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This is the first book to provide measurements of greenhouse gases from both aquatic and terrestrial environments as well as from hydroelectric reservoirs. This monograph not only presents the state-of-the-art techniques for measuring the emissions of greenhouse gases, but also demonstrates the mechanisms or processes leading to the emissions of greenhouse gases. It offers the reader a synthesis of what we understand of GHG emission after 12 years of research in boreal ecosystems, the estimations of gross and net emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs, the impact of hydroelectric reservoirs on climate change, as well as a comparison of the different alternatives for producing energy in relation to GHG emissions.

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Global climate change is one of the nation's most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activities are producing increasingly large quantities of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The accumulation of those gases in the atmosphere is expected to have potentially serious and costly effects on regional climates throughout the world. Market-based mechanisms that limit greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions can be divided into two types: quantity control (cap and trade) and price control (carbon tax or fee). If policymakers had perfect information regarding the market, either a carbon tax or cap-and-trade program instrument could be designed to achieve the same outcome. Because this market ideal does not exist, preference for a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade program ultimately depends on which variable one wants to control - emissions or costs. Both are estimated to increase the price of fossil fuels, which would ultimately be borne by consumers, particularly households. This book explores the comprehensive comparison, viability and policy considerations of using either a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade program to offset greenhouse gas emissions.This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access. ... Read more

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This book brings together a special collection of papers on the utilization of greenhouse gases. Innovative techniques including biochemical fixation, plasma conversion, and microwave application, are a special feature of this book. The fundamental, economic, technical, and future development issues with these technologies are discussed in detail.
Some novel reactor configurations and catalyst designs for the utilization of greenhouse gases are also discussed. Typically, these new reactors and catalysts represent the development of environmentally friendly chemical processes. ... Read more

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Carbon capture and sequestration (or storage) - known as CCS - is attracting interest as a measure for mitigating global climate change, because potentially large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel use in the United States could be captured and stored underground. Electricity-generating plants are the most likely initial candidates for CCS because they are predominantly large, single-point sources, and they contribute approximately one-third of U.S. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Approaches for capturing CO2 are available that can potentially remove 80 per cent to 95 per cent of CO2 emitted from a power plant or large industrial source. Three main types of geological formations are likely candidates for storing large amounts of CO2: oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline reservoirs, and unmineable coal seams. The deep ocean also has a huge potential to store carbon. This book highlights the concerns about climate change that have focused the attention of policy-makers on ways to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuelled electricity generators.This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access. ... Read more

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In the climate change discussion, non-CO₂ greenhousegases (NCGGs) received official political recognition for the firsttime in 1997, when agreement was reached on the Kyoto Protocol. As aresult methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs and SF₆ now provideattractive options for detailing the national targets for thereduction of greenhouse gas emissions meant to control climate change.This book is the second volume in this area and addresses three maintopics.
Firstly, it documents progress with respect to our knowledge of thesources and sinks of NCGGs. Information on this subject is essentialin order to reduce the uncertainties in national emissions inventorieswhich serve as the reference values for commitments of countries inthe framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Secondly, this volume deals withthe control options for the NCGGs and contains a wealth of informationin this area. Emerging technologies here provide businessopportunities, in particular in connection with the flexiblemechanisms for mitigation projects in developing countries which havebeen agreed in Kyoto. Thirdly, the book treats the policyimplementation of mitigation options for greenhouse gas emissions.Tools for control policies, both on the national and internationallevel, and for different sectors of industry are discussed. Nationalintegrated approaches, including the ones from the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency and the Netherlands Ministry ofEnvironment which both sponsored the conference, provide guidance fordefining the most effective greenhouse gases mitigation plans indifferent situations.
This volume is being published in support of the IPCC Process and willserve as a reference for IPCC's Third Assessment Report. ... Read more

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As the US population increases, the need for energy sources such as electricity, petroleum and industrial processes and the resulting emissions are growing at an alarming rate. Emissions that increase the rate of global warming include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases. This book examines current challenges encountered in attempting to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels as well as developing alternative methods of producing energy. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs, published by Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs on December 1, 2009. The length of the article is 9890 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Cars and climate: what can EPA do to control greenhouse gases from mobile sources?(Congressional Research Service)(United States Environmental Protection Agency)(Report)
Author: James E. McCarthy
Publication: Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs (Report)
Date: December 1, 2009
Publisher: Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs
Page: NA

