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In the nearly three decades since the AIDS epidemic was first recognized, scientists have made tremendous strides in devising treatments for people living with HIV/AIDS. Yet in Africa, where more than 60 percent of HIV-infected people live, treatments remain out of reach for most.

A Line Drawn in the Sand captures the determination of several African nations in tackling the challenge of providing lifesaving antiretroviral therapies to their citizens: Botswana, which has some of the highest HIV infection rates worldwide; Nigeria, whose epidemic threatens to become one of the world’s largest; Senegal, often touted as one of the few countries with a model response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic; and Tanzania, whose extreme poverty threatens efforts to stem its epidemic.

By emphasizing the dramatic results that investments in AIDS treatments in Africa can bring, the book provides lessons to nations about scaling up their own treatment responses, hope to individuals and communities confronted with the often devastating impact of AIDS, and inspiration to the international HIV/AIDS community.

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A comprehensive study of the microevolution of Caribbean populations of African descent, this book reviews the conditions endured by the slaves during their passage and in the plantations and how these conditions may have affected their own health and that of their descendants. Providing an evolutionary framework for understanding the epidemiology of common modern-day diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, it also looks at infectious diseases and their effect on the genetic make-up of Afro-Caribbean populations. Also covered are population genetics studies that have been used to understand the microevolutionary pathways for various populations, and demographic characteristics including the relationships between migration, family type and fertility. Ending with a case study of the Afro-Caribbean population of Limón, Costa Rica, this book is an essential resource for researchers working in biological anthropology, demography, and epidemiology, and for those interested in the African diaspora in the New World. ... Read more

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This volume develops a unifying approach to population studies that emphasizes the interplay between modeling and experimentation and that will provide mathematicians and biologists with a framework within which population dynamics can be fully explored and understood. A unique feature of the book is that deterministic and stochastic models are considered together; spatial effects are investigated by developing models that highlight the consequences that geographical restriction and species mobility may have on population development. Model-based simulations of processes are used to explore hitherto unforeseen features and thereby suggest further profitable lines of both experimentation and theoretical study. Most aspects of population dynamics are covered, including birth-death and logistic processes, competition and predator-prey relationships, chaos, reaction time delays, fluctuating environments, spatial systems, velocities of spread, epidemics, and spatial branching structures. ... Read more

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This volume consists of three major sections on fertility, disease and mortality, and marriage and family, which together with five introductory chapters combine depth of analysis with breadth of source material. ... Read more

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Through an examination of 255 places in England, Professor McIntosh argues against the suggestion that social regulation was a distinctive feature of the decades around 1600, resulting from Puritanism, and demonstrates that concern with wrongdoing mounted gradually between 1370 and 1600. This trail-breaking study of how English people defined and attempted to control misbehavior opens up little-known sources and new research methods, challenges many historical assumptions and sheds light on the transition from early medieval to early modern patterns. ... Read more

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Usually, geneticists postulate a minimum number of 600 pairs for a population to survive without incest problems. However, the data provided here show that the minimum viable population size solely depends on the species in question. By means of existing small bird, mammal, fish, insect and other animal populations, the minimum number of individuals, which is necessary for survival, is analyzed. Moreover, the effects of random events on small populations, like volcano eruptions on islands, are investigated. The presented findings are of interest not only to researchers, but also to nature conservation planners. ... Read more

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This book discusses, through two demographic case studies, the post-war migration of labour and its dependents to Western Europe, and the resulting development of ethnic minority populations within the European countries. The study of Britain traces the demographic development of the "black" population back to migration patterns as determined by economic and political factors. In the West German study, the different migration experiences and development patterns of six minority populations are examined, and it is concluded that these populations are permanent rather than temporary as their legal status suggests. The two case studies are examples of the same migration process which begins with migration and continues through the demographically irregular development of the minority population until past migration patterns no longer have a significant demographic effect. ... Read more

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Inherited enzyme variations, studied using electrophoresis, can be used as markers for the identification of individuals, population structure analysis, the delineation of species boundaries and phytogenetic reconstruction. The purpose of this book is to describe, in a single convenient handbook, all the theoretical and practical matters relevant to those intending to use electrophoresis as a tool for answering such questions. ... Read more

