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This fascinating work, co-authored by a Nobel Prize winning scientist, applies Darwin's ideas on natural selection to the molecular "fossil record" that preceded the origin of life.Using the techniques of molecular biology, the book demonstrates that life on Earth is the inevitable result of certain chance events that took place in the unique history of our planet. Furthermore, researchers cannot only precisely formulate the laws governing the emergence of life, but also test them under controlled laboratory conditions.In fact, the authors show how it is perfectly possible to construct evolutionary accelerators that optimize the conditions for certain events and which can be used to demonstrate their theoretical conclusions in laboratory experiments. Written for a wide audience, and already highly successful in the original German edition, this book brings fresh insight to the search for evolutionary origins. General readers will find it clear and accessible, as will students and scientists in biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, and evolution. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (3)

Eigen's great insight into the origin of life
Eigen's little book is a gem. He explains some of his influential ideas about the quantitative conditions necessary for the onset of Darwinian evolution in an initially lifeless, purely chemical, system. This is, of course, the key question for understanding the origin of life. His crucial idea is fairly simple, but nevertheless it is rarely fully grasped by most biologists, and still less the general public. It is one of the great ideas of science, along with f = ma and e = mc squared

Rather than reviewing the book in detail, I will explain the key idea, which centers around the question of the accuracy of molecular replication. Note carefully that Eigen does NOT equate the origin of life with the first appearance of polynucleotide (eg RNA) replication, but instead with the appearance of catalysts (themselves almost certainly folded polynucleotides) which reduce the copying error rate to less than the reciprocal of the polynucleotide length n.

I will let this sink in. What he is saying is that Life is not quite the same as molecular replication, because if polynucleotides self replicate insufficiently accurately, then over time the errors will build up, and prevent the growth, and even survival, of the most efficiently replicating sequence. But if successive rounds of (inevitably not completely accurate) replication do not allow survival of the "fittest" sequence(s), then evolution is not possible. Instead, despite the fact that individual bases are being copied with great (but not complete) accuracy, the overall outcome, in the long run, is that completely random sequences are generated by copying - a purely chemical process, with no Darwinian evolution. To a good approximation the error rate for copying individual bases must be less than 1/n. One can see this by considering a fixed size population. If all the molecules are copied, with a per base error rate e, then the probability that a correct copy is generated is (1-e) to the power n. Since in order to keep the population constant, one must throw away half the replicas, the only way that a sequence can survive indefinitely is when this probability exceeds 1/2. To a very good approximation, this means e < 1/n.

Our genome has an effective length = 6 billion, and our sperm and eggs do indeed, almost miraculously, copy our dna with an accuracy around 1 part in 6 billion (similar to the accuracy of the best determined constants in physics). However it took 4 billion years to evolve such accuracy (or at least to produce us), via a series of steps some of which Eigen lucidly describes.

A FAMOUS BIOCHEMIST'S EXTENSION OF MONOD'S BOOK
Manfred Eigen (born 1927) is a German biophysicist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

He states in the Preface to this 1992 book, "It is perfectly appropriate to speak of the 'era of molecular biology.' There is no shortage of excellent descriptions of this modern subject ... The only thing lacking in this new knowledge is its integration into a general understanding of Nature. Such an attempt has been undertaken only once, by Jacques Monod. [see his Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology] This was a fascinating and ambitious attempt, in which Monod did not shrink from drawing philosophical conclusions. It culminated in an apotheosis of chance.... This book takes up the theme of Monod, whose plain language put many issues into clear perspective. But we shall not persist in proclaiming the omnipotence of chance, which has ruled over physics on the microscopic level..."

He writes, "In order to deny the possibility of a natural origin of life, one would have to be acquainted with all the historically possible conditions and then to show that there is no catalytic mechanism that under ANY of these sets of conditions could have carried out the desired task. Such a proof is hardly conceivable, on account of the enormous number of possible mechanisms and conditions that would have to be excluded. But the possibility of such a proof can itself be disproved." (pg. 37-38) He later adds, "The origin of life cannot simply be defined as the transition from inanimate to animate matter. For one thing, the transition as such cannot be pinpointed, as it is a gradual one." (pg. 48)

Eigen states, "The new theme which this book has taken up is the detailed description of selection and evolution. Without this detail, the complexity and teleonomy of life would be incomprehensible. The old theme is and will remain Darwin's idea: the principle of evolution by natural selection." (Pg. 125)

He concludes on the note, "The frequently raised question 'Creation OR evolution?' thus stems from a non-existent contradiction, since the word 'or' implies a confrontation between two incommensurable projections. I am well aware that these questions have occupied a central position in the subjective consciousness of many people. Nevertheless, although I am frequently asked about such matters, I have in this book left them untouched. Banal replies such as 'Evolution is the realization of creation by means of natural law' do little to satisfy, or to help, those who are seeking answers on this matter. They are in fact asking about something quite different, problems for which science offers no solution." (pg. 127)