Article Type: Report

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This report discusses the possibility that human activities are releasing gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), at rates that could affect global climate has resulted in proposals for national programs to curtail emissions. ... Read more

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Instituting policies to manage or reduce GHGs would likely impact different states differently. Understanding these differences may provide for a more informed debate regarding potential policy approaches. However, multiple factors play a role in determining impacts, including alternative design elements of a GHG emissions reduction program, the availability and relative cost of mitigation options, and the regulated entities' abilities to pass compliance costs on to consumers. Three primary variables drive a state's human-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels: population, per capita income, and the GHG emissions intensity. GHG emissions intensity is a performance measure.In this book, GHG intensity is a measure of GHG emissions from sources within a state compared with a state's economic output (gross state product, GSP). The GHG emissions intensity driver stands apart as the main target for climate change mitigation policy, because public policy generally considers population and income growth to be socially positive.The intensity of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions largely determines overall GHG intensity, because CO2 emissions account for 85 percent of the GHG emissions in the United States. As 98 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions are energy-related, the primary factors that shape CO2 emissions intensity are a state's energy intensity and the carbon content of its energy use. Energy intensity measures the amount of energy a state uses to generate its overall economic output (measured by its GSP).Several underlying factors may impact a state's energy intensity: a state's economic structure, personal transportation use in a state (measured in vehicle miles travelled per person), and public policies regarding energy efficiency. The carbon content of energy use in a state is determined by a state's portfolio of energy sources. States that utilise a high percentage of coal, for example, will have a relatively high carbon content of energy use, compared to states with a lower dependence on coal.An additional factor is whether a state is a net exporter or importer of electricity, because CO2 emissions are attributed to electricity-producing states, but the electricity is used (and counted) in the consuming state.Between 1990 and 2000, the United States reduced its GHG intensity by 1.6 percent annually. Assuming that population and per capita income continue to grow as expected, the United States would need to reduce its GHG intensity at the rate of 3 percent per year in order to halt the annual growth in GHG emissions. Therefore, achieving reductions (or negative growth) in GHG emissions would necessitate further declines in GHG intensity. ... Read more

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Obtaining relevant and reliable data is the first step in addressing any environmental problem, with global climate change being no exception. In considering next steps in the international effort against climate change, policymakers and stakeholders are confronted by a wealth of data on everything from century-old emission trends to likely economic growth decades into the future. Turning these data into useful input for decision-making is an enormous challenge. This report aims to convey the wide range of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions data in digestible form, with the hope of increasing knowledge and awareness within the climate change policy community. In addition, the report offers a set of policy-relevant insights and observations that flow from the data. In some cases, an understanding of GHG emissions and related trends can help illuminate particular national circumstances faced by countries and inform policy responses of the international community. Data in this report are drawn primarily, though not exclusively, from the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) developed by the World Resources Institute.Using CAIT and other databases, WRI has organized data relevant to climate change policy, and extract the most relevant details and findings. The hope is that sound information will contribute to a better-informed debate among stakeholders and, ultimately, improved decision-making. ... Read more

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Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and chlorofluorocarbons, are all increasing in the atmosphere. These gases are directly affecting biological processes in trees and ecological processes in forests.They are also causing considerable radiant energy to be trapped near the earths surface resulting in the so-called greenhouse effect which may significantly alter global climate in the 21st century. However, this issue is subject to some controversyThis book provides an authoritative review, written by expert world forest scientists, of what is known about the impact of elevated CO2and other greenhouse gases on forest ecosystems. ... Read more

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This study of greenhouse gas emissions examines the causes and effects of climate changes triggered by human activities. It is the first major, comparative study of how the emissions vary nationally--at the local level and on a daily basis. The authors assess the degree of control households and firms have over the emissions they produce; how willing they are to modify their behavior to lessen climate change, and how they might adapt to the changes that will occur. ... Read more

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"The individual chapters are excellent overviews of the subject, and some make compelling reading" Journal of Environmental Quality. ... Read more