Book Description
Since the publication of the best-selling first edition, much has been discovered about Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the single-celled fungus commonly known as baker's yeast or brewer's yeast that is the basis for much of our understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of eukaryotes. This wealth of new research data demands our attention and requires a reference that updates our current knowledge.Completely rewritten, updated, and expanded, Metabolism and Molecular Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2nd Edition provides a modern account of the metabolism and physiology of this important organism. All chapters have been thoroughly revised, and two new chapters on ageing and on the molecular organization and biogenesis of the cell wall have been added to highlight new areas of research. The book also includes coverage of morphogenesis, protein trafficking, lipids and membranes, and stress responses.Written by a team of internationally recognized experts, this authoritative second edition is a leading reference for bioscientists across many disciplines as well as novices interested in the latest developments in this complex field. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Mut.Res.-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In order to get an insight into the possible genotoxicity of essential oils (EOs) used in traditional pharmacological applications we tested five different oils extracted from the medicinal plants Origanum compactum, Coriandrum sativum, Artemisia herba alba, Cinnamomum camphora (Ravintsara aromatica) and Helichrysum italicum (Calendula officinalis) for genotoxic effects using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Clear cytotoxic effects were observed in the diploid yeast strain D7, with the cells being more sensitive to EOs in exponential than in stationary growth phase. The cytotoxicity decreased in the following order: Origanum compactum>Coriandrum sativum>Artemisia herba alba>Cinnamomum camphora>Helichrysum italicum. In the same order, all EOs, except that derived from Helichrysum italicum, clearly induced cytoplasmic petite mutations indicating damage to mitochondrial DNA. However, no nuclear genetic events such as point mutations or mitotic intragenic or intergenic recombination were induced. The capacity of EOs to induce nuclear DNA damage-responsive genes was tested using suitable Lac-Z fusion strains for RNR3 and RAD51, which are genes involved in DNA metabolism and DNA repair, respectively. At equitoxic doses, all EOs demonstrated significant gene induction, approximately the same as that caused by hydrogen peroxide, but much lower than that caused by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). EOs affect mitochondrial structure and function and can stimulate the transcriptional expression of DNA damage-responsive genes. The induction of mitochondrial damage by EOs appears to be closely linked to overall cellular cytotoxicity and appears to mask the occurrence of nuclear genetic events. EO-induced cytotoxicity involves oxidative stress, as is evident from the protection observed in the presence of ROS inhibitors such as glutathione, catalase or the iron-chelating agent deferoxamine. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from DNA Repair, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Reactive oxygen species can attack the mitochondrial genome to produce a vast array of oxidative DNA lesions including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo). We assess the role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 8-oxo-dGuo DNA glycosylase, Ogg1, in the maintenance of a poly(GT) tract reporter system present in the mitochondrial genome. Deletion in the poly(GT) tract causes the reporter system to produce arginine-independent (Arg^+) colonies. We show that the mitochondrial form of Ogg1 is functionally active at processing 8-oxo-dGuo lesions and that Ogg1-deficient cells exhibit nearly six-fold elevated rate of Arg^+ mutants under normal growth condition, as compared to the parent. Overexpression of Ogg1 completely suppressed the high rate of Arg^+ mutations to levels lower than the parental, suggesting that Ogg1 function could be limited in the mitochondria. Further analysis revealed that the Arg^+ mutations can be prevented if the cells are grown under anaerobic conditions. These findings provide in vivo evidence that oxidative stress induces the formation of lesions, most likely 8-oxo-dGuo, which must be repaired by Ogg1, otherwise the lesions can trigger poly(GT) tract instability in the mitochondrial genome. We also demonstrate that overproduction of the major apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease Apn1, a nuclear and mitochondrial enzyme with multiple DNA repair activities, substantially elevated the rate of Arg^+ mutants, but which was counteracted by Ogg1 overexpression. We suggest that Ogg1 might bind to AP sites and protect this lesion from the spurious action of Apn1 overproduction. Thus, cleavage of AP site located within or in the vicinity of the poly(GT) tract could destabilize this repeat. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Bioresource Technology, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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A biocatalyst was prepared by immobilizing a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (baker's yeast) on orange peel pieces for use in alcoholic fermentation and for fermented food applications. Cell immobilization was shown by electron microscopy and by the efficiency of the immobilized biocatalyst for alcoholic fermentation of various carbohydrate substrates (glucose, molasses, raisin extracts) and at various temperatures (30-15^oC). Fermentation times in all cases were low (5-15h) and ethanol productivities were high (av. 150.6g/ld) showing good operational stability of the biocatalyst and suitability for commercial applications. Reasonable amounts of volatile by-products were produced at all the temperatures studied, revealing potential application of the proposed biocatalyst in fermented food applications, to improve productivities and quality. ... Read more

