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Traditionally the province of chemists, the problem of environmental pollution is increasingly being tackled using methodologies which have a biological basis. This 1998 volume provides a range of examples of how biotechnology can offer sensitive and ecologically relevant new ways of monitoring the presence of biohazards in our environment and, once detected, how these biohazards can be removed in an ecologically safe way through bioremediation. Additional chapters on economic, legislative and policy aspects set the topic in its social context, resulting in a broad-ranging volume of value to all those concerned with the science of ecologically effective environmental protection and management. ... Read more

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A fresh and comprehensive overview of ecotoxicology today

This book provides comprehensive single-source coverage of the entire field of ecotoxicology, from the ecological basics to the effects of chemicals on the environment and the latest test strategies.

Contributions by leading figures in ecotoxicology from around the world reflect the broad scope of current thinking and research, making this volume essential reading for informed professionals and students. Areas covered include:
* Ecosystem sensitivity, principles for analysis, and other fundamentals
* Fate, distribution, and speciation of chemicals in the environment
* Bioaccumulation and effects of chemicals
* Ecotoxicological test systems
* Concepts of ecological risk assessment

Incorporating numerous examples and case studies, this cutting-edge reference is an invaluable resource for those working in environmental toxicology, chemistry, ecology, medicine, engineering, and other related disciplines. ... Read more

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Of all the 11 million substances known, water is the most precious. The industrial revolution of the 19th century has led progressively to increasing pollution of this vital chemical during the 20th century. The protection of water resources is now one of the greatest challenges to mankind. This book reviews some of the monitoring techniques which are now available, and the hazard and risk assessments which are a necessary sequel to such monitoring. During the mid and latter part of this century fish and invertebrates have played a major role in such monitoring techiques. Analytical chemistry, often involving sophisticated and expensive equipment such as GC-MS, has been used but the data so produced are sometimes difficult to evaluate effectively. During the past decade, increasing use has been made of bacterial systems, one of which is based on the marine luminescent bacterium photobacterium phosphoreum, has grown in significance. Obviously there are deficiencies in the use of such generic techniques, but short-falls are compensated by the speed of the estimation. Many of the chapters compare, contrast and describe this technique.About half of the material in this book was taken from presentations delivered at The Royal Society of Chemistry's Toxicology Subject Group international symposium held in Leeds, England, 17 June 1992. Some chapters were also presented at International Environment '92 and '93, Wembley, England May 1992 and 1993. ... Read more

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It has become clear over the last decade that it is not possible to solve environmental problems in a simplistic fashion: the complex nature of the matter requires quantification. Environmental science and ecology have, thus, become a quantitative science because of the need for, e.g., estimations of environmental impacts, effects of pollution and evaluation of environmental data on residue levels, etc. The development of computers has made it feasible to handle such complexes as ecosystems with many interacting variables and processes. There are many handbooks available in chemistry and physics, but this is the first one for ecology and environmental sciences allowing one to carry out estimations and calculations. With over 2,100 tables, organized in seven sections, this book thus aims to fill a gap in the current literature by providing extensive tables, data and parameters needed by modellers, theoretical scientists, environmental managers, ecologists, toxicologists, and so forth. Original references are given for all data as the user may wish to critically evaluate the basis for the data. A comprehensive index has been included to facilitate the use of this handbook. ... Read more

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This book provides a guide to the use and meaning of toxicological and ecological information in the paper industry. For example, the information provided by suppliers of paper chemicals to paper mills is analysed in detail. This allows for greater understanding by users and therefore awareness of the possible implications of handling a given chemical with respect to its impact on the working environment, the final product and the environment beyond the mill. The information currently available is collected, summarised and systematised so that users bombarded with inconsistent Safety Data Sheets can make intelligent use of them or can ask sensible questions of their suppliers. Emphasis is on providing guidance on how to find a commercially realistic path between over evaluation and under evaluation of potential health and environmental risks. ... Read more

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In Ecotoxicology: A Hierarchical Treatment, 20 recognized experts from around the world identify and present the fundamental concepts of ecotoxicology at the biological level central to their own research. Superbly organized, the book proceeds sequentially by chapter from the chemical to cellular to the ecosystem level, making it easy to read, understand, and use.Specifically, each author identifies important hypotheses, paradigms, "false" paradigms, or new techniques in his or her research area. As a result, this book is a stimulating progressive treatment of ecotoxicology at all levels of organization. Each chapter draws mechanistic interpretation from the next lower level and attempts to predict effects at the next higher level. This innovative approach underscores ecotoxicology's potential for development into a new discipline and makes Ecotoxicology: A Hierarchical Treatment the definitive reference at this crucial juncture. ... Read more

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Studies were carried out on several aspects of rareearth elements (REEs), such as the theory andpractice of their applications in agriculture, theirgeochemical behaviors in natural and agriculturalecosystems, the mechanisms for the increase of cropyield using REE-fertilizer, and their toxicology.However, limited knowledge was available for thetransfer processes and the features and mechanismsof distribution and fractionation of REEs inside plants. This book covers distribution of REEs in theenvironment and living organisms, sources andapplications of REEs, factors affecting mobility andbio-availability of REEs in soils. Moreover,bio-accumulation of REEs in plants, fractionation and transfer of REEs from soil to plants and factorsaffecting on fractionation of REEs in plant werealso reviewed in the part I. Part II covers toxicology and cyto-physiology of REEs in plants, toxicology of REEs in soilmicro-organisms, the ecotoxicological effects of REEfertilizers on soils and plants. Moreover, thetoxicological effects of REE fertilizers on crops,application methods and types of REE fertilizerswere also mentioned. ... Read more

