed experiment, and control chart* is a statistical hypothesis test. Statistical tests separate significant effects from mere luck or random chance. All hypothesis tests have unavoidable, but quantifiable, risks of making the wrong conclusion. Statistical tests always involve Type I (producer's or alpha) and Type II (consumer's or beta) risks. The Type I risk is the chance of deciding that a significant effect is present when it isn't. The Type II risk is the chance of not detecting a significant effect when one exists. Null and Alternate Hypothesis Every statistical test tests the null hypothesis H against the alternate hypothesis H . Null means "nothing," and the null hypothesis is that nothing is present. The process change or treatment makes no difference, or the process is operating properly. The null hypothesis is like presumption of innocence.

82. Ad Hoc Hypothesis T. Carroll. ad hoc hypothesis. An ad hoc hypothesis is one createdto explain away facts that seem to refute one’s theory. Ad hoc http://skepdic.com/adhoc.html

Robert Todd Carroll SkepDic.com Becoming a Critical Thinker by Robert T. Carroll ad hoc hypothesis pseudoscientists . For example, ESP researchers have been known to blame the hostile thoughts of onlookers for unconsciously influencing pointer readings on sensitive instruments. The hostile vibes, they say, made it impossible for them to duplicate a positive ESP experiment. Being able to duplicate an experiment is essential to confirming its validity. Of course, if this objection is taken seriously, then no experiment on ESP can ever fail. Whatever the results, one can always say they were caused by paranormal psychic forces, either the ones being tested or others not being tested. Martin Gardner reports on this type of ad hoc hypothesizing reaching a ludicrous peak with paraphysicist Helmut Schmidt who put cockroaches in a box where they could give themselves electric shocks. One would assume that cockroaches do not like to be shocked and would give themselves shocks at a chance rate or less, if cockroaches can learn from experience. The cockroaches gave themselves more electric shocks than predicted by chance. Schmidt concluded that "because he hated cockroaches, maybe it was his pk that influenced the randomizer!" (Gardner, p. 59) Ad hoc hypotheses are common in defense of the pseudoscientific theory known as biorhythm theory Astrologers are often fond of using statistical data and analysis to impress us with the scientific nature of

83. Hypotheses An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. Actually, whenever I talk aboutan hypothesis, I am really thinking simultaneously about two hypotheses. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/hypothes.htm

Home Five Big Words Types of Questions Time in Research ... Variables [ Hypotheses ] Types of Data Unit of Analysis Two Research Fallacies An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) terms what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have hypotheses. Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory (see inductive research ). There is no formal hypothesis, and perhaps the purpose of the study is to explore some area more thoroughly in order to develop some specific hypothesis or prediction that can be tested in future research. A single study may have one or many hypotheses. Actually, whenever I talk about an hypothesis, I am really thinking simultaneously about two hypotheses. Let's say that you predict that there will be a relationship between two variables in your study. The way we would formally set up the hypothesis test is to formulate two hypothesis statements, one that describes your prediction and one that describes all the other possible outcomes with respect to the hypothesized relationship. Your prediction is that variable A and variable B will be related (you don't care whether it's a positive or negative relationship). Then the only other possible outcome would be that variable A and variable B are not related. Usually, we call the hypothesis that you support (your prediction) the

84. The Two Source Hypothesis Summary of the dominant synoptic theory by Stephen Carlson.Category Society Religion and Spirituality Q......The Two Source hypothesis. Abstract. Mark was a source for Matthew TheCase for the Two Source hypothesis. After a few false starts, the http://www.mindspring.com/~scarlson/synopt/2sh/

The Two Source Hypothesis Abstract Mark was a source for Matthew and Luke, both of whom also independently used a now lost sayings source called Q. Overview The Two Source Hypothesis ( ) has been the predominant source theory for the synoptic problem for almost a century and half. Originally conceived in Germany by Ch. H. Weisse in 1838, the came to dominate German protestant scholarship after the fall of the Tübingen school with H. J. Holtzmann's endorsement of a related variant in 1863. In the latter part of the 19th century, the Oxford School brought the to English scholarship, culminating in B. H. Streeter's 1924 treatment of the synoptic problem. Now, the commands the support of most biblical critics from all continents and denominations. The derives its name from its postulation of two main sources for the synoptic gospels: a narrative source for the triple tradition and a sayings source for the double tradition. The triple tradition comprises the subject matter jointly related by Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Generally, the triple tradition is characterized by substantial agreements in arrangement and wording among all three gospels with frequent agreements between Mark and Matthew against Luke and between Mark and Luke against Matthew, but a near absence of agreements of Matthew and Luke against Mark. The

