Geometry.Net - Science: Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae Fungi -- Why You Should Use Them In Your Garden
mycorrhizae Fungi Why You Should Use Them in Your Florida Garden. mycorrhizaeare living organisms that form a symbiotic relationship with plants.
http://www.floridagardener.com/manures/Mycorrhizae.asp

Extractions: Florida Garden Add this important biological partnership to your plant roots for top performance... Plants treated with mycorrhizae (my - koh - rý - zee) are much better able to tolerate drought, salty or damaged soils, and can perform better in disturbed and low fertility soils. Plants treated with mycorrhizae need less water and fertilizer which means less waste of our natural resources and less pollution from fertilizer runoff two of the greatest environmental issues facing Florida today The word "mycorrhizae" means "fungus roots" and defines the close mutually beneficial relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots. "Mycorrhizae are living organisms that form a symbiotic relationship with plants. That's necessary because fungi are not capable of performing photosynthesis to make life-sustaining sugars and carbohydrates. Plants provide carbohydrates for the fungi in return for the fungi picking up more nutrients from the soil."
Mycorrhizae Search Page
Home. You may search the Fungal Ecology Lab web site for all documentscontaining matching words or patterns. Search for Home .
http://biology.umt.edu/fungus/search.htm
Mycorrhizae
mycorrhizae. I can't answer specifically about mycorrhizae in aquatic plants or plantsof alkaline flats, but there are certainly fungi in these environments.
http://csf.colorado.edu/archive/2003/nwnatives/msg00199.html
Backyard Gardener - Mycorrhizae: The Friendly Fungus, October 21, 1998
Backyard Gardener mycorrhizae The Friendly Fungus October 21, 1998 Jeff Schalau,County Director, Agent, Agriculture Natural Resources Arizona Cooperative
http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/mycorrhizae.html

Extractions: Imagine a fungus that wraps around the roots of practically every plant in the landscape and uses the plant's energy to sustain it's own cellular metabolic needs. This fungus is everywhere. In fact, they are probably lurking under the soil in your back yard right now. No, this is not some scary story designed to raise the hair on the back of your neck during the appropriate season, it's real...it's mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae (pronounced mi-cor-ri-zay with long "i"s, short "o", and long "a") have a mutualistic relationship with the green plants that they colonize. In other words, both the fungus and the plant benefit from the association. In general, mycorrhizae assist the plant by expediting water and mineral nutrient acquisition. Tiny fungal strands called mycelia can grow through soil much faster and more easily than plant roots and can therefore exploit a much larger soil volume in search of these resources. In return, the plant provides carbohydrates (sugars) to the mycorrhizal fungus. Both endo and ectomycorrhizae are difficult and costly to grow in cultures outside of plant roots, but it can be done. Soil inoculants are available for both types. Most crop plants form associations with endomycorrhizae. And the inoculum can be applied to the soil prior to planting. There are certainly biological benefits to inoculating, but the jury is still out on the economic returns of doing so. One of the biological benefits is protection from root rot fungi. In theory, the mycorrhizae fill a niche that could otherwise be occupied by a disease causing pathogen. On the other hand, if crops are doing well and require low inputs of fertilizers, you may well already have a natural population of mycorrhizae. This is an excellent reason NOT to fumigate soils just because we can. There are also many beneficial soil organisms: nitrogen fixing bacteria, predatory nematodes, benign decomposing fungi, etc.
Backyard Gardener - Mycorrhizae: The Friendly Fungus, December 1, 1999 (previous
Backyard Gardener mycorrhizae The Friendly Fungus December 1, 1999 Jeff Schalau,County Director, Agent, Agriculture Natural Resources Arizona Cooperative
http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/mycorrhizaerepeat.html

