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Elion Gertrude B:     more detail

Lemelson-Mit Program: Lemelson-mit Prize, Daniel Dilorenzo, Gertrude B. Elion Gertrude Elion: Master Chemist (Masters of Invention) by Stephanie St. Pierre, 1993-06 Gertrude Elion: Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology and Medicine (Women Hall of Famers in Mathematics and Science) by Jennifer Macbain, Jennifer Macbain-Stephens, 2004-06 Gertrude Elion And The Development Of Revolutionary Medications (Unlocking the Secrets of Science) by Joanne Mattern, 2004-11-30

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1. Gertrude B. Elion Winner Of The 1988 Nobel Prize In Medicine
   gertrude B. elion, a nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology and Medicine, at the nobelPrize Internet Archive. gertrude B. elion. 1988 nobel Laureate in Medicine  
   http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1988b.html

2. Index Of Nobel Laureates In Medicine
   ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF nobel PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE.Name, Year Awarded. Einthoven, Willem, 1924. elion, gertrude B. 1988.  
   http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/alpha.html

3. Gertrude B. Elion - Autobiography
   gertrude B. elion – Autobiography. I was born generations of scientists.From Les Prix nobel 1988. Dr elion died in 1999.  
   http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-autobio.html
   
   Extractions: I was born in New York City on a cold January night when the water pipes in our apartment froze and burst. Fortunately, my mother was in the hospital rather than at home at the time. My father emigrated from Lithuania to the United States at the age of 12. He received his higher education in New York City and graduated in 1914 from the New York University School of Dentistry. My mother came at the age of 14 from a part of Russia which, after the war, became Poland; she was only 19 when she was married to my father. My first seven years were spent in a large apartment in Manhattan where my father had his dental office, with our living quarters adjoining it. My brother was born about six years after I was, and shortly thereafter we moved to the Bronx, which was then considered a suburb of New York City. There were still many open lots where children could play and large parks, including the Bronx Zoo, to which I was very much devoted. My brother and I had a happy childhood. We went to a public school within walking distance of our house. Our classrooms were generally quite crowded, but we received a good basic education. I was a child with an insatiable thirst for knowledge and remember enjoying all of my courses almost equally. When it came time at the end of my high school career to choose a major in which to specialize I was in a quandary. One of the deciding factors may have been that my grandfather, whom I loved dearly, died of cancer when I was 15. I was highly motivated to do something that might eventually lead to a cure for this terrible disease. When I entered Hunter College in 1933, I decided to major in science and, in particular, chemistry.

4. Gertrude B. Elion - Autobiography
   gertrude B. elion – nobel Lecture. The purine path to chemotherapy. gertrudeB. elion Autobiography nobel Lecture Other Resources.  
   http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-lecture.html

5. SCIENCE HERO: GERTRUDE B. ELION
   plants. gertrude B. elion developed the AIDS drug AZT. Grace Madame Curiereceived the nobel Prize for her discovery of Radium. Nikola  
   http://myhero.com/hero.asp?hero=gertrudebelion

6. Gertrude B. Elion, January 23, 1918—February 21, 1999 | By Mary Ellen Avery | B
   Les Prix nobel. 1999. gertrude B. elion. At www.nobel.se/laureates/medicine1988-2-autobio.html,accessed September 9, 1999. NAS  
   http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/gelion.html
   
   Extractions: I N THE SPRING OF 1933 Gertrude Elion graduated from high school and that summer she had to select a major subject before she could begin her freshman year at Hunter College. This posed a quandary for the future Nobel Prize recipient, as well as holder of 45 patents, 23 honorary degrees, and a long list of other honors: She had liked all her school subjects, making it difficult to select just one. "I loved to learn everything, everything in sight and I was never satisfied that I knew everything there was to know in each of my courses." Fatefully, that summer her grandfather, whom she loved dearly, died of cancer. "I watched him go over a period of months in a very painful way, and it suddenly occurred to me that what I really needed to do was to become a scientist, and particularly a chemist, so that I would go out there and make a cure for cancer." (All quotations in this memoir are from the author's taped 1997 interview with G. B. Elion). Become a scientist she did, and along the way she synthesized and co-developed two of the first successful drugs for the treatment of leukemia (thioguanine and mercaptopurine), as well as azathioprine (Imuran), an agent to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants and to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Trudy (as she was called by her many friends) also played a major role in the development of allopurinol for the treatment of gout and of acyclovir, the first selective antiviral agent that was effective against herpes virus infections.