Origin of life: how simple molecules started to replicate
This is a short book, but full of facts and insights. Eigen presents his ideas about the origin of life, i.e. how "inorganic" molecules started to replicate and fill the earth.The book is full of ingenious new concepts, backed in almost every case by biochemical experimental results (this is something Stuart Kauffman seldoms does: At Home in the Universe is about the same chemical/biochemical processes, but only about consepts, no data to back the ideas). Eigen's book is concise, even too terse. Some knowledge of (bio)chemistry is absolutely required, as the arguments in the book are not just hand waving but show equations and sequences (for those with more verbal approach to evolution, Claus Emmeche book "The Garden in the Machine" gives a good discussion on the relationship between the real life and the artificial model systems used to study it.) ... Read more

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Using game theory and examples of actual games people play, Nobel laureate Manfred Eigen and Ruthild Winkler show how the elements of chance and rules underlie all that happens in the universe, from genetic behavior through economic growth to the composition of music.

To illustrate their argument, the authors turn to classic games--backgammon, bridge, and chess--and relate them to physical, biological, and social applications of probability theory and number theory. Further, they have invented, and present here, more than a dozen playable games derived from scientific models for equilibrium, selection, growth, and even the composition of RNA. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

Hard science segues to Germanic philosophy
This unique book, co-authored by a Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, has (to my taste) two positive and two negative features. In writing about "chance in popular science", any author faces a problem: use words only (thereby being vague) or put in equations (thereby detering many readers). The unique feature of this book is the invention of a selection of games (in the format of beads on a board, with moves affected by die throws) designed to mimic aspects of science models.The point is that "dice and rules" is a good description for scientific modeling involving probability; writing out explicit rules for dice games makes this point very clearly, compared to other popular science books.

As well as brief verbal mentions of some of the usual "chance in popular science" topics (game theory; quantum theory; evolution and population genetics; entropy and thermodynamical equilibrium and Shannon information) they describe a number of much more specific scientific topics, centered around their own expertize in biochemical reactions and structure.These are interesting and less standard topics, and every reader will be rewarded by learning something new.

An apt description of the book's style comes from a New Yorker review: "Fascinating .... has the character of the deepest sort of discussion among brilliant friends".But to my taste this style has two defects. The first: half the book digresses away from their "hard science" expertize to discuss classical (Platonic solids, Goethe, Marxist dialectic) and 1970s-fashionable (Chomsky, Prigogine, catastrophe theory, "limits to economic growth", Popper's 3 worlds and Eccles neurobiology) intellectual theories, without much coherence.

I was reading with a particular goal -- to learn what they have to say about "how the principles of nature govern chance".Only a small portion of the book explicitly addresses this question, and does so via over-broad, somewhat philosophical generalizations.That is, assertions that make sense conversationally as abstractions of the current topic under discussion, but which fail to stand up to scrutiny when presented in print as generalizations.Two examples.After correctly arguing that "fitness" is not a mere tautology, they breezily conclude (p. 59) "This combination of law and chance suffices to explain the tendency, inherent in evolution, for improvement over time".But the notion that short-term adaptation to succeed in changing competitive environments necessarily leads to long term "improvement" is far from obvious, as Steven Jay Gould and others have argued at length. And as thay say (p. 121) "all the protein building blocks in the entire organic world .... form spirals that turn to the left".As they argue, this (all left rather than all right) could plausibly be just the result of chance, as demonstrated by a simple model.But to equate this with saying "it was the result of chance" is a logical error, like equating "not guilty" with "innocent".

The authors don't address what I view as the central philosophical question.In various specific science fields one can set up "dice and rules" models which are scientifically correct, in the sense that theoretical predictions of the model are borne out by experimental data. Great -- that's part of how science works.But the implicit conclusion, that the natural world works via dice and rules processes, is philosophically naive.To see why: opinion polls can predict (via dice and rules) results of an imminent election, but this explains nothing about the process by which people decide how to vote.

Conclusion: read this book for a variety of interesting science vignettes and a very creative idea of illuminating science models as games; but be skeptical about any big picture conclusions.

If you liked Feynman...
Manfred Eigen, the main author, is no dilletante. He has a Nobel Prize in chemistry. The book explains, using diverse examples from all over science, how rules working in a random enviroment create emergent patterns that find themselve a niche. Complexity theory starts here. Lots of graphics. I rate it one of the best books of the 20th century for the general reader with intellectual curiosity.

Do yourself a favor and read this
This book changed my view of things by supplying a logical basis for the relation among particles and giving me a new view of randomness and order. This is one of the most important books I ever read.Read it slowly.Don't worry if you have to read a sentence several times.It is worth it.

5 for Content, 3 for Readability
The content is fantastic, and I'm incredibly glad I purchased this book (actually, it was a gift). I'm only about halfway through, but already have ideas for a few dozen applications I want to implement based on the information contained there. Always a dabbler in game theory, it's nice to have my understanding of it expanded beyond _The Evolution of Cooperation_.