Book Description
In all eukaryotic cells, each fundamental process cycle progression andits control, protein secretion and targeting, transcription and itsregulation, mRNA processing, and DNA replication accomplished byessentially identical cellular machinery composed of essentially identical protein components. This conservation of function has catapulted theyeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe fromparochial backwaters to the forefront of experimental molecular biology:What is true for a yeast is true for an elephant, and in experiments youcan get the answer a lot faster from a yeast. This burgeoning appreciation of yeasts as model systems for the study of fundamental cellular processes has highlighted the need for an update of the seminal 1981 monograph TheMolecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. This need is now met by thepublication of a three-volume series to serve as the authoritative sequel. The first volume focuses on the genome organization of the yeastSaccharomyces as well as protein translation and its regulation and energy metabolism. Subsequent volumes emphasize such topics as the cell cycle,secretion, and transcription. Together, these volumes provide acomprehensive survey of the molecular and cellular biology ofSaccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces, serving not only as a currentsummary of every significant area of investigation, but also as a thorough reference source. These volumes are required reading for everyone in thefield and anyone curious about the state of the art of molecular andcellular biology. ... Read more

Book Description
In all eukaryotic cells, each fundamental process cycle progression andits control, protein secretion and targeting, transcription and itsregulation, mRNA processing, and DNA replication accomplished byessentially identical cellular machinery composed of essentially identical protein components. This conservation of function has catapulted theyeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe fromparochial backwaters to the forefront of experimental molecular biology:What is true for a yeast is true for an elephant, and in experiments youcan get the answer a lot faster from a yeast. This burgeoning appreciation of yeasts as model systems for the study of fundamental cellular processes has highlighted the need for an update of the seminal 1981 monograph TheMolecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. This need is now met by thepublication of a three-volume series to serve as the authoritative sequel. The first volume focuses on the genome organization of the yeastSaccharomyces as well as protein translation and its regulation and energy metabolism. Subsequent volumes emphasize such topics as the cell cycle,secretion, and transcription. Together, these volumes provide acomprehensive survey of the molecular and cellular biology ofSaccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces, serving not only as a currentsummary of every significant area of investigation, but also as a thorough reference source. These volumes are required reading for everyone in thefield and anyone curious about the state of the art of molecular andcellular biology. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from DNA Repair, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Trinucleotide repeats (TNRs) frequently expand in certain human genetic diseases, often with devastating pathological consequences. TNR expansions require the addition of new DNA; accordingly, molecular models suggest aberrant DNA replication or error-prone repair synthesis as the sources of most instability. Some proteins are currently known that either promote or inhibit TNR mutability. To identify additional proteins that help protect cells against TNR instability, yeast mutants were isolated with higher than normal rates of CAG.CTG tract expansions. Surprisingly, a rev1 mutant was isolated. In contrast to its canonical function in supporting mutagenesis, we found that Rev1 reduces rates of CAG.CTG repeat expansions and contractions, as judged by the behavior of the rev1 mutant. The rev1 mutator phenotype was specific for TNRs with hairpin forming capacity. Mutations in REV3 or REV7, encoding the subunits of DNA polymerase @z (pol @z), did not affect expansion rates in REV1 or rev1 strains. A rev1 point mutant lacking dCMP transferase activity was normal for TNR instability, whereas the rev1-1 allele that interferes with BRCT domain function was as defective as a rev1 null mutant. In summary, these results indicate that yeast Rev1 reduces mutability of CAG.CTG tracts in a manner dependent on BRCT domain function but independent of dCMP transferase activity and of pol @z. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Analytica Chimica Acta, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The preparation of chemically functionalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces is of great interest for applications in the immobilization of various bioactive species such as enzymes, DNA, whole cells, etc. In this paper, an electrochemical impedance biosensor for the rapid detection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast cells) was developed by immobilizing yeast cells on a gold surface modified with an alkanethiolate SAM. The patterns formed on the gold electrode surface after the assembly of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) monolayer and the immobilization of yeast cells were clearly observed from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscope, respectively. