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Rational speculative theology (kalam) in early Islam was represented most distinctly by the theological school of the Mu`tazila. Founded in Basra in the early 8th century, the school soon became predominant in theological scholarship and discourse and remained so until the early 11th century. The Mu`tazila held that the basic truths of theology, such as the existence of God and the nature of His attributes and justice, are entirely subject to rational proof without the benefit of scriptural revelation. Only after these basic truths have been established can the veracity of scripture be proved by reason, and the primacy of reason must also maintained in the interpretation of scripture. Mu`tazili theology naturally appealed to rationally inclined theologians of other scriptural religions and provided a suitable basis for inter-faith communication in the Islamic world. In Judaism Mu`tazili thought was adopted to varying degrees from the 9th century on and reached a peak during the tenth century.

The Mu`tazili world view and rational theology was facing increasing competition and criticism from philosophy of Greek origin, which claimed to provide the only scientific world view based on cogent logical demonstration independent of religious beliefs. Study of the philosophical sciences was mostly shunned in religious scholarship, but was an integral part of the education of the medical profession. Among Qadi `Abd al-Jabbar's disciples in Rayy was for some time a young physician trained in the philosophical sciences, Abu l-Husayn al-Basri (d. 1044), who challenged some of his teaching in his lectures and went on to compose a massive critical review of the arguments and proofs used in kalam. His theological works were generally ignored among the Mu`tazila and handed down among students of medicine. Only a century later his teaching was revived and espoused by the Mu`tazili scholar Mahmud b. al-Malahimi in Khorezm in Central Asia and gained recognition as a school of Mu`tazili theology.

The present study presents evidence that Abu l-Husayn's theology was immediately registered and controversially debated in the Karaite community under the Fatimid caliphate. The study is based on source material preserved in Genizahs and now dispersed in libraries around the world. ... Read more

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Publisher: London LuzacPublication date: 1908Subjects: Saadia ben Joseph, 882-942Karaitic literatureNotes: This is an OCR reprint. There may be numerous typos or missing text. There are no illustrations or indexes.When you buy the General Books edition of this book you get free trial access to Million-Books.com where you can select from more than a million books for free. You can also preview the book there. ... Read more

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This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

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The Diqduq is one of the earliest grammatical texts of the Middle Ages. It is a grammatical commentary on the Hebrew Bible. This work brings to light, for the first time, one of the major Hebrew grammatical texts of the 10th century. ... Read more

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This is a comprehensive study of legal, historical and economic aspects of marriage as practised during the Middle Ages, in Egypt and Palestine, by members of a distinct Jewish movement known as Karaism. This study is based on original Hebrew medieval manuscripts recovered from the Cairo Geniza. Edited translations of 65 manuscripts, most of them previously unpublished, are included in the second part of the book. A detailed and accessible analysis of their content, language, formulation and palaeography is provided, seeking to shed new light on Karaite legal and linguistic tradition, and providing a source for the understanding of early Karaism, and of medieval Jewish history in general. ... Read more

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In The Karaite Jews of Egypt, Mourad el-Kodsi offers for the first time a comprehensive and scholarly study of the little-known history of the Karaite Jews. Dealing primarily with the period from 1882-1986, el-Kodsi's text reveals the many dimensions of the Karaites' rich cultural heritage, and is supplemented by numerous photographs and reproductions of authentic Karaite documents of historical import. In a style that is at once uncompromising and sensitive, the author examines the folk traditions, societal patterns, and artistic contributions of this once-flourishing society. ... Read more