85. Aquatic Ape Theory And Speech Origins A Hypothesis Paper by Marc J. M. Verhaegen, published in Speculations in Science and Technology. http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~mvaneech/Fil/Verhaegen_Language_SpeculationsScienceTec

Aquatic ape theory and speech origins: a hypothesis Marc J. M. Verhaegen Speculations in Science and Technology 11, 165-171 (1988) Received: March 1987 Abstract - The question of speech origins is discussed in the light of the theory that humans had semi-aquatic hominid ancestors. Diving requires a special anatomy of the airway entrances and a very refined control of breathing. The brain structures that "voluntarily" controlled the airway entrances’ closure and breathing could also be used for elaborating the older (early hominid, perhaps gibbon-like) sound production. Later, the evolution of association areas in the brain greatly enhanced human ability for attaching a particular meaning to a conventional sound combination. The aquatic ape theory (AAT) of Sir Alister Hardy (1) states that a few million years ago human ancestors spent a considerable part of their day swimming and diving in a river, lake or sea, and, at least partially, consumed aquatic food. The AAT is supported by the presence of our thick subcutaneous fat layers, by our lack of body hair and by several other features that are absent in non-human primates, but widespread among aquatic mammals (1-13). The ability to speak is a uniquely human characteristic. Innumerable attempts to explain it have been made but the question of how language emerged is not yet solved. Recently, it has been suggested that the origin of speech was facilitated by our aquatic past (5,14). All aquatic mammals "voluntarily" control their breathing. When surfaced they open the airway passage whenever they want to inhale air, and they can hyperventilate and then close the airway passage when they intend to dive. The subtle "voluntary" control of breathing and airway closure in mammals in general is a pre-adaptation for speech (15,16).

86. Homeostasis At Planetary Level Explanation of the major features of the Gaia hypothesis from the Center for Global Environmental Education. http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/questions/dp_balance/dp_bal_planet.htm

Hamline University Graduate School of Education, St. Paul, MN Explore the Principles of Ecology Balance: Homeostasis in the Biosphere Gaia Theory Earth is a movable feast, always changing. These NASA pictures by Apollo astronauts show her waxing from cresent earth to full earth. The Gaia Theory proposes that the Biosphere as a whole regulates the conditions of life toward the optimum. Go Deeper: Biosphere . The Biosphere behaves like a single living system, a superorganism named Gaia (named for Greek goddess Gaia , earth's mother). Some scientists use the term "geophysiology" interchangeably with Gaia. Gaia Theory does not suggest that earth is conscious or thinks. Feedback loops require no thought or self-awareness. Go Deeper: Feedback Loops . But the theory does argue that the atmosphere, the oceans, the land, and the life in them are closely connected systems that respond to one another as if they were all part of one body. Walter Cannon, who coined the word homeostasis, called it "the wisdom of the body." Notice again that no thought process is involved in homeostasis. If you stand on one foot for awhile, the balancing act you do works through feedback loops continually correcting the balance, but you certainly don't need to think about it. If you did, you would probably lose your balance.

87. The Existence Of Q A scholarly defense of the Two Source hypothesis according to which Matthew and Luke used Mark as well as a second nonextant source termed Q. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/q-exist.html