Extractions: Imagine a fungus that wraps around the roots of practically every plant in the landscape and uses the plant's energy to sustain it's own cellular metabolic needs. This fungus is everywhere. In fact, they are probably lurking under the soil in your back yard right now. No, this is not some scary story designed to raise the hair on the back of your neck during the appropriate season, it's real...it's mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae (pronounced mi-cor-ri-zay with long "i"s, short "o", and long "a") have a mutualistic relationship with the green plants that they colonize. In other words, both the fungus and the plant benefit from the association. In general, mycorrhizae assist the plant by expediting water and mineral nutrient acquisition. Tiny fungal strands called mycelia can grow through soil much faster and more easily than plant roots and can therefore exploit a much larger soil volume in search of these resources. In return, the plant provides carbohydrates (sugars) to the mycorrhizal fungus. Both endo and ectomycorrhizae are difficult and costly to grow in cultures outside of plant roots, but it can be done. Soil inoculants are available for both types. Most crop plants form associations with endomycorrhizae. And the inoculum can be applied to the soil prior to planting. There are certainly biological benefits to inoculating, but the jury is still out on the economic returns of doing so. One of the biological benefits is protection from root rot fungi. In theory, the mycorrhizae fill a niche that could otherwise be occupied by a disease causing pathogen. On the other hand, if crops are doing well and require low inputs of fertilizers, you may well already have a natural population of mycorrhizae. This is an excellent reason NOT to fumigate soils just because we can. There are also many beneficial soil organisms: nitrogen fixing bacteria, predatory nematodes, benign decomposing fungi, etc.
TreeHelp.com: Trees: Species: Palm: Mycorrhizae
Palm Trees. Soil Improvement. mycorrhizae form when mycorrhizal fungiinfect newly forming nonwoody roots as shown here. mycorrhizae.
http://www.treehelp.com/trees/palm/mycorrhizae.asp

Extractions: Tree Info Ash Aspen Baldcypress Beech Birch Buckeye Catalpa Chestnut Citrus(all) Cottonwood Crabapple Dogwood Douglas-fir Elm Ginkgo Hickory Holly Lemon Lime Linden Locust Planetree Magnolia Maple Oak Orange Palm Pear Pecan Pine Poplar Redbud Sago Spruce Willow How-To Fertilize Plant Prune Remove more... Products Biostimulant Books Care Kits Fertilizers Mycorrhizae Pest Control Seeds Tools Watering Zones Canada U.S.A.
THE USE OF MYCORRHIZAE IN MINED LAND RECLAMATION
THE USE OF mycorrhizae IN MINED LAND RECLAMATION. Susan Sturges. Minedland Benefits of mycorrhizae on mined land sites. Five types
http://www.hort.agri.umn.edu/h5015/97papers/sturges.html

Extractions: THE USE OF MYCORRHIZAE IN MINED LAND RECLAMATION Susan Sturges Mined land sites are generally known to be nutrient poor and contain soils that are in dire need of stabilization to prevent erosion. Marked by the beginning works of J. R. Schramm, mine reclamation practices have included the use of mycorrhizal inocula to establish successful plant communities on mined sites (Danielson 1985). Mycorrhizae benefit the vegetation by increasing a plants ability to survive in a nutrient poor and water deficient environment (Norland 1993). In undisturbed ecosystems, mycorrhizal relationships occur naturally. Mined sites, however, are chemically, physically, and biologically altered and often lack the necessary quantity of mycorrhizal fungi to sustain a tolerant plant community (Norland 1993). Several types of mycorrhizal inocula are currently in use and will be examined according to their practicality and economy to site specificity. Benefits of mycorrhizae on mined land sites Mining also affects many soil factors, such as pH, fertility, toxicity, bulk density, and soil moisture, which, in turn, reduce the VAM propagules in the soil that would be necessary for mycorrhizal dependent plants to thrive (Fuge 1986). Mycorrhizal inoculation techniques Several factors should be considered before applying any type of inoculum. First, effectiveness of inoculation form is usually dependent on fungi species, climate, and ecosystem (Abbott and Robson 1981). Second, a particular fungus may not necessarily do as well with a host in different environmental conditions or with the same host under varied environmental conditions (Abbott and Robson 1981). Also, inocula, in general, will be most successful when applied in the root zone of actively growing plants without heavy fertilization (Norland 1993). Inoculum sources should be given strong considerations. Inocula from old mine spoils with established vegetation and from neighboring undisturbed sites are valuable sources (Danielson 1985, Helm and Carling 1990). Finally, with all types of inoculum, there are practical difficulties of storage, reactivation and applications on a large scale (Mosse et al. 1981).
Signaling And Nutrient Transfer Mechanisms In The Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
Types of mycorrhizae. Table 1. Major categories of mycorrhizae andtheir associated attributes. The fungal names are abbreviated
http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio265/jlp13/myco.php?t=types
Mycorrhizae Gets To The Root Of The Plant Health
Gardeners ENews mycorrhizae gets to the root of the plant health. AURORA- mycorrhizae could be called the threads of life. More than
http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/garden/houseplant/mycorrhizae.html