My only complaint is that it is very difficult to read. Translated from the German, it lost something along the way. I find myself rereading sections again and again- and not just because it's a little above my level of expertise but also because the translation is a bit opaque.

That complaint though is minor. Excellent work, and I'm ready to start applying this to software projects. ... Read more

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: James Watt, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Donald Ervin Knuth, Manfred Eigen, Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mayr, Michel Mayor, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Nicolaas Bloembergen, Alfred Kastler, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Claude Bourgelat, Frederick Sanger, Eric Kandel, Friedrich Hirzebruch, Wladimir Igorewitsch Arnold, Edmond Malinvaud, Freeman Dyson, Anton Zeilinger, Jean-Pierre Serre, Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, Armand Borel, Laurent Schwartz, Yves Coppens, Andrei Nikolajewitsch Kolmogorow, Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, Melchisédech Thévenot, Heisuke Hironaka, Louis Nirenberg, Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Georg Christoph Eimmart, Norman Ramsey, François Jacob, Francis Clark Howell, François Rozier, Henri-Léonard Bertin, Jacques Tits, François Sulpice Beudant, Albert Fert, Andrew Wiles, Lennart Carleson, Gerardus 't Hooft, Alexander Markowitsch Poljakow, Shiing-Shen Chern, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Marcelin Berthelot, Anatole Demidoff di San Donato, Michael Francis Atiyah, Jean Dieudonné, Joseph Bertrand, Sergei Lwowitsch Sobolew, Edward Witten, Raoul Bott, Francis Crick, Adolphe d'Archiac, Giorgio Parisi, Seymour Benzer, Henri Kagan, Jacques-Louis Lions, Aaron Klug, John T. Tate, Jules Janssen, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Maxim Lwowitsch Konzewitsch, Gustave Choquet, David Baltimore, Itō Kiyoshi, Laurent Lafforgue, Xavier Le Pichon, François Lamathe Dom Bédos de Celles de Salelles, Enrico Bombieri, Yves Chauvin, Eugen Seibold, Sune Bergström, Jean-Baptiste Meusnier de la Place, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Axel Kahn, Claude Bouchiat, Maurice Jacob, Roger Temam, Luc Montagnier, Charles Hermite, Charles Augustin de Coulomb, Thierry Aubin, Antoine-François Andréossy, Pierre-Marie Termier, Pierre Deligne, Jean Bourga...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=118200 ... Read more

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This book focuses on a new aspect of RNA virology: the highly dynamic, heterogeneous and plastic nature of RNA viruses which comprise more than 75% of the viruses that have been recognized as disease agents. It is the first attempt to bridge the gap from the basic, theoretical formulations underlying error-prone replications and generation of quasispecies, to their impact on how RNA viruses adapt and cause disease. ... Read more

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: Alan Turing, Manfred Eigen, Richard Dawkins, Alfred Lotka, Jakob Johann von Uexküll, Aubrey de Grey, Humberto Maturana, William D. Hamilton, J. B. S. Haldane, George R. Price, John Maynard Smith, Julius Schaxel, Francisco Varela, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Sewall Wright, Peter Schuster, Werner Reichardt, Arthur Winfree, Stuart Kauffman, Robert May, Karl Sigmund, Benjamin Gompertz, David Berlinski, Eörs Szathmáry, Martin Mahner, Bernd-Olaf Küppers, Brian Goodwin, James D. Murray, Holk Cruse, Nicolas Rashevsky, Hans Joachim Jesdinsky, Michael R. Rose, Robert MacArthur, Hans Meinhardt, Christopher Langton, Werner von Seelen, Thomas S. Ray, Aristid Lindenmayer, Raymond Pearl,. Online finden Sie die kostenlose Aktualisierung der Bücher. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: Jakob Johann Baron von Uexküll (* 8. September 1864 auf Gut Keblas, (estnisch: Keblaste), Dorf Mihkli, heute zu Koonga, Estland; † 25. Juli 1944 auf Capri) war ein Biologe und Philosoph und einer der wichtigsten Zoologen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Uexküll entwickelte das Grundgerüst der Biosemiotik, die Leben als biologische Zeichen- und Kommunikationsprozesse versteht. Er führte den Begriff der Umwelt in die Biologie ein und gilt damit als Wegbereiter der Ökologie. Er war ein wichtiger Pionier der theoretischen Biologie, der Kybernetik, der Semiotik, der Physiologie, und der wissenschaftstheoretischen Linie des radikalen Konstruktivismus. Sein Sohn Thure von Uexküll (1908-2004) war einer der wichtigsten psychosomatischen Mediziner. Der Stifter des Alternativen Nobelpreises, Jakob von Uexküll (* 1944), ist sein Enkel. Jakob mit seinem Sohn Thure in Putzar, Sommer 1915 Jakob von Uexküll (1864-1944) Zirkuläre Feedback-Schemas des W...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=203452 ... Read more