The Existence of Q This web page is a summary of the arguments for the existence of Q. It largely follows the essays given in The Two-Source Hypothesis: A Critical Appraisal / edited with an introduction by Arthur J. Bellinzoni, Jr., with the assistance of Joseph B. Tyson and William O. Walker, Jr , published Macon, GA by Mercer University Press 1985. Please also see my page on The Priority of Mark I also recommend Daniel Wallace's essay on The Synoptic Problem . Wallace's essay is itself a summary of the arguments given in Robert H. Stein's The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction (Grand Rapids: Baker 1987). I also recommend Stephen Carlson's summary of The Two-Source Hypothesis The Question of Q Q is the term given to the second source supposedly used by Matthew and Luke in addition to Mark. The existence of Q has been challenged by such able critics as Austin Farrer, Michael Goulder, and Mark Goodacre. The alternative model proposed to the Two-Source Hypothesis is termed the Farrer-Goulder hypothesis. In this hypothesis, both Matthew and Luke have used Mark, but Luke has also used Matthew. Although the Farrer hypothesis does have a number of points to commend it, on balance I concur with the majority of scholarship that it is more likely that Matthew and Luke used Mark and Q independently. The purpose of this essay is to set forth the reasons for this judgment, which does not attain certainty but rather a probability. The Two Source Hypothesis states that Matthew and Luke independently used Mark and a second source termed Q. Against the Farrer-Goulder hypothesis, it is maintained that it is improbable that the author of Luke consulted the Gospel of Matthew. The relative independence of Matthew and Luke is established by the convergence of several different arguments.

88. Riemann Hypothesis A short article by Krzysztof Maslanka with numerical examples and graphics.Category Science Math Number Theory Analytic Riemann hypothesis...... All real parts of the nontrivial zeros of zeta are supposed to be exactly1/2. This simple statement is the famous Riemann hypothesis. http://www.oa.uj.edu.pl/~maslanka/zeros.html

Nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function of Riemann Real and imaginary part of Zeta[1/2+I*y]. Both curves intersect precisely at the y-axis The same zeros as a "spectrum". Numerical values of the zeros computed using Mathematica Imaginary values of the first hundred of nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function of Riemann. Their number and accuracies are rather modest, especially when compared to the recent spectacular computational achievement of Andrew M. Odlyzko from Bell Labs. Nevertheless, in the literature I have never seen any tables of these larger some twenty zeros. All real parts of the non-trivial zeros of zeta are supposed to be exactly 1/2. This simple statement is the famous Riemann hypothesis. Nobody knows for certain if this is true. Many suspect that it is. However, everybody would like to know. Everybody would also agree that this is the most important unsolved mathematical problem today. There exists simple numerical fit to these points (red line; s0[i] - denotes i -th zero, hence Zeta[s0[i]]=0). Im[s0[i]] = 6,5662*(i-1)^0,76511 + 14,720

89. Hypothesis - Wikipedia Other languages Deutsch. hypothesis. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. In the scientific method , a hypothesis should be falsifiable, meaning that it can be disproven by further observation. Edit this page Discuss this page Older versions What links here ... Related changes Other languages: Deutsch Main Page About Wikipedia Recent changes It was last modified 11:40 Mar 10, 2003. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Main Page Recent changes Random page ... Bug reports

90. Continuum Hypothesis - Wikipedia Continuum hypothesis. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In mathematics, thecontinuum hypothesis is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Polski Continuum hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets Georg Cantor introduced the concept of cardinality to compare the sizes of infinite sets, and he showed that the set of integers (naively: whole numbers) is strictly smaller than the set of real numbers (naively: infinite decimals) The continuum hypothesis states that there is no set whose size is strictly between that of the integers and that of the real numbers. or mathematically speaking, noting that the cardinality for the integers is and the cardinality form the real numbers is , the continuum hypothesis says: The real numbers have also been called the continuum , hence the name.

91. Straight Dope Staff Report: Did Humans Descend From "aquatic Apes"? A Straight Dope column criticizing the aquatic ape hypothesis. http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/maquaticape.html