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were based on the charge-transfer kinetics of [Fe(CN)"6]^3^-^/^4^- redox couple. The SAM assembly and the subsequent immobilization of yeast cells on the gold electrodes greatly increased the electron-transfer resistance (R"e"t) of the redox couple and decreased the double layer capacitance (C"d"l). A linear relationship between the R"e"t and logarithmic value of yeast concentrations was found in the range between 10^2 and 10^8cfumL^-^1. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from DNA Repair, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase delta (Pol@d) is a heterotrimeric enzyme consisting of Pol3 (the catalytic subunit), Pol31 and Pol32. New pol31 alleles were constructed by introducing mutations into conserved amino acid residues in all 10 identified regions of Pol31. Six novel temperature-sensitive (ts) or cold-sensitive (cs) alleles, carrying mutations in regions III, IV, VII, VIII or IX, conferred a range of defects in the response to replication stress or DNA damage. Deletion of SGS1, RAD52, SRS2, MRC1 or RAD24 had a deleterious effect only in combination with those pol31 alleles that had a phenotype as single mutants, suggesting a requirement for recombination and checkpoint functions in processing the DNA lesions or structures that form as a consequence of replication with a defective Pol@d. In contrast, deletion of POL32 negatively affected the growth of almost all pol31 mutants, suggesting an important role for all conserved amino acids of Pol31 in maintaining the integrity of Pol@d complex structurally, at least in the absence of the third subunit. Surprisingly, deletions of RAD18 and MGS1 aggravated the temperature sensitivity conferred by most ts or cs alleles and specifically suppressed the hys2-1 and hys2-1-like mutations of POL31. Deletion of RAD5 or MMS2 had an effect on pol31 ts/cs mutants similar to that of RAD18, whereas deletion of RAD30 or REV3 had no effect. We propose that Rad18/Rad5/Mms2 and Mgs1 are required to promote replication when forks are destabilized or stalled due to defects in Pol@d. These data are consistent with the biochemical activity of the human Mgs1 orthologue, which binds and stimulates Pol@din vitro. We also demonstrate that Mgs1 interacts physically with Pol31 in vivo. Moreover, regions I and VII of Pol31, which are specifically sensitive to high levels of Mgs1 and PCNA, could be sites of interaction. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Bioresource Technology, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Adaptation of a xylose-utilizing genetically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by cultivation during 353h using medium with increasing concentrations of inhibitors, including phenolic compounds, furaldehydes and aliphatic acids, led to improved performance with respect to ethanol production. The remaining xylose concentration in the medium at the end of the cultivation was 5.2g l^-^1, while it was 11gl^-^1 in the feed, indicating that approximately half of the xylose was consumed. The performance of the adapted strain was compared with the parental strain with respect to its ability to ferment three bagasse hydrolysates with different inhibitor concentration. The ethanol yield after 24h of fermentation of the bagasse hydrolysate with lowest inhibitor concentration increased from 0.18gg^-^1 of total sugar with the non-adapted strain to 0.38gg^-^1 with the adapted strain. The specific ethanol productivity increased from 1.15g ethanol per g initial biomass per h with the non-adapted strain to 2.55gg^-^1 h^-^1 with the adapted strain. The adapted strain performed better than the non-adapted also in the two bagasse hydrolysates containing higher concentrations of inhibitors. The adapted strain converted the inhibitory furaldehydes 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) at a faster rate than the non-adapted strain. The xylose-utilizing ability of the yeast strain did not seem to be affected by the adaptation and the results suggest that ethanol rather than xylitol was formed from the consumed xylose. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Mut.Res.-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the nucleolar organiser region (NOR) is located on chromosome XII. It contains 100-200 copies of rDNA - a minimum of 20 rDNA genes in tandem - and is termed the RDN locus. Yeast cells may exist in either haploid or diploid form. There are two forms of life cycle: haploid and diploid cells double by mitosis, and diploid cells are reduced to the haploid state by meiosis. Diploid cells have two homologous chromosomes for each of the 16 chromosomes. They are usually of the same size. However, in this study it is shown that homologous chromosomes XII can become different in size due to unequal sister chromatid exchange during mitosis in 'old' cells. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from DNA Repair, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD53 (CHK2) and CHK1 control two parallel branches of the RAD9-mediated pathway for DNA damage-induced G"2 arrest. Previous studies indicate that RAD9 is required for X-ray-associated sister chromatid exchange (SCE), suppresses homology-directed translocations, and is involved in pathways for double-strand break repair (DSB) repair that are different than those controlled by PDS1. We measured DNA damage-associated SCE in strains containing two tandem fragments of his3, his3-@D5' and his3-@D3'::HOcs, and rates of spontaneous translocations in diploids containing GAL1::his3-@D5' and trp1::his3-@D3'::HOcs. DNA damage-associated SCE was measured after log phase cells were exposed to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), UV, X rays and HO-induced DSBs. We observed that rad53 mutants were defective in MMS-, 4-NQO, X-ray-associated and HO-induced SCE but not in UV-associated SCE. Similar to rad9 pds1 double mutants, rad53 pds1 double mutants exhibited more X-ray sensitivity than the single mutants. rad53 sml1 diploid mutants exhibited a 10-fold higher rate of spontaneous translocations compared to the sml1 diploid mutants. chk1 mutants were not deficient in DNA damage-associated SCE after exposure to DNA damaging agents or after DSBs were generated at trp1::his3-@D5'his3-@D3'::HOcs. These data indicate that RAD53, not CHK1, is required for DSB-initiated SCE, and DNA damage-associated SCE after exposure to X-ray-mimetic and UV-mimetic chemicals. