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There is an increasing need for effective methods of estimating the risks caused by the large number of pollutants released into the environment by human activities. This volume provides an overview of biosensors as a key tool for the environmental monitoring of aquatic systems. Biosensor technology is based on a specific biological recognition element in combination with a transducer for signal processing. In particular, the detection and identification of endocrine-disrupting compounds and other toxins in wastewater are treated in detail. Biosensors are presented as a practical alternative or supplement to traditional chromatographic techniques. Emphasis is also placed on the validation of the applied technology and its application to real-world environmental samples.

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This volume is produced from digital images created through the University of Michigan University Library's large-scale digitization efforts. The Library seeks to preserve the intellectual content of items in a manner that facilitates and promotes a variety of uses. The digital reformatting process results in an electronic version of the original text that can be both accessed online and used to create new print copies. The Library also understands and values the usefulness of print and makes reprints available to the public whenever possible. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found in the HathiTrust, an archive of the digitized collections of many great research libraries. For access to the University of Michigan Library's digital collections, please see http://www.lib.umich.edu and for information about the HathiTrust, please visit http://www.hathitrust.org ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Chemosphere, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Humic substances (HS) have a critical influence on the sorption of organic contaminants by soils and sediments. This paper describes investigations into the sorption behavior of three representative endocrine disruptors, bisphenol A (BPA), 17@b-estradiol (E2), and 17@a-ethynylestradiol (EE2), onto sediments and HS extracted sediments using a batch technique. The organic carbon-normalized partition coefficients (K"o"c) for the extracted HS (K"o"c(hs)) were calculated, and the fluorescence spectra of the HS extraced from different sediment samples were gained using excitation/emission matrix (EEM). Particular attention was paid to the correlations between the fluorescence characteristics of HS and the logK"o"c(hs) of selected endocrine disruptors. The results show that the logK"o"c(hs) values range from 3.14 to 4.09 for BPA, from 3.47 to 4.33 for E2, and from 3.65 to 4.32 for EE2. Two characteristic excitation-emission peaks were observed for HS samples extracted from sediments. They are located at Ex/Em=250-260nm/400-450nm (peak @a') and Ex/Em=310-330nm/390-400nm (peak @a) respectively. The @a' and @a peak relative intensities (I"@a"^"'/I"@a) vary from 0.46 to 1.64 for different extracted HS samples. The similarity between fulvic acids (FA) Ex/Em pairs and those observed for HS indicates that FA is the predominant fraction of HS extracted from sediments. Moreover, the logK"o"c(hs) values of BPA, E2, and EE2 have a negative linear correlation to I"@a"'/I"@a values. Peak @a is often attributed to relatively stable and high molecular weight aromatic fulvic-like matter. Therefore, the result presented here reveals that the abundance of aromatic rings in HS molecular structure plays a critical role in the sorption of selected endocrine disruptors. ... Read more

