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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 3623 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1697 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set. The concept of Turing degree is fundamental in computability theory, where sets of natural numbers are often regarded as decision problems; the Turing degree of a set tells how difficult it is to solve the decision problem associated with the set. ... Read more

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This is the first of two volumes of essays in commemoration of Alan Turing, whose pioneering work in the theory of artificial intelligence and computer science continues to provoke wide discussion. The essays focus on three questions: What, if any, are the limits on machine "thinking"? Can a machine be genuinely intelligent? And, Might we ourselves be biological machines? Contributors include Chris Fields, Joseph Ford, Robert M. French, Anthony Galton, Robin Gandy, Clark Glymour, J. R. Lucas, Donald Michie, Peter Mott, Ajit Narayanan, Herbert A. Simon, Aaron Sloman, Ian Stewart, and Blay Whitby. ... Read more

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The interaction paradigm is a new conceptualization of computational phenomena that emphasizes interaction over algorithms, reflecting the shift in technology from main-frame number-crunching to distributed intelligent networks with graphical user interfaces. The book is arranged in four sections: "Introduction", comprising three chapters that explore and summarize the fundamentals of interactive computation; "Theory" with six chapters, each discussing a specific aspect of interaction; "Applications," five chapters showing how this principle is applied in subdisciplines of computer science; and "New Directions," presenting four multidisciplinary applications. The book challenges traditional Turing machine-based answers to fundamental questions of problem solving and the scope of computation.

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A monograph studying the equivalence and sustainability problems of various computational models. Covers Boolean formulas, circuits, and various branching problems. The models being studied all come from formal language theory, logic, or circuit theory. Softcover. ... Read more

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Unconventional Computation, UC 2006, held in York, UK, in September 2006.

The 17 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited full papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. All current aspects of unconventional computation are addressed - theory as well as experiments and applications. Typical topics are: natural computing including quantum, cellular, molecular, neural and evolutionary computing; chaos and dynamical systems based computing; and various proposals for computations that go beyond the Turing model.

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Genetic Programming, EuroGP 2008, held in Naples, Italy, in March 2008 colocated with EvoCOP 2008.

The 21 revised plenary papers and 10 revised poster papers were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 61 submissions. A great variety of topics are presented reflecting the current state of research in the field of genetic programming, including the latest work on representations, theory, operators and analysis, evolvable hardware, agents and numerous applications.

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Membrane Computing, WMC 2009, held in Curtea de Arges, Romania, during August 24 to 27, 2009 under the auspices of the European Molecular Computing Consortium (EMCC) and the Molecular Computing Task Force of IEEE Computational Intelligence Society.

The 22 revised full papers presented together with 10 invited papers went through two rounds of reviewing and improvement. The papers in this volume cover all the main directions of research in membrane computing, ranging from theoretical topics in mathematics and computer science to application issues; the invited lectures present fundamental contributions to membrane computing; thus highlighting important directions of current research in this area.