Home Page Message Boards News Archive ... FAQs, etc. A Staff Report by the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board Did humans descend from "aquatic apes"? 22-Jan-2002 Dear Straight Dope: A few years ago, Elaine Morgan published a book called The Aquatic Ape that publicized a theory that humans, at some time in their evolution, had partially adapted to a marine environment. This theory had first been proposed by an English marine biologist named Alister Hardy (if I remember correctly) and was held to explain a host of differences between Homo sapiens and the rest of the great apes, among them: relative hairlessness, subcutaneous body fat, bipedality (to make swimming and wading more efficient), a "diving reflex" to prevent drowning in infants, our horrendously inefficient water management system, our lack of fear of the water, the webbing some people have between their fingers and toes, and so on. The theory seemed reasonable enough to me, but every time I've heard paleontologists refer to it, they seem to be rolling their eyes the way archeologists do when you mention James Churchward to them. What do these guys know that Hardy and Morgan and I don't? John LaTorre, SDSTAFF bibliophage replies: Say AAH. That stands for the "Aquatic Ape Hypothesis." Now turn your head and cough. Just checking to make sure you were paying attention. The AAH is a fascinating, thought-provoking, and attractive idea. The only problem is that it's JPW ("Just Plain Wrong").

92. Key Hypotheses Key Hypotheses in Supporting Communities of Practice. John Sharp 11 March1997. Background Assumptions. All organizations develop informal http://www.tfriend.com/hypothesis.html

Key Hypotheses in Supporting Communities of Practice John Sharp 11 March 1997 Background Assumptions All organizations develop informal networks of relations among role participants. Communities happen! Some organizations do a better job of "fertilizing" for informal network growth. Such informal networks can help overall organizational performance, or under certain conditions thwart the intentions of organizational leaders. One common form of informal association grows up among work partners. These often are called "Communities of Practice" (CoP). Cross-functional teams often develop informal relationships that ease working together, helping to shape a view of the reality for that team, a propensity toward action in that work environment. People working in the same specialty, the same "practice," even though they are not usually on the same work team, also develop communications patterns that help spread common understandings about "how work is done," what information is relevant and important, and other factors in the work environment. Factors increasing the likelihood of informal communities Working together, taking training classes together, and otherwise being put together provide fertile grounds over time for the development of CoPs.

93. The Gaia Hypotheses Articles that critique and discuss the Gaia hypothesis. http://www.onthenet.com.au/~thinker/science/gaia1.html

The Gaia Hypotheses Dr Lovelock's "Gaia Hypothesis" has attracted much interest. The concept of the earth as a self-regulating "super-organism" is especially attractive to those who see in it a justification for "green" policies: from simple environmental preservation and waste control, all the way to "animal rights" and anti-technology green radicalism. But what exactly does it entail, and what are its true consequences? When pressed by criticism, or simply by the desire for more respectability among hide-bound reductionists, Gaians often fall back to what one might call the "Weak Gaia Hypothesis": the non-controversial ideas that living systems modify their environment, and that complex ecosystems tend to be stable. Emboldened by success with the Weak Hypothesis, proponents then proceed to the "Strong Gaia Hypothesis", as though this followed naturally. This proposes that the Earth is a super-organism, which in some mystical way regulates life and non-life for the benefit of the whole. A kind of planetary communism. The rocks, the germs, the worms, the men, all are here to live as one, in glorious equality and noble self-sacrifice. Once this is accepted, grimmer extensions sprout. Mankind means nothing to Gaia, and we better behave lest she spit us out. Or even more extreme, not only does Gaia not care about us, but in the final analysis it doesn't really matter if we and all other life on the planet are exterminated. Gaia doesn't care about such trivial details as individual species (let alone individual people!), and in time she will rise again like a phoenix from her own ashes. All that matters is Gaia herself. I call this the "Gaia-With-Real-Muscles Hypothesis".

94. The Synoptic Problem A defense of the Two Source hypothesis, according to which Matthew and Luke based their gospels on Mark and Q. http://www.bible.org/docs/soapbox/synoptic.htm

HOME LATEST ADDITIONS NET BIBLE SEARCH ... BSF STORE The Synoptic Problem by Daniel B. Wallace, Ph.D. The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction A. The Literary Interdependence of the Synoptic Gospels It is quite impossible to hold that the three synoptic gospels were completely independent from each other. In the least, they had to have shared a common oral tradition. But the vast bulk of NT scholars today would argue for much more than that. There are four crucial arguments which virtually prove literary interdependence. 1. Agreement in Wording This approach is historically naive for the following reasons. Third, even if Jesus spoke in Greek exclusively, how is it that not only his words but his deeds are recorded in verbal identity? There is a material difference between remembering the verbiage of what one heard and recording what one saw in identical verbiage. This approach is also naive regarding the role of the Spirit in inspiring the authors of the gospels. First, if identical verbiage is to be attributed to Spirit-inspiration, to what should verbal dissonance be attributed? 2. Agreement in Order