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Kapitel: Manfred Eigen, Jens Reich, Werner Busch, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Gerd Faltings, Volker Gerhardt, Julian Nida-Rümelin, Gerhard Ertl, Eric Kandel, Richard Münch, Hermann Parzinger, Gerhard Roth, Friedrich Hirzebruch, Herfried Münkler, Manfred G. Schmidt, Hermann Lübbe, Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, Anton Zeilinger, Günter Stock, Detlev Ganten, Reinhard Selten, Svante Pääbo, Theodor Hänsch, Gerd Gigerenzer, Harald Fritzsch, Ulrich Herbert, Christoph Markschies, Klaus Von Beyme, Andreas Voßkuhle, Jürgen Mittelstraß, Siegfried Großmann, Charles Weissmann, Horst Bredekamp, Joachim Milberg, Benno Parthier, Wolf Lepenies, Jutta Allmendinger, Herbert W. Roesky, Michael Zürn, Albert Otto Hirschman, Christian Meier, Joachim Sauer, Harold James, Wolfram Sterry, Stephan Seidlmayer, Peter Schäfer, Walter Burkert, Manfred Bierwisch, Axel Ockenfels, Johannes Buchmann, Timothy Garton Ash, Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, Peter Weingart, Wolfgang Frühwald, Ute Frevert, Peter Schuster, Ingolf Volker Hertel, Jürgen Kocka, Klaus Brockhoff, Hermann Danuser, Meinhard Von Gerkan, Ernst O. Göbel, Johann-Dietrich Wörner, Heinz Schilling, Jochen Taupitz, Thomas Jentsch, Hartmut Michel, Peter Fromherz, Christoph Möllers, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann, Stefan Müller, Günter M. Ziegler, Karl Ulrich Mayer, Reinhard Kurth, Hubert Markl, Onno Oncken, Axel Börsch-Supan, José Luís Encarnação, Axel Meyer, Walter Michaeli, Hein Kötz, Michael Borgolte, Carl Friedrich Gethmann, Ortwin Renn, Gerhard Huisken, Martin Grötschel, Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Kaspar Elm, Jürgen Ehlers, Heinz Bielka, Jürg Fröhlich, Wolfgang Schnick, Jürgen Osterhammel, Mitchell Ash, Aleida Assmann, Werner Albring, Angela D. Friederici, Günther Hasinger, Dieter Grimm, Hasso Hofmann, Dominik Perler, Beate Kohler-Koch, Wolfgang Neugebauer, Peter Gaehtgens, Günter Spur, Renate Mayntz, Hermann Gaub, Michael Hecker, Irmela Hijiya-Kirschnereit, Hans-Joachim Freund, Martin Aigner, Jürgen Mlynek, Peter Von ...http://booksllc.net/?l=de ... Read more

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Kapitel: Manfred Eigen, Wolfgang Clement, Herbert Grönemeyer, Max Imdahl, Richard Serra, Friedhelm Busse, Hans Ehrenberg, Tana Schanzara, Adalbert Von Der Recke-Volmerstein, Ferdinand Keilmann, Armin Rohde, Franz Darpe, Werner Streletz, Elisabeth Treskow, Dietrich Grönemeyer, Friedrich Gräsel, Ottilie Schoenewald, Maurizio Gaudino, Josef Kappius, Heinrich Schmiedeknecht, Hennes Bender, Heinrich Johann Friedrich Ostermann, Franz Schmidt, Jochen Malmsheimer, Friedhelm Deis, Carl Arnold Kortum, Klaus Steilmann, Annike Krahn, Jochen Borchert, Josef Hermann Dufhues, Joachim Hermann Luger, Toto ... Read more

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Kapitel: Luigi Galvani, Manfred Eigen, Bernard Katz, Hermann Von Helmholtz, Max Delbrück, Norman J. Holter, Stefan Hell, James Lovelock, Petra Schwille, Boris Rajewsky, Bert Sakmann, Jens Frahm, Roland Benz, Seymour Benzer, Richard Axel, Peter Fromherz, Fritz-Albert Popp, Walter Friedrich, Helmut Tributsch, Hermann Gaub, Frank Jülicher, Erwin Neher, Wolfgang M. Heckl, Jens Christian Skou, G. N. Ramachandran, Warren Mcculloch, Eugene Rabinowitch, Herbert Lüthy, Georg Von Békésy, Gerold Adam, Nikolaus Rajewsky, Wolfgang Baumeister, Markolf Niemz, Kurt Wüthrich, Mildred Cohn, Peter Läuger, Ilme Schlichting, Andrew Fielding Huxley, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Hanns-Christof Spatz, Ephraim Katzir, Winfried Denk, Michail Wladimirowitsch Wolkenstein, Daniel Jobst Müller, Christof Koch, Ernst Bamberg, Erich Sackmann, Rudolf Steiner, Wolfgang Junge, Herbert A. Hauptman, Alexander Kaul, Cecil Edwin Hall, Henri Broch, Kevin Granata, Detlev Riesner, Ernst-Georg Niemann, Cees Dekker, Wojciech Świętosławski, Hal Anger, Robert Haynes, Otto Schmitt. Aus Wikipedia. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 - December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. In 1771, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by a spark. This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity, a field that still today studies the electrical patterns and signals of the nervous system. He was cutting the frogs legs as an experiment trying to prove that a frog´s testicles were actually in their legs. He was quickly proved wrong by other biologists at the University of Pavia. At first he wished to enter the church, but he was educated by his parents for a medical career. Galvani attended Bologna's medical school and became a doctor, like his father. At the University of Bologna, he was in 1762 appointed public lecturer in anatomy, and gained a reputation as a skilled though not...http://booksllc.net/?l=de ... Read more