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Chapters: Endocrine Disruptor. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 853. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances that act like hormones in the endocrine system and disrupt the physiologic function of endogenous hormones. They are sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, endocrine disrupting chemicals, or endocrine disrupting compounds. EDC studies have linked endocrine disruptors to adverse biological effects in animals, giving rise to concerns that low-level exposure might cause similar effects in human beings. The term endocrine disruptor was coined at the Wingspread Conference Centre in Wisconsin, in 1991. One of the early papers on the effect was by Theo Colborn in 1993. In this paper, she stated that environmental chemicals disrupt the development of the endocrine system, and that effects of exposure during development are permanent. Endocrine disrupting compounds encompass a variety of chemical classes, including hormones, plant constituents, pesticides, compounds used in the plastics industry and in consumer products, and other industrial by-products and pollutants. Some are pervasive and widely dispersed in the environment. Some are persistent organic pollutants (POP's), and can be transported long distances across national boundaries and have been found in virtually all regions of the world. Others are rapidly degraded in the environment or human body or may be present for only short periods of time. Health effects attributed to endocrine disrupting compounds include a range of reproductive problems (reduced fertility, male and female reproductive tract abnormalities, and skewed male/female sex ratios, loss of fetus, menstrual problems); changes in hormone levels; early puberty; brain and behavior problems; impaired immune ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=903152 ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Chemosphere, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The Llobregat basin is a Mediterranean fluvial system with major agricultural, urban and industrial impacts. We combined chemical quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray interface (LC-ESI-MS) and the recombinant yeast assay (RYA) assays to estimate the loads of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) along the basin. Chemical analysis revealed maximum concentrations (at @mgl^-^1 level) of alkylphenols at the lower course of the Llobregat River, which correlated with high levels of estrogenic activity detected by RYA. Analysis by RYA and LC-ESI-MS of influent and effluent waters from four sewage treatment plants (STP) discharging into the basin showed the removal of 80-95% of EDCs by STP treatment. Chemical analysis data and RYA data showed a quasi-linear correlation, demonstrating the complementariness of both methods. Our data suggest that the concentrations of the analysed compounds were enough to explain the total estrogenicity of water and STP samples from the Llobregat basin. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are a widely-used small fish model for regulatory ecotoxicology testing and research related to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantitative real-time PCR assays for measuring fathead minnow gonadotropin (GtH) @b subunit transcripts were developed and ''baseline'' transcript levels in pituitary tissue were examined over a range of age classes and spawning states. Among females, GtH@b transcripts did not vary significantly with gonadal-somatic index or gonad stage. However, in males, follicle-stimulating hormone @b subunit transcripts decreased significantly with increasing gonad stage, while mean luteinizing hormone @b subunit expression trended in the opposite direction. GtH@b transcript levels measured in pituitaries from fish that had spawned within the preceding 24 h were not significantly different from those from fish that were 2-3 days post-spawn. Exposure to the fungicide ketoconazole, a known steroidogenesis inhibitor, for 21 days significantly affected the abundance of GtH@b transcripts in pituitary tissue in males, but not females. This study provides critical data needed to design and interpret effective experiments for studying direct and indirect effects of EDCs on GtH subunit mRNA expression. Results of such experiments should facilitate a greater understanding of integrated system-wide responses of the fathead minnow brain-pituitary-gonadal axis to stressors including EDCs. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Science of the Total Environment, The, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Numerous studies have investigated degradation of individual endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in lab or natural waters. However, natural variations in water matrices and mixtures of EDCs in the environment may confound analysis of the treatment efficiency. Because chemical based analytical methods cannot represent the combined or synergistic activities between water quality parameters and/or the EDC mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations (@mg L^-^1-ng L^-^1), bioanalytical assessments of residual estrogenic activity in treated water were used to evaluate the performance of the UV based advanced oxidation process for estrogenic contaminants in water. Four EDCs including estradiol (E"2), ethinyl estradiol (EE"2), bisphenol-A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) were spiked individually or as a mixture at @mg L^-^1-ng L^-^1 in laboratory or natural river water. The removal rates of estrogenic activity were quantitatively evaluated by in vitro yeast estrogen screen (YES) and in vivo Vitellogenin (VTG) assays with Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). UV in combination with 10 ppm H"2O"2 as an oxidation process was capable of decreasing in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity, however, in vivo estrogenic activity of the EDC mixture in natural water was not completely removed at UV fluence up to 2000 mJ cm^-^2. The removal rates of in vitro estrogenic activity of the EDC mixtures were lower than those observed for single compounds, and slower in natural waters, likely due to lower steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (*OH) in the presence of *OH scavengers from the water matrix and EDC mixture. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Environmental Health Perspectives, published by Thomson Gale on June 1, 2007. The length of the article is 417 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: Shift in the sexes: are endocrine disruptors changing birth ratios?(Science Selections)
Author: Julia R. Barrett
Publication: Environmental Health Perspectives (Magazine/Journal)
Date: June 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 115Issue: 6Page: A312(1)

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This digital document is a journal article from Environmental Research, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Fetal male sex development proceeds along an orderly sequence of events coordinated by an interplay of genetic and hormonal events. These operate in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Once a testis is formed (the female sex being constitutive in nature), differentiation of the internal and external male genitalia is androgen dependent. A number of genetic syndromes of sex reversal are well characterized at the biochemical and molecular levels. They fall into three principal categories: defects in formation of the testis, defects in production of androgens, and defects in the action of androgens. In many instances, the precise cause is not established, although the investigative evidence points in the direction of one of the three stated classifications. Polymorphic variants in several of the genes involved in male development are associated with certain degrees of male undermasculinization. While the genetic background is essentially static, it is plausible that the effect of endocrine disruptors during fetal life acting through epigenetic mechanisms may partly explain the observed changing trends in male reproductive tract disorders. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Environmental Research, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In the past 15 years, anomalies of male sexual differentiation have greatly increased in both wildlife and humans in different parts of the world. Environmental endocrine disruptors have been implicated in the dramatic rise in neonatal ambiguous genitalia with variable rates of severity, such as micropenis, cryptorchidism, and isolated or associated hypospadias. Because most environmental pollutants, such as organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans, alkylphenol polyetholyethoxylates, and phytoestrogens and phtalates, have estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity, they are able to interfere with normal fetal male sexual differentiation. In a neonatal screening program of ambiguous genitalia, we had the opportunity to evaluate three newborns with male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) whose mothers were exposed to endocrine disruptors during pregnancy. All had normal testosterone production after human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation testing, suggesting androgen resistance or so-called idiopathic MPH. Sequences of the 5@a reductase and androgen receptor genes were normal. Since environmental pollutants are known for their estrogenic activity and can be released progressively from the adipose tissue where they accumulate, we detected their presence by measuring the estrogenic bioactivity of the newborns' serum with a recently developed ultrasensitive bioassay. We found higher estrogenic bioactivity in these newborns than in controls. In conclusion, the maternal exposure to environmental pollutants during pregnancy and high estrogenic bioactivity in the newborns' serum highly suggest that ambiguous genitalia are related to fetal exposure to endocrine disruptors. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Environmental Health Perspectives, published by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences on February 1, 2010. The length of the article is 549 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: To each his own: DEHP yields species-specific metabolic phenotypes.(disruptor diethylhexyl phthalate)(Science Selections)(Report)
Author: Julia R. Barrett
Publication: Environmental Health Perspectives (Magazine/Journal)
Date: February 1, 2010
Publisher: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Volume: 118Issue: 2Page: A81(1)