95. The Logia Translation Hypothesis Homepage The Logia Translation hypothesis Home Page. The Logia Tranlsation The LogiaTranslation hypothesis Brian E. Wilson. The Logia Translation http://homepage.ntlworld.com/brenda.wilson99/

The Logia Translation Hypothesis Home Page The Logia Tranlsation Hypothesis was first formulated by the late Brian E. Wilson (died Feb 2002) in October, 1998. CLICK HERE to download a paper presented at the 1999 SBL International Meeting in Finland (with four additional pages of hand-out appended). This paper is a MS-Word document and uses the Sgreek font from Silver Mountain Software CLICK HERE to download a paper presented at the 2001 SBL International Meeting in Rome. The Logia Translation Hypothesis - Brian E. Wilson The Logia Translation Hypothesis (the LTH) is represented in the diagram above. It affirms that many short reports in Aramaic, the Aramaic Logia, were composed by the apostle Matthew during, and soon after the ministry of Jesus. He based some reports on his own eye-witness observation, and some on the testimony of other followers of Jesus. The Aramaic Logia were translated into Greek to form the Greek Logia (or "Greek Notes"). The translator of the Aramaic Logia to some extent edited the material he translated. Each short report was written in lively Greek and was a self-contained piece of material suitable for teaching Jesus tradition to Greek-speaking Christians. Each synoptist independently selected and edited material from the Greek Logia to form his own continuous book of Jesus tradition in Greek, that is, his own gospel. The LTH therefore entails that virtually all the contents of the synoptic gospels were derived from the Greek Logia, and that the Greek Logia together formed a document that was larger than any synoptic gospel. It also entails that the apostle Matthew used the testimony of Jesus and his followers, including his mother and brothers after the resurrection (see Ac 1.13-14 and I Cor 15.5-7.), and that there was a continuous documentary transmission of Jesus tradition from the time of the ministry of Jesus through to the writing of the synoptic gospels.

96. Home A mechanical hypothesis which offers a new interpretation of motion and gravity http://home.wxs.nl/~agur0000/

This website contains three dialogues, an elucidating article, an optical article and four poems. The main body of this site - its three dialogues - presents a new mechanical theory based on the assumption that the mass as well as the center of mass of all bodies have dynamic properties. The center of mass advances in the direction of motion in direct proportion to the acceleration.of bodies. Motion, thus, can be analyzed in absolute terms, and the claim of the unique principle of relative motion is rendered dubious. From this basic assumption ensue a number of highly important conclusions, chief amongst which is a new understanding of gravitation. The physical cause underlying inertial motion and gravity transpires to be the same one, which implies a much greater economy in our understanding of the concept of motion. After the first dialogue there is a description of a suggested experiment to prove the dynamic properties of centers of mass. The latest revisions of the website were made in February 2002. Well, that's me

97. Home Search Links Guestbook Questions Email The hypothesis What do you think may be the answer to your question? Thehypothesis is the possible answer you will try to prove or disprove. http://sciencefairproject.virtualave.net/hypothesis.htm

Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! Home Search Links ... Judging Sheet Example The Steps of a Science Fair Project 1.Observation 2.Question 3.Hypothesis 4.Method ... 7.Presentation The Hypothesis: What do you think may be the answer to your question? The hypothesis is the possible answer you will try to prove or disprove Examples: Are rocks classified according to hardness, color, density? Do pillbugs prefer moist surroundings? Are people's left and right feet the same size? Does the moon always rise at the same time? Do all fluids weigh the same? How much salt will dissolve in a cup of water- and what about sugar? How do matches work? If you get this far and realize your question cannot be answered by the scientific method, return to step 2 and figure out whether any part of your question involves something which can be measured. If not, it is a question science can't answer. If yes, rephrase your question accordingly and continue. Related Links