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Chapters: Richard Dedekind, Kurt Tank, Manfred Eigen, Georg Wittig, Nikolaus Hofreiter, Henning Kagermann, Herbert Freundlich, Caesar Rudolf Boettger, Julius Tröger. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 40. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (October 6, 1831 February 12, 1916) was a German mathematician who did important work in abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), algebraic number theory and the foundations of the real numbers. Dedekind was the youngest of four children of Julius Levin Ulrich Dedekind. As an adult, he never employed the names Julius Wilhelm. He was born, lived most of his life, and died in Braunschweig (often called "Brunswick" in English). In 1848, he entered the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, where his father was an administrator, obtaining a solid grounding in mathematics. In 1850, he entered the University of Göttingen. Dedekind studied number theory under Moritz Stern. Gauss was still teaching, although mostly at an elementary level, and Dedekind became his last student. Dedekind received his doctorate in 1852, for a thesis titled Über die Theorie der Eulerschen Integrale ("On the Theory of Eulerian integrals"). This thesis did not reveal the talent evident on almost every page Dedekind later wrote. At that time, the University of Berlin, not Göttingen, was the leading center for mathematical research in Germany. Thus Dedekind went to Berlin for two years of study, where he and Riemann were contemporaries; they were both awarded the habilitation in 1854. Dedekind returned to Göttingen to teach as a Privatdozent, giving courses on probability and geometry. He studied for a while with Dirichlet, and they became close friends. Because of lingering weaknesses in his mathematical knowledge, he studied elliptic and abelian ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=23475106 ... Read more

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Kapitel: Manfred Eigen, Kurt Biedenkopf, Berthold Beitz, Franz Hengsbach, Paul Mikat, Ernst-Otto Stüber, Gerhard Petschelt, Fritz Heinemann, Heinz Eikelbeck. Aus Wikipedia. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: Manfred Eigen (born May 9, 1927 ) is a German biophysicist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions. He received his PhD at the University of Göttingen and has been former director of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. He is an honorary doctor of the TU Braunschweig. From 1982 to 1993, Eigen was president of the German National Merit Foundation. In 1967, Eigen was awarded, along with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They were distinguished for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions induced in response to very short pulses of energy. In addition, Eigen's name is linked with the theory of the chemical hypercycle, the cyclic linkage of reaction cycles as an explanation for the self organization of prebiotic systems, which he described with Peter Schuster in 1979. Eigen is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. ...http://booksllc.net/?l=de ... Read more

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: Carl Friedrich Gauß, Otto Hahn, Manfred Eigen, Max Born, James Franck, Otto von Bismarck als Ehrenbürger, Herman Nohl, Richard Courant, Konrat Ziegler, Börries Freiherr von Münchhausen, Paul von Hindenburg als Ehrenbürger, Franz Wieacker, Adolphus Frederick, 1. Duke of Cambridge, Friedrich Wöhler, Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Gottlieb Planck, Gottfried Jungmichel, Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Friedrich Hausmann, Friedrich von Hövel, Artur Levi, Walter Meyerhoff, August von Stralenheim, Karl Friedrich von Arnswaldt, Georg Friedrich Calsow, Bruno Karl August Jung, Edward Schröder,. Online finden Sie die kostenlose Aktualisierung der Bücher. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß (latinisiert Carolus Fridericus Gauss; * 30. April 1777 in Braunschweig; † 23. Februar 1855 in Göttingen) war ein deutscher Mathematiker, Astronom, Geodät und Physiker mit einem breit gefächerten Feld an Interessen. Seine überragenden wissenschaftlichen Leistungen waren schon seinen Zeitgenossen bewusst. Bereits 1856 ließ der König von Hannover Gedenkmünzen mit dem Bild von Gauß und der Inschrift Mathematicorum Principi (lateinisch: „dem Fürsten der Mathematiker") prägen. Da Gauß nur einen Bruchteil seiner Entdeckungen veröffentlichte, erschloss sich der Nachwelt die Tiefgründigkeit und Reichweite seines Werks erst, als 1898 sein Tagebuch (siehe unten) entdeckt und ausgewertet wurde. Gauß' Geburtshaus in der Wilhelmstraße 30; im Zweiten Weltkrieg vollständig zerstörtCarl Friedrich war das einzige Kind der Eheleute Gerhard Dietrich und Dorothea Gauß, geb. Benze. Die Mutter, eine nahezu analphabetische, jedoch in hohem Grade intelligente Tochter eines armen Steinmetzen, arbeitete zunächst als Dienstmädchen, bevor sie die...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=906 ... Read more

