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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The following article is a supplement to the article Turing machine. The Turing machine shown here consists of a special paper tape that can be erased as well as written with a "tally mark". Perhaps the TABLE is made out of a similar "read only" paper tape reader, or perhaps it reads punched-cards. Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges (1983) has written that Turing as a child liked typewriters. A "'miraculous machine' -- a mechanical process which could work on Hilbert's decision problem" (Hodges p. 98) had been suggested by G. H. Hardy, one of Turing's teachers. ... Read more

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Innovation management literature does not help the innovator solve an acute problem, or challenge. It helps him decide what challenge to innovate, where to go for funding, etc. But when facing a pressing innovation challenge the innovator needs a guiding procedure that would point him or her towards what to do next. The Innovation Turing Machine (ITM) is such a guide. Any challenge that requires realization of new knowledge may be handled through the ITM. Based on the Universal Theory of Innovation, developed by Prof. Gideon Samid, now Head of the Innovation Appraisal Group at Case western Reserve University, the ITM identifies four generic and universal options for any innovation challenge (IC): (1) direct solution, (2) abstraction, (3) extension, and (4) breakdown to components. Whatever option is selected, a new (derived) challenge is thereby defined. The derived challenge too, can be handled four-ways, and so on, charting a precise innovation map on which the innovator traverses forward and backwards until the original challenge is resolved, or until resources run out. The ITM eliminates "the innovator's wall" -- it always points out to the best next step. The ITM has proven itself useful for highly creative people, as well as for the mildly creative. The ITM is a special case of the Knowledge Realization Turing Machine which is also used as study device, and for intelligence gathering -- all knowledge realization processes. ... Read more

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Chapters: Bqp, Communication Complexity, Postbqp, Pp, Qma, Quantum Turing Machine, Awpp, Qcma. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 46. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: PostBQP is a complexity class consisting of all of the computational problems solvable in polynomial time on a quantum Turing machine with postselection and bounded error (in the sense that the algorithm is correct at least 2/3 of the time on all inputs). Note that postselection is not considered to be a feature that a realistic computer (even a quantum one) would possess, rather postselecting machines are interesting from a theoretical perspective. When you remove one of the two main features (quantumness, postselection) from PostBQP you get the following subsets: The addition of postselection seems to make quantum Turing machines much more powerful: Scott Aaronson proved PostBQP is equal to PP, a class which is believed to be relatively powerful, whereas BQP is not known even to contain the seemingly smaller class NP. Using similar techniques, Aaronson also proved that small changes to the laws of quantum computing would have significant effects. As specific examples, under either of the two following changes, the "new" version of BQP would equal PP: In order to describe some of the properties of PostBQP we fix a formal way of describing quantum postselection. Define a quantum algorithm to be a family of quantum circuits (specifically, a uniform circuit family). We designate one qubit as the postselection qubit P and another as the output qubit Q. Then PostBQP is defined by postselecting upon the event that the postselection qubit is |1 ... Read more

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Chapters: Turing Machine, Jet Engine, Vacuum Tube, Incandescent Light Bulb, Submarine, Tank, Machine Gun, Bessemer Process, Steam Turbine, World Wide Web, Colossus Computer, Stephenson's Rocket, Cavity Magnetron, Wheatstone Bridge, Slide Rule, Postage Stamp, Portland Cement, Analytical Engine, Davy Lamp, Difference Engine, Electrical Generator, Hydrofoil, Zx Spectrum, Vacuum Cleaner, Prime Meridian, Stainless Steel, Sinclair C5, Shrapnel Shell, Zx80, Disc Brake, Linear Motor, Adjustable Spanner, Seat Belt, Hovercraft, Hydraulics, Celluloid, Congreve Rocket, Concertina, Sewing Machine, Continuous Track, Gridiron Pendulum, Meccano, Playfair Cipher, English Inventions and Discoveries, Incineration, Fire Extinguisher, Bombe, Refrigerator, Lifeboat, Paternoster, Lawn Mower, Sumlock Anita Calculator, Digital Audio Player, Iris Recognition, Power Loom, Spinning Mule, Newtonian Telescope, Bouncing Bomb, Bowden Cable, Collodion Process, Cat's Eye, Grasshopper Escapement, Aerial Steam Carriage, Hansom Cab, Rubber Band, Float Glass, Airborne Lifeboat, Mauveine, Spinning Jenny, Carbonated Water, Bayko, Automatic Computing Engine, Resurgam, Seed Drill, High Explosive Squash Head, Magnifying Glass, Sheffield Plate, Francis Turbine, Stocking Frame, Pilot, Carey Foster Bridge, Mechanical Lubricator, Bird's Custard, Collodion-Albumen Process, Cat Flap, Puffing Billy, Locomotion No 1, Ambrotype, Dry Plate, Sans Pareil, Pilot Ace, Dakeyne Hydraulic Disc Engine, Blücher, Kelvin Bridge, Catch Me Who Can, Sinclair Executive, Water Frame, the Salamanca, Windup Radio, Coggeshall Slide Rule, Spinning Frame, Geordie Lamp, Flat Glass, Horstmann Suspension, Ballbarrow, Parkesine, Globotype, Mob Boat, Throstle Frame, Perkin's Mauve. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 889. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: A submar...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=28825 ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers.In essence, a Turing machine is imagined to be a simple computer that reads and writes symbols one at a time on an endless strip of paper tape by strictly following a set of rules. It determines what action it should perform next according to its internal "state" and what number it currently sees. An example of one of a Turing Machine's rules might thus be: "If you are in state 2 and you see an 'A', change it to a B and move left." ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Macmillan Reference USA Science Library: Computer Sciences, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 788 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Reviews the history of the discipline and its concepts, and profiles contributors in the field. The impact of computers on society is explored, with examples in literature and film to illustrate and support trends. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A Symmetric TM is a TM which has a configuration graph that is undirected. That is configuration i yields configuration j if and only if j yields i. The set of languages that have a symmetric TM deciding it in log space is called SL. It was first defined in 1982 by Lewis and Papadimitriou, who were looking for a class in which to place USTCON, which until this time could, at best, be placed only in NL, despite seeming not to require nondeterminism. They defined the symmetric Turing machine, used it to define SL. Symmetric Turing machines are kind of Turing machines with limited nondeterministic power. Informally Symmetric computations are reversible in an approximate manner. A symmetric computation is divided into locally deterministic sub computation (segments) between special configuration, where nondeterminism takes place, such that the only special configuration reached from a backward computation is the special configuration started the segment. ... Read more