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Chapters: Rus' Khaganate, Karaim Language, Crimean Karaites, Radhanite, Ashina, Kabar, Khalyzians, Sabir People, Kumyks, Arsiyah, North Caucasian Huns, Baranjars, Khvalisy, K'o-Sa, Akatziroi. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 79. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Rus' Khaganate is a name suggested for a polity that flourished during a poorly documented period in the history of Eastern Europe (roughly the late 8th and early to mid-9th centuries AD). A predecessor to the Rurik Dynasty and the Kievan Rus', the Rus' Khaganate was a state (or a cluster of city-states) set up by a people called Rhos or Rus, at least some of whom were Norsemen (Vikings, Varangians) of Swedish origin, in what is today northern Russia. The region's population at that time was composed of Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Turkic and Norse peoples. The region was also a center of operations for Varangians, eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants and pirates. According to contemporaneous sources, the population centers of the region, which may have included the proto-towns of Holmgard (Novgorod), Aldeigja (Ladoga), Lyubsha, Alaborg, Sarskoe Gorodishche, and Timerevo, were under the rule of a monarch or monarchs using the Old Turkic title Khagan or related with old norse given name Haakon that mean "high son" and it can be denotes to lokal political setup (literally "kingdom") . The Rus' Khaganate period marked the genesis of a distinct Rus' ethnos, and its successor states would include Kievan Rus' and later states from which modern Russia evolved. The ruler of the Rus' is mentioned by the title of "khagan" in several historical sources. Most of them are foreign texts dating from the 9th century. Three others are East Slavic sources from the 11th and 12th centuries. The earliest European reference related to the...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=21486297 ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Magnificent historical work
I was extremely fortunate to obtain a copy of Murad al-Qudsi's rare 2002 book (Wilprint, Inc, Lyons, N.Y.) while researching a piece on former Stanford professor Joel Beinin.

Beginning on page 202, the book includes 2 pages of al-Qudsi's comments on Beinin's discredited 1998 book, The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry, followed by some 26 pages of documents, articles and letters, elucidating Beinin's determination to misrepresent the factual history concerning the Karaite Jewish community of Egypt.

Al-Qudsi, for those who know no Arabic, means "from Jerusalem," indicating the al-Qudsi family's ties, dating back thousands of years, to the capital of Israel and the Jewish people. In fact, contrary to Beinin's contention, as the documents and record in this book show, the Karaite Jewish community are fervent Zionists, as they have been since the Babylonian conquest of Judea in 568 BCE--and the movement's origin, as a movement, following the second conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE.

Al-Qudsi includes information about Beinin's false representations of Karaite history, and more specifically, the contents of interchanges he had with Beinin following the latter's initial misrepresentations in a 1997 online article, as well as Beinin's written replies, in which he dared to deny facts as experienced and documented by the Karaite Jewish community, which was isolated in ghettos for its duration in Egypt, and then forced to leave Egypt in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, along with other Sephardic Jewish people whose rights, possessions, jobs and wealth were stripped.

A genuine scholar would have, in addition to interviewing the subjects of his work, documented their statements with written Karaite and Egyptian historical publications and records such as are included in this book. But Beinin denied their veracity without even so much as citing any of these valuable sources in his work.

Al-Qudsi here exposes as an American-born, Communist anti-Zionist whose stated political agenda--rather than thorough and genuine research--governs his entire body of work. This material clearly demonstrates why the Karaite community is so deeply offended by Beinin's polemical work, which his Stanford affiliation allowed him (for a time anyway) to falsely parade as scholarship.

In addition to this extremely valuable chapter, the book also contains exact photocopies of many Karaite historical photographs, journals, newspapers, manuscripts and so on, in English, Hebrew and Arabic, and the important truths about this intellectually rich, Jewish religious community.

At the time I received this book, al-Qudsi was about 91 and remained as lucid as the day is long. His book is likewise lucid and scholarly, a source of enlightenment, in short, a real treasure.

--Alyssa A. Lappen ... Read more

Product Description
This book an EXACT reproduction of the original book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ... Read more

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Chapters: Masoretic Text, Karaim, Karaim Language, Crimean Karaites, Codex Cairensis, Isaac of Troki, Kenesa, Letter of the Karaite Elders of Ascalon, Moshe Marzouk, Karaite Jewish University, Al-Hiti, List of Karaite Jews, Matzliah, Mourners of Zion, Bnei Yisrael. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 92. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Karaite Judaism or Karaism (pronounced ) (Hebrew: , Modern Tiberian ; meaning "Readers of the Hebrew Scriptures" or "followers/seekers of Torah/Tanakh-based Judaism") is a Jewish movement characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh alone as its supreme religious authority. It is distinct from Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the interpretations of Jewish laws in the Oral law, Talmud, and subsequent works to be authoritative interpretations of the Tanakh. Karaites maintain that all of the commandments handed down to Moses were recorded in the written Torah at Mount Sinai, without additional Oral Law or explanation. As a result, Karaite Jews do not accept as binding the written collections of the Oral tradition in the Mishnah or Talmud. When interpreting the Tanakh, Karaites strive to adhere to the plain or most obvious meaning ("p'shat") of the text; this is not necessarily the literal meaning, but rather the meaning that would have been naturally understood by the ancient Israelites when the books of the Tanakh were first written. Due to the tremendous changes in Jewish culture and religious practice over the past 4,000 years, the p'shat may not be as easily understood as it once was in Biblical Israel, and must now be derived from textual clues such as language, and context. (In contrast, Rabbinic Judaism relies on oral traditions handed down by rabbis and collected in the Mishnah, Talmud, and other sources, to reveal the original meaning of the T...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=642147 ... Read more