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is an article from Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, published by Mississippi Academy of Sciences on April 1, 2005. The length of the article is 3042 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Effect of an acid hydrolyzate of southern pine softwood on the growth and fermentation ability of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Author: Yi Zhang
Publication: Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences (Magazine/Journal)
Date: April 1, 2005
Publisher: Mississippi Academy of Sciences
Volume: 50Issue: 2Page: 138(6)

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from Bioresource Technology, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Two industrial effluents, a pre-fermentation effluent and a post-fermentation effluent from a wheat starch production plant, were used as substrates for fuel ethanol production in anaerobic batch cultures using minimal nutritional amendment. The performances of three metabolically engineered xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: TMB 3001 expressing XYL1, XYL2 and XKS1, redox metabolism modulated CPB.CR1 and glucose de-repressed CPB.CR2, as well as a reference strain CEN.PK 113-7D not fermenting xylose, were evaluated. For the recombinant strains a glucose consumption phase preceded the xylose consumption phase. In both effluents, biomass and ethanol production occurred predominantly during the glucose consumption phase, whereas xylitol and glycerol formation were predominant in the xylose consumption phase. Total specific ethanol productivities on glucose were 6-fold higher than on xylose in the pre-fermentation effluent and 15-fold higher than on xylose in the post-fermentation effluent. CPB.CR1 showed impaired growth compared to the two other xylose-utilizing strains, but displayed 18% increased ethanol yield in the post-fermentation effluent. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from DNA Repair, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is located close to the respiratory chain, a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This proximity makes mtDNA more vulnerable than nuclear DNA to damage by ROS. Therefore, the efficient repair of oxidative lesions in mtDNA is essential for maintaining the stability of the mitochondrial genome. A series of genetic and biochemical studies has indicated that eukaryotic cells, including the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, use several alternative strategies to prevent mutagenesis induced by endogenous oxidative damage to nuclear DNA. However, apart from base excision repair (BER), no other pathways involved in the repair of oxidative damage in mtDNA have been identified. In this study, we have examined mitochondrial mutagenesis in S. cerevisiae cells which lack the activity of the Ogg1 glycosylase, an enzyme playing a crucial role in the removal of 8-oxoG, the most abundant oxidative lesion of DNA. We show that the overall frequency of the mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant (Oli^r) mutants is increased in the ogg1 strain by about one order of magnitude compared to that of the wild-type strain. Noteworthy, in the mitochondrial oli1 gene, G:C to T:A transversions are generated approximately 50-fold more frequently in the ogg1 mutant relative to the wild-type strain. We also demonstrate that the increased frequency of Oli^r mutants in the ogg1 strain is markedly reduced by the presence of plasmids encoding Msh1p, a homologue of the bacterial mismatch protein MutS, which specifically functions in mitochondria. This suppression of the mitochondrial mutator phenotype of the ogg1 strain seems to be specific, since overexpression of the mutant allele msh1-R813W failed to exert this effect. Finally, we also show that the increased frequency of Oli^r mutants arising in an msh1/MSH1 heterozygote grown in glucose-containing medium is further enhanced if the cells are cultivated in glycerol-containing medium, i.e. under conditions when the respiratory chain is fully active. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that MSH1-dependent repair represents a significant back-up to mtBER in the repair of oxidative damage in mtDNA. ... Read more

Book Description
This digital document is a journal article from International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Biosorption of Cd^2^+, Cu^2^+ and Ag^+ ions by C-, N-, P-, S-, Mg- and K-limited cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Raman spectroscopy and analysis of elemental composition were used to identify differences between individual yeast cultures. K-, Mg- and C-limited cells accumulated the greatest amounts of Cd^2^+ ions. The greatest amount of Cu^2^+ ions was bound by biomass grown in K-limited medium. P-limited cells bound the greatest amount of Ag^+ ions, but in contrast they had the lowest sorption capacity for Cd^2^+ ions. The smallest amounts of Cu^2^+ and Ag^+ ions was bound by biomass grown in S-limited medium. ... Read more

Book Description
Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Focus on progress made in the study of yeastmolecular and cellular biology. Numerous contributors. Softcover notpublished simultaneously. ... Read more