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Chapters: Basil Valentine, Karl Böttiger, Karl Andree, Walter Herrmann, Manfred Eigen, Franz Nissl, Paul Uhlenhuth, Franz Weidenreich, Wilhelm Kühne, Rudolf Magnus, Jürgen W. Falter, Fred Neufeld, Max Rubner, Louis Lewin, Mojib Latif, Ludwig Roth, Hans Stille, Peter Bofinger, Jan Esper, Johannes Wislicenus, Christian Leopold Von Buch, Arthur Von Oettingen, Horst Dreier, Gaspar Schott, Ludolf Von Krehl, Edmund Kiss, Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen, William P. Dunbar, Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius, Albrecht Thaer, Heinrich Karl Brugsch, Josef Felix Pompeckj, Max Verworn, Bruno Beger, Bolko Von Richthofen, Marcel Fratzscher, Heinrich Albers-Schönberg, Adolf Loewy, Adolph Strümpell, Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, Arthur Korn, Michael Karas, Sami Salem, Frieder Kempe, Susanne Albers, Arnold Adolph Berthold, Arnold Eucken, Albert Oppel, Walter Christaller, Henricus Martellus Germanus, Friedrich Alefeld, Johann Sigismund Elsholtz, Alfred Clebsch, Conrad Eckhard, Richard Wilhelm, Axel Ockenfels, Albert Moll, Hans Dragendorff, Gustav Ricker, August Friedrich Schweigger, Johann Georg Krünitz, Isidor Rosenthal, Bruno Schweizer, Otto Dimroth, Georg Ruge, Friedrich Sigmund Merkel, Ludwig Lindenschmit the Elder, Harry Rosenbusch, Richard Andree, Emil Cohen, Fouad Ibrahim, Franz Altheim, Karl Apfelbacher, Juergen B. Donges, Andreas Cellarius, Harald Uhlig, Gregor Von Helmersen, Rudolf Kohlrausch, Peter Becker, Joachim Weimann, Günther Landgraf, Heinrich Martin Weber, Martin Ohm, Wilhelm Von Bezold, Guinevere Kauffmann, Eugen Von Hippel, Georg Thilenius, Christoph M. Schmidt, Henning Meyer, Otto Funke, Michael Hüther, Christian Samuel Weiss, Arthur Kollmann, Heinrich Girard, Andreas Zimmer, Oskar Kellner, Peter Lerche, Gerhard Bersu, Karl-Henning Rehren, Andreas Freytag, Wilhelm Holtz, Albrecht Penck, Jörg Huffschmid, Theodor Wolf, Franz Hillenkamp, Christian Gottlieb Reichard, Friedrich Von Huene, Alexander Ecker, Wolfgang Franz, Norbert Walter, Pau...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=16570765 ... Read more

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Manfred Eigen (born May 9, 1927 ) is a German biophysicist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions. ... Read more

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Aus Wikipedia. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: Manfred Eigen (born May 9, 1927 ) is a German biophysicist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions. He received his PhD at the University of Göttingen and has been former director of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. He is an honorary doctor of the TU Braunschweig. From 1982 to 1993, Eigen was president of the German National Merit Foundation. In 1967, Eigen was awarded, along with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They were distinguished for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions induced in response to very short pulses of energy. In addition, Eigen's name is linked with the theory of the chemical hypercycle, the cyclic linkage of reaction cycles as an explanation for the self organization of prebiotic systems, which he described with Peter Schuster in 1979. Eigen is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. ...http://booksllc.net/?l=de ... Read more

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Chapters: Hans Fritzsche, Herbert Grönemeyer, Wolfgang Clement, Alfred Keller, Andrey Osterman, Manfred Eigen, Otto Schily, Ernst Käsemann, Hermann-Friedrich Joppien, Eckhard Stratmann-Mertens, Gershon Kingsley, Mark Warnecke, Siegfried Balke, Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland, Friedhelm Busse, Thomas Hermanns, Michael Stuckmann, Frank Heinemann, Ute Thimm, Annike Krahn, Carl Arnold Kortum, Norbert Lammert, Tim Sandtler, Frank Goosen, Yuki Stalph, Jill Vernekohl, Annegret Kroniger, Michael Fietz, Maria Rowohlt. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 100. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Herbert Arthur Wiglev Clamor Grönemeyer (born April 12, 1956) is a German musician and actor, popular in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. He starred as war correspondent Lieutenant Werner in Wolfgang Petersen's movie Das Boot, but later concentrated on his musical career. His fifth album Bochum (1984) and his 20th album Mensch (Human) (2002) are the best-selling German-language records of all time. Grönemeyer often refers to his personal roots as lying in the German town of Bochum where he spent most of his childhood, youth and early adulthood. Still today, the song Bochum, first released in 1984, is one of his signature songs, especially during live performances. Being born in Göttingen and not in Bochum he has his own explanation: "I was only born in Göttingen because my mother often fainted when she was pregnant with me. She did this every time she turned to her left side, and no one believed her. In Göttingen there was a professor, a specialist, and he didn't believe her either, at which point she lay down, fainted, and brought me into the world. This is why I was born in Göttingen." Grönemeyers interest in music was sparked at the age of eight, when he started to take piano classes. These later formed the b...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=465237 ... Read more