Extractions: EESC Home Gardening Information Northwest Gardeners E-News AURORA - Mycorrhizae could be called the threads of life. More than 90 percent of the world's plant species depend on these underground filaments to supply water and minerals essential for growth. Mycorrhizae are a symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of higher plants, explained Sven Svenson, professor of horticulture at Oregon State University's North Willamette Research and Extension Center. The fungi attach to plant roots, creating thread-like extensions that reach far into the soil, increasing the surface area of the plant roots up to 1,000 times. The extended reach of these threads is astonishing. A thimbleful of soil can contain miles of mycorrhizal filaments. The intricate webs of mycorrhizal filaments capture water and minerals and deliver them to plant roots. But it is not only the additional surface area that increases the uptake of vital elements to plants. The mycorrhizae dissolve soil-bound minerals, such as phosphorus and iron, making them easier for the plant to absorb. And mycorrhizae produce organic compounds that glue soils together to improve soil structure and porosity to enhance root growth.
Influence Of Soil Nitrogen And Mycorrhizae On Pacific Madrone Decline
Influence of soil nitrogen and mycorrhizae on Pacific madrone decline.M dieback. Root tips of madrones were examined for mycorrhizae.
http://students.washington.edu/melliott/arbutus/apscps2000/

Extractions: Abstract Introduction Methods Results ... Figures Abstract Pacific madrone ( Arbutus menziesii Pursh) has been declining in urban areas in the Puget Sound area due to a canker disease caused by the fungus Nattrassia mangiferae In the Puget Sound region, many Pacific madrone ( Arbutus menziesii Pursh) trees are dying or in poor health. Usually the vigor of affected trees declines over an extended period before they die. The combined effects of a complex set of environmental stresses such as drought, flooding, soil fertility, sun, and wind cause the trees to have low resistance to primary infection by canker fungi and root diseases. The most destructive disease on Pacific madrone is caused by the canker fungus Nattrassia mangiferae Nattrass. Infection by
Importance Of Mycorrhizae For Agricultural Crops
Importance of mycorrhizae for Agricultural Crops 1. RM Muchovej 2.What are mycorrhizae? The word mycorrhizae was first used by
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_AG116

Extractions: R. M. Muchovej The word mycorrhizae was first used by German researcher A.B. Frank in 1885, and originates from the Greek mycos , meaning 'fungus' and rhiza , meaning 'root'. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic mutualistic relationship between special soil fungi and fine plant roots; it is neither the fungus nor the root, but rather the structure formed from these two partners. Since the association is mutualistic, both organisms benefit from the association. The fungus receives carbohydrates (sugars) and growth factors from the the plant, which in turn receives many benefits, including increased nutrient absorption. In this association, the fungus takes over the role of the plant's root hairs and acts as an extension of the root system. Mycorrhizae are the rule in nature, not the exception. Most plants (more than 90% of all known species) present at least one type of mycorrhiza. Among important plants that associate with mycorrhizal fungi are corn, carrots, leek, potatoes, beans, soybeans, other legumes, tomatoes, peppers, onions, garlic, sunflower, strawberries, citrus, apples, peaches, grapes, cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugarcane, forest species, wild plants, and even weeds. Cabbage, Cruciferae in general, and some aquatic plants are usually non-mycorrhizal. Two main types of mycorrhizae may be found, depending on whether the fungus penetrates into the root cells or not:
Mycorrhiza
mycorrhiza. (pl. mycorrhizae) Terms discussed arbuscule (pl. arbuscules),ectomycorrhizal, endomycorrhizal, Hartig net, mantle (pl.
http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/ima/Terms/mycor537.html

Extractions: A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship between a plant and a fungus (actually, usually many fungi ) - - the fungus attaches itself to the plants roots and functions as an extended root system for the plant, seeking out water and minerals that the plant can't get to. This is especially important in the case of minerals, like phosphorus, that don't diffuse very well in water: it's necessary to be right at the source instead of waiting for the mineral to diffuse over to you in the groundwater. Since a fungus' mycelium is only one cell thick, it can cover the territory in much more detail than the plant's roots can, and work its way into wherever it needs to go. In return, the fungus gets sugars from the plant. A fungus which has this type of relationship with a plant is called mycorrhizal
Mycorrhizae In Adenostoma Fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.: A Combination Of Unusual Ec
Soil Ecology Restoration Group. last update October 26, 1999. mycorrhizae in Adenostomafasciculatum Hook. Arn. acombination of unusual ecto endo forms.
http://www.serg.sdsu.edu/SERG/publications/99allen2.html