Article Type: Report

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This digital document is an article from Environmental Health Perspectives, published by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences on October 1, 2009. The length of the article is 7595 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: Exposure to a complex cocktail of environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds disturbs the kisspeptin/GPR54 system in ovine hypothalamus and pituitary gland.(Research)(Report)
Author: Michelle Bellingham
Publication: Environmental Health Perspectives (Magazine/Journal)
Date: October 1, 2009
Publisher: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Volume: 117Issue: 10Page: 1556(7)

Article Type: Report

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This digital document is an article from Environmental Health Perspectives, published by Thomson Gale on May 1, 2007. The length of the article is 6858 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: Tetrahydrofurandiols (THF-diols), leukotoxindiols (LTX-diols), and endocrine disruption in rats.(Research)(Case study)(Clinical report)
Author: Barry M. Markaverich
Publication: Environmental Health Perspectives (Magazine/Journal)
Date: May 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 115Issue: 5Page: 702(7)

Article Type: Case study, Clinical report

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This digital document is an article from World Watch, published by Thomson Gale on March 1, 2007. The length of the article is 713 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: Hormone-altering chemicals in everyday products.(endocrine-disrupting chemicals)
Author: Paul W. McRandle
Publication: World Watch (Magazine/Journal)
Date: March 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 20Issue: 2Page: 5(1)

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This digital document is a journal article from Chemosphere, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The aim of this study was to test a specific method for the detection of Vitellogenin (Vtg) and Zona Radiata Proteins (Zrp) in plasma from peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as specific biomarkers for the evaluation of the effects of endocrine disruptors. The method was assayed with different peregrine falcon individuals (including mature and immature birds of both sexes) from a Spanish population being studied in terms of their contamination with organochlorine compounds with endocrine disrupting properties. This study shows that mouse anti bird Vtg monoclonal antibody ND3C3 (Biosense) seems to be the most specific antibody in binding plasmatic lipoproteins in peregrine falcon when compared to other anti Vtg antibodies. Rabbit anti salmon Zrp polyclonal antibodies O146 (Biosense) show cross-reactivity with Zrp in the samples studied. These preliminary results confirm the applicability of both of these diagnostic tools assayed (induction of Vtg and Zrp) in detecting exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in this species. The increase of Vtg and Zrp detected in male specimens suggest a potential hazard to EDCs in the peregrine falcon which represents a species still affected by organochlorine compounds, and in particular those with estrogenic activity. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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To study physiological and biochemical effects of demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides on non-target insects, larvae of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L., were exposed orally to propiconazole, (R,S)-1-[2-(2,4-diclophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioolan-2-ylmetyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (100, 200 and 600 mg L^-^1) and fenpropimorph, (+/-)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl] 2,6-dimethylmorpholinc (10, 100, 200 and 600 mg L^-^1) in a semi-synthetic diet. Ten mg L^-^1 of fenpropimorph reduced larval weight and induced in vitro glutathione S-transferase activity. Reduced larval and pupal growth rate, reduced survival, prolonged developmental time, and altered patterns of larval survival and adult emergence were found for one or both fungicides in at least one of the concentrations tested. The results suggest, that although the use of agricultural fungicides is generally regarded as of minor ecotoxicological consequence for insects, feeding on DMI-treated crops may influence insect fitness, and may also leave them susceptible to pesticide treatments or to residues of pesticides and other pollutants in their food. Standard methods to detect such effects should be developed for use in the environmental risk assessment of these products. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Defense Counsel Journal, published by Thomson Gale on April 1, 2007. The length of the article is 7865 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Endocrine disrupters: the potential cloud of manufacturer toxic tort liability.
Author: Bruce J. Berger
Publication: Defense Counsel Journal (Magazine/Journal)
Date: April 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 74Issue: 2Page: 106(13)

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This digital document is an article from Environmental Health Perspectives, published by Thomson Gale on May 1, 2007. The length of the article is 8683 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Atrazine-induced aromatase expression is SF-1 dependent: implications for endocrine disruption in wildlife and reproductive cancers in humans.(Research)(Case study)(Clinical report)
Author: WuQiang Fan
Publication: Environmental Health Perspectives (Magazine/Journal)
Date: May 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 115Issue: 5Page: 720(8)

Article Type: Case study, Clinical report

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