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Kapitel: Marie Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Otto Hahn, Francis William Aston, Manfred Eigen, Liste Der Nobelpreisträger Für Chemie, Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Ilya Prigogine, Adolf Butenandt, Wilhelm Ostwald, Fritz Haber, Linus Carl Pauling, Irving Langmuir, Svante Arrhenius, Kurt Alder, William Ramsay, Carl Bosch, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie, Friedrich Bergius, Richard Kuhn, Alfred Werner, Emil Fischer, George de Hevesy, Adolf Windaus, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Victor Grignard, Henri Moissan, Heinrich Otto Wieland, Hermann Staudinger, Hans Fischer, Harold C. Urey, Paul Karrer, Robert Robinson, Walther Nernst, James Batcheller Sumner, Otto Wallach, Fritz Pregl, Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon Von Euler-Chelpin, Adolf Von Baeyer, Frederick Soddy, Eduard Buchner, William Francis Giauque, Arne Tiselius, Wendell Meredith Stanley, Walter Norman Haworth, Theodore William Richards, John Howard Northrop, Christian B. Anfinsen, Frederick Sanger, Gerhard Ertl, Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Semjonow, Paul J. Crutzen, Roger Tsien, Peter Debye, Ada Yonath, Ernst Otto Fischer, Jacobus Henricus Van 't Hoff, Jaroslav Heyrovský, Vladimir Prelog, Osamu Shimomura, Karl Ziegler, Roderick Mackinnon, Edwin Mattison Mcmillan, Leopold Ružička, Richard Willstätter, Roald Hoffmann, Roger D. Kornberg, Melvin Calvin, Harold Kroto, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Richard Zsigmondy, Alexander Robertus Todd, Elias James Corey Jr., Kary Mullis, Aaron Klug, Hartmut Michel, Ryoji Noyori, Gerhard Herzberg, Georg Wittig, Walter Kohn, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Robert Mulliken, Yves Chauvin, Vincent Du Vigneaud, Lars Onsager, Charles Pedersen, John Anthony Pople, John W. Cornforth, Luis Federico Leloir, Martin Chalfie, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Henry Taube, Robert B. Woodward, Robert Grubbs, Robert Bruce Merrifield, Paul Berg, George A. Olah, Richard R. Ernst, William S. Knowles, the Svedberg, Richard R. Schrock, Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Willard Frank Libby, Giulio Natta, Jens Christian Skou, Thomas A. Steitz, Mario J. Molina, Herbert Charles Brown, Paul Flory, John B. Fenn, Paul Delos Boyer, Peter Agre, Sidney Altman, Max Ferdinand Perutz, Peter D. Mitchell, Robert Huber, Johann Deisenhofer, Alan Macdiarmid, Richard E. Smalley, Otto Diels, Thomas R. Cech, Frank Sherwood Rowland, Derek H. R. Barton, Jean-Marie Lehn, Archer J. P. Martin, Kurt Wüthrich, Ahmed Zewail, Odd Hassel, William Howard Stein, John E. Walker, Barry Sharpless, Fukui Ken'ichi, Alan J. Heeger, Stanford Moore, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Michael Smith, Aaron Ciechanover, Donald J. Cram, Paul Sabatier, John Cowdery Kendrew, Hideki Shirakawa, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Avram Hershko, George Porter, Kōichi Tanaka, Dudley R. Herschbach, John C. Polanyi, Herbert A. Hauptman, Richard L. M. Synge, Walter Gilbert, William Lipscomb, Yuan T. Lee, Irwin Rose, Jerome Karle, Robert F. Curl. Aus Wikipedia. Nicht dargestellt. Auszug: Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS (30 August 1871-19 October 1937) was a British-New Zealand chemist and physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. In early work he discovered the concept of radioactive half life, proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances". Rutherford performed his most famous work after he received this prize. In 1911, he postulated that atoms have their positive charge concentrated in a very small nucleus, and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model, or planetary, model of the atom, through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering in his gold foil experiment. He is widely credited with first splitting the atom in 1917, and leading the first experiment to "split the nucleus" in a controlled manner by two students under his direction, Joh ... Read more