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In spite of the growing importance of Species Sensitivity Distribution models (SSDs) in ecological risk assessments, the conceptual basis, strengths, and weaknesses of using them have not been comprehensively reviewed. This book fills that need. Written by a panel of international experts, Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology reviews the current SSD methods from all angles, compiling for the first time the variety of contemporary applications of SSD-based methods.Beginning with an introduction to SSDs, the chapter authors review the issues surrounding SSDs, synthesizing the positions of advocates and critics with their own analysis of each issue. Finally, they discuss the prospects for future development, paving the way for improved future uses. In sum, this book defines the field of SSD modeling and application. It reveals a lively field, with SSD-applications extending beyond legally adopted quality criteria to other applications such as Life-Cycle Analysis.For anyone developing or revising environmental criteria or standards, this book explores the pros and cons of using the SSD approach. For anyone who needs to apply and interpret SSD-based criteria or standards, the book explains the basis for the numbers, thereby making it possible to correctly apply and defend them. For anyone performing ecological risk assessments, the book covers when and how to use SSDs including alternative assumptions, data treatments, computational methods, and available resources. Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology provides you with a clear picture of these standard models for estimating ecological risks from laboratory toxicity data. ... Read more

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Soils are receptacles for a wide range of hazardous chemicals generated by human activities. Whether or not this contamination is deliberate, accurate toxicity assessments are important for health and economic reasons. Soil Ecotoxicology discusses the sources, fate, and transport of hazardous chemicals in soils. The fate (biodegradation and modeling) and the potential impacts of pesticides on soil ecosystems are emphasized, and methodologies for performing toxicity assessments are provided. ... Read more

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This monograph contains a survey on the role of chirality in ecotoxicological processes. The focus is on environmental trace analysis. Areas such as toxicology, ecotoxicology, synthetic chemistry, biology, and physics are also covered in detail in order to explain the different properties of enantiomers in environmental samples. This monograph delivers a comprehensive survey for environmental trace analysts, analytical chemists, ecotoxicologists, food scientists and experienced lab workers. ... Read more

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This landmark book, which contains contributions from the world's foremost mammalian ecotoxicologists, is a truly impressive summary of research undertaken in this field in recent years. It is also the first book to draw such information together in a seamless and unified approach.

In examining the exposure and effects of environmental contaminants in wild mammal populations, this book addresses four core questions:

• What exactly do we know about environmental contaminants in wild mammals?
• What are the commonalities and differences between mammal orders/species in the effects that contaminants have?
• How and to what degree of accuracy can we predict the adverse effects of environmental contaminants on mammalian wildlife?
• How significant are contaminant insults compared with other density-independent and -dependent factors such as habitat loss, climatic factors and disease?

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This book provides a quantitative treatment of the science of ecotoxicology. The first chapters consider fundamental concepts and definitions essential to understanding the fate and effects of toxicants at various levels of ecological organization as covered in the remaining chapters. Scientific ecotoxicology and associated topics are defined. The historical perspective, rationale, and characteristics are outlined for the strong inferential and quantitative approach advocated in this book. The general measurement process is discussed, and methodologies for defining and controlling variance, which could otherwise exclude valid conclusions regarding ecotoxicological endeavors, are considered.Ecotoxicological concepts at increasing levels of ecological organization are discussed in the second part of the book. Quantitative methods used to measure toxicant effects are outlined in this section. The final chapter summarizes the book with a brief discussion of ecotoxicological assessment. Numerous figures and tables accompany text, with many statistical tables found in the appendix for quick reference. Although the book primarily focuses on aquatic systems, with appropriate modification the concepts and methods can be applied to terrestrial systems. ... Read more

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Slightly more than 100,000 chemicals are produced in such an amount that they are threatening to the environment. These include common chemicals such as household cleaners, detergents, cosmetics, medicines, and pesticides. The Handbook of Estimation Methods in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry presents estimation methods for determining a number of physicochemical, biological, and toxicological parameters for these chemicals. Included is WinTox software, an estimation tool that is quick and easy to use; it provides a good initial estimate that can be further refined. Through the estimation methods demonstrated in this book, the following urgent questions can be answered: ... Read more

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Selected and peer-reviewed contributions from an international workshop up-to-date descriptions of research activities on the ecotoxicology and ecophysiology of fish. Topics covered come from a broad field of physiological ecological adaptations of fish to environmental stressors. Numerous subdisciplines of immediate concern to investigators are explored. They include - ecotoxicological test methods - biochemical, genetic and cytological biomarkers - alternative in vitro bioessays with fish cells - development of larvae - ethology - endocrinology The contributions integrate field and laboratory studies thus bridging the gap between toxicologists and physiologists in the laboratory and 'pure' ecologists. ... Read more

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Webster's bibliographic and event-based timelines are comprehensive in scope, covering virtually all topics, geographic locations and people. They do so from a linguistic point of view, and in the case of this book, the focus is on "Ecotoxicology," including when used in literature (e.g. all authors that might have Ecotoxicology in their name). As such, this book represents the largest compilation of timeline events associated with Ecotoxicology when it is used in proper noun form. Webster's timelines cover bibliographic citations, patented inventions, as well as non-conventional and alternative meanings which capture ambiguities in usage. These furthermore cover all parts of speech (possessive, institutional usage, geographic usage) and contexts, including pop culture, the arts, social sciences (linguistics, history, geography, economics, sociology, political science), business, computer science, literature, law, medicine, psychology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology and other physical sciences. This "data dump" results in a comprehensive set of entries for a bibliographic and/or event-based timeline on the proper name Ecotoxicology, since editorial decisions to include or exclude events is purely a linguistic process. The resulting entries are used under license or with permission, used under "fair use" conditions, used in agreement with the original authors, or are in the public domain. ... Read more