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Chapters: Turing Machine. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 57. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: A Turing machine is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape. Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside of a computer. The "Turing" machine was described by Alan Turing in 1937, who called it an "a(utomatic)-machine". Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology, but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine. They help computer scientists understand the limits of mechanical computation. Turing gave a succinct definition of the experiment in his 1948 essay, "Intelligent Machinery". Referring to his 1936 publication, Turing wrote that the Turing machine, here called a Logical Computing Machine, consisted of: ...an infinite memory capacity obtained in the form of an infinite tape marked out into squares, on each of which a symbol could be printed. At any moment there is one symbol in the machine; it is called the scanned symbol. The machine can alter the scanned symbol and its behavior is in part determined by that symbol, but the symbols on the tape elsewhere do not affect the behavior of the machine. However, the tape can be moved back and forth through the machine, this being one of the elementary operations of the machine. Any symbol on the tape may therefore eventually have an innings. (Turing 1948, p. 61) A Turing machine that is able to simulate any other Turing machine is called a universal Turing machine (UTM, or simply a universal machine). A more mathematically-oriented definition with a similar "universal" nature was introduced by Alonzo Church, whose work on lambda cal...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=30403 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Science and Its Times, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 531 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The histories of science, technology, and mathematics merge with the study of humanities and social science in this interdisciplinary reference work. Essays on people, theories, discoveries, and concepts are combined with overviews, bibliographies of primary documents, and chronological elements to offer students a fascinating way to understand the impact of science on the course of human history and how science affects everyday life. Entries represent people and developments throughout the world, from about 2000 B.C. through the end of the twentieth century. ... Read more

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Presents the proceedings of the Third Intl Conference on Machines, Computations, and Universality, MCU 2001, held in Chisinau, Moldavia, May 2001. Softcover. ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Réseau de Neurones Artificiel, Linguistique Informatique, Prix Turing, Complexité, Machine à Vecteurs de Support, Computationnalisme, Théorie de La Complexité Des Algorithmes, Recherche D'information, Logique de Description, Problème Np-Complet, Système Complexe, Réécriture, Langage Rationnel, Diophantien, Logique Combinatoire, Loi de Grosch, Edward Kofler, Discrete Event System Specification, Théorie Des Automates, Dixième Problème de Hilbert, Modèle Booléen, Continuation, Information Partielle Linéaire, Interprétation Abstraite, Perceptron, Terminaison D'un Système de Réécriture, Langage Algébrique, Arbre Des Suffixes, Modèle Vectoriel, Sémantique Des Langages de Programmation, Modèle Des Croyances Transférables, Monade, Loi D'amdahl, Complexité de Kolmogorov, Théorie Des Domaines, Sémantique Axiomatique, Modèle Probabiliste de Pertinence, Bisimulation, Variable Libre, Théorème de Récursion de Kleene, Pangramme Autodescriptif, Théorie Des Automates Finis, Système de Transition D'états, 21 Problèmes Np-Complets de Karp, Déployeur Universel, Prix Gödel, Hiérarchie Polynomiale, Théorie de Vapnik-Chervonenkis, Préordre de Simulation, Sémantique Opérationnelle, Cognitique, European Association for Theoretical Computer Science, Chemin Critique, Nombre Cyclomatique, Prix Knuth, Sémantique Dénotationnelle, Retour de Pertinence, Théorème Du Point Fixe de Kleene, Sharp-P-Complet, Knuth-Bendix, Codage, Kermeta, Profondeur de Bennett, Propriété de Church-Rosser, Confluence, Ordre Partiel Complet, Théorème de Matiiassevitch, Join-Calcul, Arithmétique de Robinson, Modélisation D'entreprise, Raffinage, Alignement D'ontologies, Okapi Bm25. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Un réseau de neurones artificiels est u...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more