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Chapters: Ethnic Groups in Crimea, Ukrainians, Russians, Armenians in Crimea, Crimean Karaites, Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Integration and Development Centre for Information and Research. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 51. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt:The Russian people (, russkiye) are an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. The English term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity (see demographics of Russia for information on other ethnic groups inhabiting Russia); in Russian, the demonym Russian is translated as rossiyanin (, plural rossiyane), while the ethnic Russians, are referred to as russkiye (sg. , russkiy). According to the 2002 census, ethnic Russians make up about 80% of the population of Russia The modern Russian ethnicity is formed from two groups (Northern and Southern) made up in past of Kriviches, Ilmen Slavs, Radimichs, Vyatiches and Severians East Slavic tribes. Genetic studies show that modern Russians do not differ significantly from Poles or Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Zelenin, affirm that Russians are more similar to Belarusians and Ukrainians than southern russians to northern russians. Russians in northern European Russia, however, also share moderate genetic similarities with Finno-Ugric peoples,, who lived in modern north central European Russia and who were partly assimilated by the Slavs as the Slavs migrated northeastwards. Among those peoples were Merya and Muromian. Outside archaeological remains, little is known about the predecessors to Russians in general prior to 859 AD, the year from which the account in the Primary Chronicle starts. It's thought that by 600 AD, the Slavs had split linguistically into southern, western, a...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=59510 ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Histoire Du Karaïsme, Karaïmes, Codex D'alep, Hakham, Scripturalisme, Princes Karaïtes, Ashérisme, Simon Szyszman, Matzliah. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Le karaïsme (קראות qaraout ; peut aussi s'écrire « caraïsme », « qaraïsme » ou « charaïsme ») est un courant du judaïsme scripturaliste, car fondé sur la seule Miqra, c'est-à-dire la Bible hébraïque et le refus de la Loi orale. Il est donc en opposition au judaïsme pharisien, plus exactement au judaïsme rabbinique. Ses adhérents sont appelés les « karaïtes » ou les « karaïmes » (קראים qaraïm), et parfois surnommés bnei ou ba'alei haMiqra (« fils » ou « maîtres de la Miqra »). À l'origine, les mots « karaïte » et « karaïme » (les deux versions les plus souvent rencontrées en français pour désigner les adeptes) sont interchangeables. À compter du siècle, cependant, les karaïtes résidant dans l'empire tzariste (et uniquement eux) se redéfinirent majoritairement comme un peuple distinct du peuple juif, d'ethnie turque tatare, pratiquant une religion spécifique issue du mosaïsme et possédant sa langue propre. L'habitude s'est alors assez largement répandu de désigner les tenants de cette nouvelle approche par le terme « Karaïme » ou « Qaraylar ». Le mot « karaïte » s'utilise dorénavant plutôt pour désigner les karaïtes extra-européens (qui continuent tous à se définir comme Juifs), mais aussi comme terme générique pour désigner l'ensemble des groupes. Cependant, ces utilisations ne sont pas pleinement normalisées, et que des utilisations inverses peuvent encore être trouvées. Le premier groupe karaïte connu, celui des Ananites, fut fondé au siècle, mais il est possible que des mouvements karaïtes moins importants l'aient précédé. Les karaïtes e...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Journal of the American Oriental Society, published by American Oriental Society on April 1, 2007. The length of the article is 1045 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The Stains of Culture: An Ethno-Reading of Karaite Jewish Women.
Author: Rivka Ulmer
Publication: The Journal of the American Oriental Society (Magazine/Journal)
Date: April 1, 2007
Publisher: American Oriental Society
Volume: 127Issue: 2Page: 206(3)

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Religion, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 4773 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The second edition of this highly regarded encyclopedia, preserving the best of the first edition's cross-cultural approach, while emphasizing religion's role within everyday life and as a unique experience from culture to culture, this new edition is the definitive work in the field for the 21st century. An international team of scholars and contributors have reviewed, revised and added to every word of the classic work, making it relevant to the questions and interests of all researchers. ... Read more