98. Language, Thought And The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - UsingEnglish.com A discussion hosted by UsingEnglish.com about the SapirWhorf hypothesis, and whether language shapes thought or thought shapes language. http://www.usingenglish.com/speaking-out/linguistic-whorfare.html

UsingEnglish.com ESL • EFL • TESL • TEFL • TESOL • ESOL Search Index Home Article Archive Resources Glossary ... Site Map Random Quote Speaking Out Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings - $24.00 Language Diversity and Thought : A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis - $32.95 Language and Conceptualization - $26.00 Discussions: The Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis Language Cull Polls: Does Language Shape Thought? Concerning the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has been the object of a serious and, at times, nasty debate. Whorf has been accused of being a racist and of distorting his evidence to fit his theory. One American educational course began with a discussion of whether these theories were racist. Interestingly enough, this was before any discussion of what the ideas were. Linguistic relativism has been given an unfair press because some believe it is the path towards suggesting that one language is superior to another. However, it would be hard to justify this by reference to their writings. I think there has been too much concentration on elements of language such as the number of words used by the Inuit for snow. If language does control thought, it does so at a very basic level, shaping the possible structures of thought and not the individual instances. I think the Universal Grammar aspects of the question are more important here- thought is controlled by concepts such as negation, question, the order of argument leading to conclusion, justification, etc., and not by the number of ways of talking about a local weather conditions. Once language has superseded the non-linguistic thought processes of animals, then it imposes an inevitability of its own logic and, I believe, replaces anything that came before it- like overwriting an old operating system in effect.

99. AllAfrica.com -- South Africa: Dolphins May Have Been Our Ancestors Article describes an alternative hypothesis on human origins advanced by author Elaine Morgan. http://allafrica.com/stories/199901080127.html

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tomé and Principé Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Dolphins may have been our ancestors Email This Page Print This Page Visit The Publisher's Site (Johannesburg) January 8, 1999 Posted to the web January 8, 1999 Johannesburg Characteristics that distinguish us from apes may have been forced on our ancestors by the presence of water, writes Ruben= Mowszowski If the proponents of a revolutionary theory of human origins are correct, our ancestors abandoned the trees not for the savannah, but for the water - and humans share more physical traits with dolphins than with= apes. The 3,5-million-year-old Australopithecine fossil found recently in Sterkfontein and billed as our ancestor is to be the subject of an opening talk at the World Congress of Archaeology in Cape Town this week. Inevitably the question will be asked: in what kind of environment did this 1,2m-tall ancestor of ours live?

100. Niche Hypothesis THE NICHE hypothesis How Animals Taught Us To Dance and Sing. by BernieKrause. Research continues on the issues suggested by this hypothesis. http://www.wildsanctuary.com/niche.html

THE NICHE HYPOTHESIS: How Animals Taught Us To Dance and Sing. by Bernie Krause Prior to the European migration to North America, Native Americans partially experienced their aural world as a symphony of natural sound where all the creature voices performed as an integral part of an animal orchestra. With their habitats radically transformed by deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization, and with many tribes displaced by war and disease, numerous families lost their direct source of sonic natural textures in a relatively short period of time. This produced a gap between a direct association of their music to the natural world and the subsequent breach created as the wild natural became so profoundly transformed. In some isolated areas of the planet, however, this natural fragile link still exists. Older forest-dwelling humans are keenly aware of the impact of natural sound on the totality of their lives and integrate it into nearly every spiritual and non-spiritual aspect. As an artist and naturalist, I have long been intrigued by the ways in which night time hunters from non-industrial societies determine types, numbers, and condition of game and other creatures hundreds of meters distant through dark undergrowth by sound where nothing appears to the Western eye or our untrained ear to be especially distinct. It is astounding how closely their music reflects the complex rhythms, polyphonies and sonic textures of the habitats where they live and hunt. Unlike these highly sophisticated groups, we are primarily a visual culture; no longer connected spiritually or aesthetically to what the wild natural can tell us through sound. As a consequence, we've lost a certain aural acuity once central to the dynamic of our lives. This, of course has had a profound impact on our view of the natural world as abstract and distorted. For me, some insight into our ancient aural past began to unfold about 30 years ago.

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