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ELECTRONS (+ and-), PROTONS, PHOTONS, NEUTRONS, MESOTRONS, AND COSMIC RAYS. originally published in 1934.PREFACE: In 1917 the University pf Chicago Press published a small volume entitled The Electron which was intended to be a rather simple presentation of some of the newer de velopments in physics with which my own work had been closely associated. In 1924 a revised edition of this work appeared. A few years later I had the honor of giving The Messenger Lectures at Cornell University and in them still further expanded and brought up to date these newer developments. The present volume grows immediately out of these Messenger Lectures, but is, of course, an attempt to make the presentation as true a picture as I am able to give of the situation as it exists at the date of publication, Janu ary i, 1935. In a sense this work may be looked upon as a third re vision of The Electron, but it differs from most revisions in two particulars, First, an effort has been made at the request of the publishers to introduce into The Electron portion only such changes as are demanded by correct ness of presentation today, and in fact I have been pleased and somewhat surprised to find that the historical mode of presentation originally adopted has rendered radical changes even today both unnecessary and undesirable. Second, the growth of discovery and the rapidity of the advance in physics from the base occupied in 1924 has made it altogether necessary to add six entirely new chap ters ( ad to rvi) on ' Waves and Particles, on The Dis ' ccfvby anVl OrigJ* i ; 6f the'Cosmic Rays/' on The Spin ning Elecr& h$ on The Positron, on The Neutron an< l the Translation of the Elements/' and on The Xa ture of the Cosmic Rays, so that in this particular tin book is not at all a revision. The illust rativc material, ton has been much more than doubled, and now hrrnmr* quite a notable feature. It is hoped that this volume, like its preclcresmni. may be of some interest both to the physicist and to the reader of somewhat less technical training. It has been thought desirable for the sake of both classes of readers not to break the thread of the discussion in the body of the book with the detailed analyses that the careful student de mands. It is for this reason that all mathematical proofs have been thrown into appendixes. If, in spite of tht*, the general student finds that certain chapters, such * vii, viii, and xii, require more familiarity with the general background of physics than he possesses, it is still hoped that without them he may yet gain some idea of certain phases, at least of the fascinating progress of modern science, ROBERT A. MILUKAN CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OP TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA December, 1934. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION: Again the University of Chicago Press has called for a reprinting of this volume, but neither the Press nor I could tolerate a reprinting without an attempt to bring it up to dale through full discussion of the extraordinary advances of the last twelve years. Believing profoundly in the historical approach both in science and in its teach ing, I have made no changes in the first 400 pages save those necessitated by new knowledge, mostly in the values of units, but have replaced the last 50 pages by 200 pages of entirely new material under the five new chapter headings ( xvi-xx) : The Release and Utilization of Nuclear Energy, Geomagnetic Studies on Cosmic Rays at Low Altitudes, The Discovery and the Signifi cance of the Mesotron, The Nature and Number of the Incoming Primary Rays, and The Atom-Annihilation Hypothesis as to the Origin of Cosmic Rays. ... Read more

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PEACTICAL PHYSICS
CHAPTER I
MEASUREMENT
Fundamental Units
1. Introductory. A certain amount of knowledge about familiar things comes to us all very early in life. We learn almost unconsciously, for example, that stones fall and balloons rise, that the teakettle stops boiling when removed from the fire, that telephone messages travel by electric currents, etc. The aim of the study of physics is to set us to thinking about how and why such things happen, and, to a less degree, to acquaint us with other happenings which we may not have noticed or heard of previously.
Most of our accurate knowledge about natural phenomena has been acquired through careful measurements. We can measure three fundamentally different kinds of quantities, - length, mass, and time, - and we shall find that all other measurements may be reduced to these three. Our first problem in physics is, then, to learn something about the units in terms of which all our physical knowledge is expressed.
2. The historic

Table of Contents

CHATTER PAGE; I MEASUREMENT 1; Fundamental Units Density; II PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS11; Liquid Pressure beneath a Free Surface Pascal's Law The Principle of Archimedes; III PRESSURE IN AIR26; Barometric Phenomena Compressibility and Expansibility of Air Pneumatic Appliances; IV MOLECULAR MOTIONS49; Kinetic Theory of Gases Molecular Motions in Liquids Molecular Motions in Solids; V FORCE AND MOTION57; Definition and Measurement of Force Composition and Resolution of Forces Gravitation Falling Bodies Newton's Laws; VI MOLECULAR FORCES90; Elasticity Capillary Phenomena Absorption of Gases; VII WORK AND MECHANICAL ENERGY105; Definition and Measurement of Work Work and the Pulley Work and the Lever The Principle of Work Power and Energy; VIII THERMOMETRY ; EXPANSION COEFFIC ... Read more

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This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

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Originally published in 1908.This volume from the Cornell University Library's print collections was scanned on an APT BookScan and converted to JPG 2000 format by Kirtas Technologies.All titles scanned cover to cover and pages may include marks notations and other marginalia present in the original volume. ... Read more

Product Description
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

Product Description
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process.We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide.We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

Product Description
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

Product Description
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

Product Description
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

Product Description
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process.We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide.We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more