Extractions: Soil Ecology Restoration Group last update October 26, 1999 Abstract The mycorrhizal status of Adenostoma fasciculatum, the dominant shrub in California chaparral, has been unclear. In two typical , nearly monospecific stands, A. fasciculatum was found to have arbuscules and intercellular hyphae. Antisera detected hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal genera Acaulospora, Glomus, and Scutelluspora, although we found only spores of Glomus. Some roots had partial sheaths and inter- and intracellular septate fungi without indications of root necrosis. Ectomycorrhizal root tips were also found , including Cenococcum and other unknown taxa. Sporocarps of Hygrophorus, and Coritnarius were found in the stand, with no other EM or arbutoid mycorrhizal plants nearby. These observations indicate that A. Fasciculatum forms mycorrhizae with AM, septate, and EM fungi, but often fails to form easily recognizable mycorrhizal structures.
Arbor Grow - Myco-stim - Mycorrhizae And Trichoderma - Organic Supplements
Arbor Grow suppliers of Mycostim, root inoculant with mycorrhizae andTrichoderma for landscaping and farming. mycorrhizae Root Inoculant.
http://www.virtualviz.com/arborgrow/mycostym.htm

Extractions: Product List These beneficial fungi colonize plant roots and greatly increase the root's ability to take up nutrients and water. In addition, these unique microbes secret antibiotics to keep plants healthy and vigorous. A mycorrhizal plant is able to survive with less fertilizer and water than a non-mycorrhizal plant. Especially recommended for landscaping, inground plants, trees and shrubs as well as for vineyards. Benefits: Increases Reduces Promotes MycoStim contains living microorganisms that establish a beneficial symbiotic relationship with the roots of the host plant.
Start Here (Mycorrhizas Webpage)
Introduction to the structure, development and function of mycorrhizas, especially vesicular arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal associations. Includes illustrations, lists of Australian host plants, fungi associated with Eucalyptus and teaching
http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza

Extractions: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products . The use of information and images from this site for non-profit teaching purposes is encouraged, but they may not be republished in any form without written permission. Please read the and safety information provided. Most images are by Mark Brundrett, unless another photographer is acknowledged. Images cannot be published without permission from the photographer. The person who is the original source of images must always be acknowledged. Much of this site are based on text and images from the introductory chapter of the book Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture by Mark Brundrett, Neale Bougher, Bernie Dell, Tim Grove and Nick Malajczuk, published by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research in 1996. More information about the book is provided . This book contains much additional information about mycorrhizal associations including chapters on ectomycorrhizal fungi identification. Some diagrams from this book are available for you to download.
Mycorrhizas
The Microbial World Mycorrhizas are symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots (the term means literally 'fungus root').
http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/mycorrh.htm

Extractions: Mycorrhizas Mycorrhizas are symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots (the term means literally 'fungus root'). Perhaps more than 70% of the species of higher plants have these relationships, and so do many pteridophytes (ferns and their allies) and some mosses (especially liverworts). They are as common on crop plants (cereals, peas, tomatoes, onions, apples, strawberry, etc) as in wild plant communities, and in several cases they have been shown to be important or even essential for plant performance. As the American plant pathologist, Stephen Wilhelm, said: '...i n agricultural field conditions, plants do not, strictly speaking, have roots, they have mycorrhizas To a large degree, mycorrhizas seem to be symbiotic ( mutualistic ) relationships, in which the fungus obtains at least some of its sugars from the plant, while the plant benefits from the efficient uptake of mineral nutrients (or water) by the fungal hyphae. However, there can be circumstances in which the fungus is mildly detrimental, and others in which the plant feeds from the fungus. Below, we consider three of the commonest types of mycorrhiza. Each of them represents a distinctive type of association.
ICOM 3, Adelaide, Australia
Third International Conference on Mycorrhizas 813th July (inclusive) 2001, AdelaideConvention Centre, Adelaide, Australia Proposal to form the International
http://www.waite.adelaide.edu.au/Soil_Water/3icom.html

Extractions: The University of Adelaide is the main sponsor of ICOM 3. It incorporates a major centre for mycorrhizal research, which has strong links to other mycorrhizal research groups in Australia and overseas. The research is carried out in The Centre for Plant Root Symbioses (Director: Professor Sally Smith) which is based in the Department of Soil and Water,
ICOM2.index
ICOM II 2nd International Conference on Mycorrhiza Uppsala, SWEDEN,510 July 1998. The Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza
http://www-icom2.slu.se/

Extractions: Uppsala, SWEDEN, 5-10 July 1998 The Second International Conference on Mycorrhiza was held in Uppsala, Sweden, 5-10 July 1998. The meeting was organised by a local organising committee based at the Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden. The meeting covered different aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis and their role in a wide range of areas from ecosystem dynamics and nutrient cycling to cellular interactions, gene expression and metabolic regulation. Following the Uppsala meeting this web site will kept open and developed to include information of interest to mycorrhiza researchers. Important dates ... Roger.Finlay@mykopat.slu.se and Eric Danell

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