7. Nat'l Academies Press, The Door In The Dream: (2000), Notes
   8. Ibid., p. 22. 9. gertrude B. elion, Les Prix nobel, nobel Foundation, Stockholm,Sweden, 1988, pp. 233266; also online at . 10. McGrayne, op. cit., p. 288.  
   http://www.nap.edu/books/0309065682/html/223.html
   
   Extractions: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-xvi 1 Introduction, pp. 1-12 2 A Firmament of Stars, pp. 13-24 3 New Opportunities, Traditional Expectations, pp. 25-30 4 Finding a Niche: Women Born Before 1920, pp. 31-50 5 Fiercely Independent: Women Born in the 1920's, pp. 51-90 6 Caught in a Tidal Wave of Change: Women Born in the 1930's..., pp. 91-134 7 Through Open Doors: Women Born After 1940, pp. 135-170 8 Shared Experiences and Concerns, pp. 171-188 9 Balancing Career and Family, pp. 189-198 10 Righting the Balance, pp. 199-214 11 Conclusion, pp. 215-222 Notes, pp. 223-228 Appendix A: Academy Members Surveyed, Listed Alphabetically, pp. 229-234 Appendix B: Academy Members Surveyed, Listed by Scientific D..., pp. 235-240 Appendix C: Suggestions for Further Reading, pp. 241-242 Index, pp. 243-254

8. Academy Of Achievement
   gertrude B. elion nobel Prize in Medicine BIOGRAPHY. b. January 23, 1918d. February 22, 1999. gertrude elion was born in New York City.  
   http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/eli0bio-1

9. Academy Of Achievement
   gertrude B. elion nobel Prize in Medicine INTERVIEW March 6, 1991 SanFrancisco, California. Reading about your career, I was struck  
   http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/eli0int-1

10. Beatrice Alexander Exhibit Bibliography
    gertrude B. elion, nobel Prize in Medicine. Biography, Academy of Achievement,accessed February 16, 2000; available at http//www.achievement.org/autodoc  
    http://jwa.mit.edu/exhibits/elion/bib.htm

11. Gertrude Elion Bibliography
    gertrude elion discussing the nobel Prize and the responsibility it gave her toencourage young people to Estate of gertrude B. elion Articles Newspaper  
    http://jwa.mit.edu/archive/elion/gecl.htm

12. Elion, Gertrude Belle
    elion, gertrude Belle. gertrude B. elion, 1991. Copyright Jim Stratford/BlackStar. (b. Jan. 23, 1918, New York, NY, US), American  
    http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/190_14.html
    
    Extractions: Gertrude B. Elion, 1991 (b. Jan. 23, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.), American pharmacologist who, along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black , received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases. Elion graduated from Hunter College in New York City with a degree in biochemistry in 1937. Finding it difficult to obtain a research position because she was a woman, she taught chemistry in high school until joining the Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories in 1944. There she was first the assistant and then the colleague of Hitchings, with whom she worked for the next four decades. The two scientists developed an array of new drugs that were effective against leukemia, autoimmune disorders, urinary-tract infections, gout, malaria, and viral herpes. Their success was due primarily to their innovative research methods, which marked a radical departure from the trial-and-error approach taken by previous pharmacologists. Elion and Hitchings pointedly examined the difference between the biochemistry of normal human cells and those of cancer cells, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens (disease-causing agents). They then used this information to formulate drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of a particular pathogen, leaving the human host's normal cells undamaged. The two reseachers' new emphasis on understanding basic biochemical and physiological processes enabled them to eliminate much guesswork and wasted effort typical previously in developing new therapeutic drugs.

13. Hitchings, George Herbert
    27, 1998, Chapel Hill, NC), American pharmacologist who, along with gertrude B.elion and Sir James W. Black, received the nobel Prize for Physiology or  
    http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/272_65.html
    
    Extractions: George H. Hitchings reacting to questions at a press conference after it was announced he had won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1988 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann (b. April 18, 1905, Hoquiam, Wash., U.S.d. Feb. 27, 1998, Chapel Hill, N.C.), American pharmacologist who, along with Gertrude B. Elion and Sir James W. Black , received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs that became essential in the treatment of several major diseases. Hitchings received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Washington and earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry at Harvard University in 1933. He taught at Harvard until 1939, and in 1942 he joined the Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories, at which he conducted research until his retirement in 1975. Over a span of nearly 40 years, Hitchings worked with Elion, who was first his assistant and then his colleague in research at Burroughs Wellcome. Together they designed a variety of new drugs that achieved their effects by interfering with the replication or other vital functions of specific pathogens (disease-causing agents). In the 1950s they developed thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), which became important treatments for leukemia. In 1957 their alteration of 6MP produced the compound azathioprine, which proved useful in treating severe rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders and in suppressing the body's rejection of transplanted organs. Their new drug allopurinol was an effective treatment for gout. Other important drugs that were developed by Hitchings and Elion include pyrimethamine, an antimalarial agent; trimethoprim, a treatment for urinary and respiratory tract infections; and acyclovir, the first effective treatment for viral herpes.