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: Michael Faraday, Joseph von Fraunhofer, Manfred Eigen, Ilya Prigogine, Wilhelm Ostwald, Ludwig Boltzmann, Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Fritz Haber, Otto Stern, Linus Carl Pauling, Irving Langmuir, Svante Arrhenius, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Hermann Staudinger, Walther Nernst, William Francis Giauque, Rosalind Franklin, Hermann von Helmholtz, Niels Bohr, Hans Kuhn, Gerhard Ertl, Hermann Hartmann, Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Semjonow, Georg Bredig, Harmon Northrop Morse, Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich, Peter Debye, Adolf Miethe, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Hermann F. Mark, Jaroslav Heyrovský, George Jaffé, Hans Heinrich Landolt, Joachim Sauer, Anthony L. Turkevich, Jürgen Wolfrum, Michael Polanyi, Iwan Stranski, Roald Hoffmann, Bertrand L. Goldschmidt, Max Volmer, Werner Holzmüller, Frederick Lindemann, Wilhelm Biltz, Richard Zsigmondy, Johann Josef Loschmidt, Theodor Grotthuß, Max Bodenstein, Engelbert Broda, Gilbert Newton Lewis, William Nicholson, Gerhard Herzberg, Gottfried Osann, Pierre Duhem, Hermann Gerhard Hertz, Raphael Liesegang, Hans Hellmann, Robert Mulliken, Friedrich Kohlrausch, Lars Onsager, Walter Kaminsky, Karl Scheel, Helmut Tributsch, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Alfred Saupe, Fritz Tödt, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Erich Hückel, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Arnold Eucken, Frieder W. Scheller, Richard R. Ernst, Wilder Dwight Bancroft, The Svedberg, Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Rudolf Suhrmann, Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom, Peter Atkins, Mario J. Molina, Paul Flory, Gustav Tammann, Paul Harteck, Kasimir Fajans, Helmut Knözinger, Fritz London, Georg Richard Schultze, Frits Böttcher, David Turnbull, Hans Sachsse, Sidney A. Bernhard, Karl Spiro, Horst Hippler, Kar...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=3360 ... Read more

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Der Erwerb des Buches enthält gleichzeitig die kostenlose Mitgliedschaft im Buchklub des Verlags zum Ausprobieren - dort können Sie von über einer Million Bücher ohne weitere Kosten auswählen. Das Buch besteht aus Wikipedia-Artikeln: Manfred Eigen, Max-Planck-Forschungspreis, Peter Häberle, Thomas Risse, Jan Assmann, Manfred Korfmann, Wolfgang A. Herrmann, Géza Alföldy, Paul J. Crutzen, Detlev Ganten, Joachim Trümper, Wolfgang Schluchter, Horst Bredekamp, Richard Wielebinski, Robert Allan Weinberg, Robert Langer, Helmut Remschmidt, Günter Blobel, Jürgen Wolfrum, Klaus Brockhoff, Werner Eck, Stefan Müller, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Gianni Vattimo, Achim Richter, Simon White, Horst Schmidt-Böcking, Barbara H. Partee, Horst Kessler, Konrad Sandhoff, Aleida Assmann, Hermann Gaub, Daniel Kleppner, Joel Lebowitz, Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Julius Wess, Herbert Gleiter, Herbert Spohn, Jerrold Marsden, Konrad Beyreuther, Dieter Nohlen, Alexander M. Bradshaw, Wolfgang Welsch, Thomas F. Meyer, Peter Hommelhoff, Wolfgang Fikentscher, Wolfgang Lück, Helmut Schwarz, Friedrich Pukelsheim, Stanley Prusiner, Eduard Arzt, Frank Kolb, Fritz Peter Schäfer, Thomas Weiland, Mario J. Molina, Reinhard Jahn, Jeff Cheeger, Martin Vingron, Hartmut Graßl, Helga Haftendorn, Bruno Zumino, Klaus Rajewsky, Endel Lippmaa, Dieter Enders, Peter Jonas, Helmut Knözinger, Werner F. Ebke, Nikolaus Pfanner, David Cox, Karsten Danzmann, Wolfgang Baumeister, Klaus Müllen, Jozef Schell, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Volker ter Meulen, Felix Otto, Manuel Cardona, Stephan W. Koch, Jörg Peter Kotthaus, Joachim Cuntz, Aditi Lahiri, Marshall Davidson Hatch, Werner Hildenbrand, Herta Flor, Dieter G. Weiss, Dietrich Haarer, Hans Kamp, Christof Wetterich, Pietro De Camilli, Hans-Christian Pape, Anatoli Markowitsch Schabotinski, Peter M. Gollwitzer, Klaus Tiedemann, Olivier Kahn, Hans-Walter Heldt, Ekkehard König, Detlev Riesner,. Online finden Sie die kostenlose Aktualisierung der Bücher. N...http://booksllc.net/?l=de&id=3681377 ... Read more