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These thirty original essays form a landmark contribution to the history of metallurgy: together they present the first systematic survey of the beginning of the use of metals and alloys throughout the world. What distinguishes the book as a whole is the orientation of the writers toward seeing the objects they uncover in human-historical terms, reminding us that at all stages in history and in every part of the world, cultural change and advances in the use of metals are often closely intertwined.The articles are arranged in roughly chronological-geographical order; some are specific studies of sites, objects, and processes; others examine more general aspects of archaeometallurgy within a general field that has come to be called "archaeometry"; and still others are interpretive and reflective essays on human history and cultural change (a particularly fine example of this approach is Heather Lechtman's essay on Central Andean metalworking).Archaeologists, historians, metallurgists, chemists, and geologists cover topics as diverse as iron trade in northern Scandinavia, the fabrication of gold foil in Japan, copper mining in eastern India, prehistoric metallurgy in Thailand, iron bloomery in Africa, early copper smelting in Palestine, and Chinese techniques for casting old belt plaques. And in his Foreword, Cyril Stanley Smith proposes structural metaphors that describe the historical reworkings of human society in terms of the transformations of materials.Robert Maddin is Honorary Curator of Archaeological Sciences, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys was derived from the second international conference on the subject, held in Zhengzhou, China in 1986. ... Read more

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Publisher: London, C. Lockwood and SonPublication date: 1889Subjects: ElectroplatingElectrometallurgyNotes: This is an OCR reprint. There may be numerous typos or missing text. There are no illustrations or indexes.When you buy the General Books edition of this book you get free trial access to Million-Books.com where you can select from more than a million books for free. You can also preview the book there. ... Read more

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On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners focusing on unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum in the United States face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum to the United States? How important is the United States compared to others in terms of the entire global and regional market? How much do the imports of unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum vary from one country of origin to another in the United States? On the supply side, the United States also exports unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum. Which countries receive the most exports from the United States? How are these exports concentrated across buyers? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers?

This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum in the United States. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics which appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum for those countries serving the United States via exports, or supplying from the United States via imports. It does so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models.

In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing where the United States fits into the world market for imported and exported unwrought or powdered platinum group metals and alloys excluding platinum. The total level of imports ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Clear Description of Conventional Physical Theory
I am a proponent of a "non-standard" physical theory, the Reciprocal System, and thus I do not believe in conventional theoretical physics, i.e., quantum mechanics and the band theory of solids.Nonetheless, I have a professional responsibility to have a deep knowledge of the competition, and that's where Prof. Dugdale's book comes in.It's an unusually clear treatise on the electrical properties of metals and alloys as seen from the perspective of electron band theory.Dugdale is honest enough to admit, on p. 63, "Band theory is not an instrument of easy prediction."After 87 pages he finally arrives at the well-known quantum scattering expression for electrical resistivity, Drude's equation.The next four chapters go into an explanation of the relaxation time, the key variable in the equation.The final chapters describe how one can compute the resistivity, thermoelectric power, and Hall coefficient for combinations of elements--much of this material can be adapted for use in the Reciprocal System, even if Drude's equation cannot be.Now most of you reading this are probably taking university courses in theoretical physics and need a book that's more intelligible than what you're using.This is that book... ... Read more

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The theoretical basis of chemisorption and catalysis by metals and alloys, and their use in a range of model and industrially significant catalysed processes are described in this book.

Model, as well as industrially used reactions catalyzed by alloys are reviewed, among them the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, reactions of alkanes ('reforming'-reactions), oxidations, hydro-/dehydrogenation, decomposition of methanoic acid, deuterium exchange reactions (H2, hydrocarbons) and to a lesser extent some others. This review on catalytic reactions, with results from the available information, is introduced in two chapters which summarize the definition, the physical meaning and the role of such factors as ligand (electronic structure), ensemble size (geometrical) and ensemble composition effects. The assessment of the roles of these individual factors requires the knowledge of several physical techniques and a proper evaluation of the results ... Read more

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Electron Microscopy of Interfaces in Metals and Alloys examines the structure of interfaces in metals and alloys using transmission electron microscopy. The book presents quantitative methods of analysis and reviews the most significant work on interface structure over the last 20 years. It provides the first book description of the methods used for quantitative identification of Burgers vectors of interfacial dislocations, including the geometric analysis of periodicities in interface structure and the comparison of experimental and theoretical electron micrographs. The book explores low- and high-angle grain boundaries and interphase interfaces between neighboring grains, emphasizing interfacial dislocations and rigid-body displacements to the structure and properties of interfaces. It also analyzes the use of two-beam images and diffraction patterns for analysis and studies n-beam lattice imaging. The book includes numerous worked examples of the analysis of the structure of grain boundaries and interphase interfaces, which are particularly useful to those who need to consider the nature of intercrystalline interfaces. ... Read more

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This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "secondary precious metals and precious metal alloys" for the year 2009. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales. ... Read more