14. Gertrude B. Elion - Figure 3
    ©THE nobel FOUNDATION 1988. gertrude B. elion nobel Lecture Figure3. Figure 3. Radioactive metabolites in the urine following  
    http://gos.sbc.edu/e/elion/elionfig3.html

15. Gertrude B. Elion - Figure 4
    ©THE nobel FOUNDATION 1988. gertrude B. elion nobel Lecture Figure4. Figure 4. Pathways in the oxidation of hypoxanthine and 6  
    http://gos.sbc.edu/e/elion/elionfig4.html

16. Super Scientists - Gertrude B. Elion
    net); gertrude B. elion, Scientist Hero myhero.com; gertrude B.elion – Autobiography The nobel Foundation Website; Biograpy  
    http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/scientists/elion.html
    
    Extractions: Like Rosalyn Yalow , Elion was admitted to Hunter College in New York at an early age. Elion began her classes at the women's college at the age of 15. Four years later, she graduated summa cum laude with a degree in chemistry. She went on to earn a masters degree in chemistry at New York University before going to work for George Hitchings. Elion eventually became a partner with Hitchings doing biochemical research. Their work resulted in the development of a variety of drugs, including the AIDS drug, AZT, a drug to treat acute leukemia and another that made kidney transplants possible between unrelated donors. The world's first medication that could kill a virus, which Elion and Hitchings developed together, is often used to treat herpes. Elion's work earned 45 patents. She shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988 with George Hitchings and James Black. More information about Gertrude B. Elion Bio of Gertrude B. Elion National Institute of Health, Women in Science and Health Network (Wish-net)

17. Elion, Gertrude B.
    elion, gertrude B. chemist, nobel laureate Birthplace New York City Born1918 Died 1999 Previous El Greco, Top of section E, Next Eliot, George.  
    http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0301527.html

18. Gertrude B. Elion
    (Infoplease.com)Category Reference Encyclopedias Infoplease.com Biographies G A F gertrude B. elion Age 81. pioneer in drug research who sharedthe nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988. She developed  
    http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0775615.html

19. WITI - Dr. Gertrude B. Elion
    A recipient of the 1998 nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, gertrude B. Elionis scientist emeritus with Glaxo Wellcome Inc., in Research Triangle Park, NC.  
    http://www.witi.org/center/witimuseum/halloffame/1998/gelion.shtml
    
    Extractions: Glaxo Wellcome Inc. A recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion is scientist emeritus with Glaxo Wellcome Inc., in Research Triangle Park, N.C. Elion received a bachelor's degree from Hunter College in 1937 and a master's degree in chemistry from New York University in 1941. After several years of laboratory work and teaching chemistry and physics, she joined the Wellcome Research Laboratories in 1944 as a biochemist. She was later promoted to senior research chemist and assistant to the research director. In 1967, she was appointed head of the department of experimental therapy and continued in that position until 1983, when she retired and became scientist emeritus. She is credited with the synthesis and co-development of two of the first successful drugs for the treatment of leukemia (thioguanine and mercaptopurine), as well as azathioprine, an agent to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants and to treat rheumatoid arthritis. She also played a major role in the development of allopurinol for the treatment of gout and of acyclovir, the first selective antiviral agent against herpes virus infections. She is the past president of the American Association for Cancer Research and has served as a Presidential appointee on the National Cancer Advisory Board. Elion has been elected to membership in the

20. Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion, DSc, Draws Overflow Audience To Annual Rehfuss Le
    style, a standingroom-only audience of nearly 300 Jeffersonians overflowed ConnellyConference Hall to hear nobel Laureate gertrude B. elion, DSc, deliver the  
    http://www.tju.edu/jeffnews/past/98/march/nobel.html
    
    Extractions: Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion, DSc, Draws Overflow Audience to Annual Rehfuss Lecture Notables Drawn by her extensive knowledge and lively teaching style, a standing-room-only audience of nearly 300 Jeffersonians overflowed Connelly Conference Hall to hear Nobel Laureate Gertrude B. Elion, DSc, deliver the 34th Annual Martin E. Rehfuss Lecture, "Challenges and Rewards of Pharmaceutical Research." Don Walker Photography - Before delivering the 34th Annual Martin E. Rehfuss Lecture to an overflow gathering of Jeffersonians, Nobel Laureate Gertrude B. Elion, DSc, at right, held an informal question-and-answer dialogue with residents, graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. Robert L. Capizzi, MD, Magee Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department, Jefferson Medical College, at left, hosted the session, saying later that "Dr. Elion enthralled her audience with her candor, especially regarding her career in the synthesis of drugs that might inhibit nucleic acids, realizing that, at the time, the structure of DNA had not as yet been defined." Every year since 1964 the Percival E. and Ethel Brown Foerderer Fund has sponsored the Rehfuss Lecture. Mr. Foerderer was a Jefferson trustee from 1928 until his death in 1968, and served as Board Chairman from 1950 to 1962. Mrs. Foerderer was President of the Women's Board from 1947 to 1952. Their granddaughters, Mrs. Shelley Ames Hartz and Mrs. Ethel F. Davis, attended this year's lecture, with Mrs. Davis presenting the Rehfuss Medal to Dr. Elion.

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