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contents
Contents
1. Multidimensional mathematical demography: an overview
2. Multidimensional population analysis with incomplete data
3. Model schedules and multistate demographic analysis: the case of migration
4. Multistate life table methodology: a probabilist critique
5. Statistical methods for Markov-generated increment-decrement life tables with polynomial gross flow functions
6. Transition probability estimation and increment-decrement life tables: using mobility data from a census or survey
7. Generalizing the life table model to incorporate interactions between the sexes
8. Multiregional population projections by place of previous residents
9. Multiregional age-structured populations with changing rates: weak and Stochastic Ergodic theorems
10. Hi and low intensity model of mobility
11. Increment-detriment life tables and semi-Markovian processes from a sample path perspective
12. Population heterogeneity in demographic models
... Read more

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Old-age survival has considerably improved in the second half of the twentieth century. Life expectancy in wealthy countries has increased, on average, from 65 years in 1950 to 76 years in 2005. The rise was more spectacular in some countries: the life expectancy for Japanese women rose from 62 years to 86 years during the same period. Driven by this longevity extension, the population aged 80 and over in those countries has grown fivefold from 8.5 million in 1950 to 44.5 million in 2005. Why has such a substantial extension of human lifespan occurred? How long can we live? In this book, these fundamental questions are explored by experts from such diverse fields as biology, medicine, epidemiology, demography, sociology, and mathematics: they report on recent cutting-edge studies about essential issues of human longevity such as evolution of lifespan of species, genetics of human longevity, reasons for the recent improvement in survival of the elderly, medical and behavioral causes of deaths among very old people, and social factors of long survival in old age.

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People are living longer and most countries are experiencing unprecedented increases in the number and proportion of their elderly populations, resulting from declines in mortality, lower fertility, and the baby boom cohorts entering old age. A fundamental issue facing the global community is meeting the challenges of population aging and achieving healthy aging to maintain an active older population and reduce the number of disabled people. Healthy aging is obviously a major goal of all societies and is the central theme of this book.

The focus of this book is on theoretical issues and empirical findings related to trends and determinants of healthy aging, including factors related to "healthy longevity" of the oldest-old, aged 80 and over. The group is the most rapidly increasing elderly sub-population and is most likely to need assistance in daily living in all countries. Chapters include both longitudinal and cross-sectional data from North America, Europe, and Asia in country-specific studies and cross-national comparisons.

We organized the twenty chapters into four parts. Part I focuses on the definition, components, concepts, measurements, and determinants of healthy aging, and discusses the trends and patterns of disability and healthy life expectancy at the macro level. Part II addresses individual healthy aging, including its biological and socio-demographic aspects. Part III focuses on issues concerning the family and healthy aging, and Part IV explores formal and informal care for healthy aging through governmental policy interventions and community service programs.

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The Demography of Victorian England and Wales describes in detail for the first time the changing population history of England and Wales between 1837 and 1914. Its principal focus is the great demographic revolution that occurred during those years, especially the secular decline of fertility and the origins of the modern rise in life expectancy. It is lavishly illustrated with numerous tables, figures and maps, many of which are reproduced in full color. This clear, comprehensive and engaging reference work makes a seminal contribution to demographic history. ... Read more

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Although Western societies cannot escape from images of famine in the present world, their direct experience with widespread hunger has receded into the past. England was one of the very first countries to escape from the shadow of famine and in this volume, a team of distinguished economic, social, and demographic historians analyze why. The contributors combine detailed local studies of individual communities, broader analyses of the impact of hunger and disease, and methodological discussions that explore the effect of crisis mortality on early modern societies.The essays examine the complex interrelationships among past demographic, social, and economic structures, and demonstrate that the impact of hunger and disease can provide a unique vehicle for an exploration of early modern society. ... Read more

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This volume examines migration patterns and their implications for population policy and structure, presented in the broad context of population and development in more and less developed societies. The essays explore internal migration patterns in industrialized nations, social and geographic mobility, circulation migration and environmental trauma, assimilation of internal migrants, and international migration and population redistribution policies. Implications of both internal and international migration patterns for the overall structure of populations are explored in analyses of the demographic development of Soviet nationalities, community responses to deindustrialization in the United States, and population ageing in Japan. ... Read more