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Ockham & Nominalism
Paper on the nominalist theologian.
http://web.syr.edu/~nmagee/ockham.html

Extractions: illiam of Ockham, one of the most notable thinkers of his day (and a century afterward), was in on the ground level of what has become, to many Modern thinkers, quite an upsetting occurrence. He probably never anticipated his dream coming true: the death of universals. The fact that they are dead is no surprise to modern scholars who have tended not to trust these structures anymore, whatever they may look like, and even shy away from using the word "universal." Contemporary Postmodern philosopher Jean-François Lyotard equates universals with "metanarratives": overarching and universally applicable maxims (equally applicable through time and space), i.e. truth, knowledge, ethics, or God. In fact, Lyotard defines postmodernity as "incredulity towards metanarratives," and has been working hard within a band of intrepid thinkers to make sure they never return.( ) Below is a discussion of the framework of this occurrence, focusing on the theology, metaphysics and epistemology of William of Ockham. I hope to briefly describe his understanding of the power of God, place his view of universals in a wider philosophical context, and explore his empirical epistemology and rejection of realism. Finally, I want to connect his beliefs with their repercussions, as formulated by the Protestant Reformer Martin Luther.
Robert Wagner - About William Of Ockham
Biography of this philosopher.
http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~rwagner/me/ockham.html

Extractions: William of Ockham also called W ILLIAM O CKHAM , Ockham also spelled O CCAM , byname V ENERABILIS I NCEPTOR OCTOR INVINCIBILIS c. Early life After his early training, Ockham took the traditional course of theological studies at the University of Oxford and apparently between 1317 and 1319 lectured on the Sentences Sentences (a commentary known as Ordinatio inceptor baccalaureus formatus. Ockham continued his academic career, apparently in English convents, simultaneously studying points of logic in natural philosophy and participating in theological debates. When he left his country for Avignon, Fr., in the autumn of 1324 at the pope's request, he was acquainted with a university environment shaken not only by disputes but also by the challenging of authority: that of the bishops in doctrinal matters and that of the chancellor of the university, John Lutterell, who was dismissed from his post in 1322 at the demand of the teaching staff. theologicus logicus is Luther’s term). On the one hand, with his passion for logic he insisted on evaluations that are severely rational, on distinctions between the necessary and the incidental and differentiation between evidence and degrees of probability an insistence that places great trust in man’s natural reason and his human nature. On the other hand, as a theologian he referred to the primary importance of the God of the creed whose omnipotence determines the gratuitous salvation of men; God’s saving action consists of giving without any obligation and is already profusely demonstrated in the creation of nature. The medieval rule of economy, that "plurality should not be assumed without necessity," has come to be known as
Nonconformist Church History: William Of Ockham (1285-1347/9)
A Nonconformist reading of his theology.
http://web.ukonline.co.uk/cj.tolley/nch-william-ockham.htm

Extractions: (1285 - 1347 or 1349) b. 1285, Ockham, Surrey, England d. 1347 or 1349, Munich, Bavaria The Pope can be convicted of heresy, if he solemnly defines an error against the faith and asserts that it should be held by Christians. The small village of Ockham, a few miles from the place where the A3 meets the M25 today, was the birthplace of one of the most influential of all mediæval thinkers, William of Ockham. He was among the first to produce reasoned arguments against the mediæval patterns of church doctrine and authority, seeking to return to the patterns found in the New Testament. Today, his name lives on in "Occam's razor," the name given to a logical principle that simplicity is preferable to complexity. As a young man, William became a Franciscan friar. William's education among the Franciscans included logic, a subject that became a lifelong interest for him. Later, William studied theology at Oxford University, and by his early thirties, he was lecturing there on the Four Books of Sentences of Peter Lombard, a leading 12
Dynamic Directory - Society - Philosophy - Philosophers - William Of
Catholic Encyclopedia william of ockham Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher.
http://www.maximumedge.com/cgi/dir/index.cgi/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/Wil
Ockham And The Dialogus
For a study of these works see Marilyn McCord Adams, william ockham (Notre Dame,1987), or, for a brief account, william of ockham in The Encyclopaedia of
http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/wock.html

Extractions: The best way of becoming acquainted with William of Ockham would be to read A.S. McGrade's "Introduction", "Principal Dates in Ockham's Life", and "Suggestions for Further Reading" in or the corresponding material in For a detailed interpretation of Ockham's Dialogue see George Knysh's Fragments of Ockham Hermeneutics (Winnipeg, 1997), and pp. 237-240 of his Political Ockhamism (see below). The following is a brief introduction for readers altogether unacquainted with Ockham. William of Ockham was a medieval English philosopher and theologian who lived about a generation before Chaucer (he was born about 1285, perhaps as late as 1288, and died in 1347 or 1348). In his earlier years he wrote many influential works in logic, philosophy and philosophical theology. For a study of these works see Marilyn McCord Adams, William Ockham (Notre Dame, 1987), or, for a brief account, "William of Ockham" in
British Academy - William Of Ockham: Dialogus
Latin text, with English translation, of william of ockham's Dialogues. And a biography of this medieval philosopher and Franciscan friar. Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi. william of ockham Dialogus. LATIN TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION
http://britac3.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/ockdial.html
Medieval Philosophy
A study of Duns Scotus, william of ockham and other fourteenth century philosophers, and of medieval elements in Descartes and other early modern philosophers. Course notes by R.J. Kilcullen.
http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/medph.html

Extractions: Teaching Materials on Medieval Philosophy John Kilcullen Download 1 Download 2 Courses (no longer offered) Course description, Medieval Philosophy Course description, Later Medieval Philosophy Website for Sydney University Course The Medieval Intellectual Tradition Medieval Philosophy: An Introduction
Ockham
Biography of william of ockham (12881348) william of ockham. Born 1288 in ockham (near Ripley, Surrey), England
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ockham.html

Extractions: William of Ockham 's early Franciscan education concentrated on logic. He studied theology at Oxford and between 1317 and 1319 he lectured on the Sentences , the standard theology text used in universities up to 16 C. His opinions aroused strong oposition and he left Oxford without his Master's Degree. He continued studying mathematical logic and made important contributions to it. He considered a three valued logic where propositions can take one of three truth values. This became important for mathematics in the 20th Century but it is remarkable that it was first studied by Ockham 600 years earlier. Ockham went to France and was denounced by the Pope. He was excommunicated and in 1328 he fled seeking the protection of Louis IV in Bavaria (Louis had also been excommunicated!). He continued to attack papal power always employing logical reasoning in his arguments. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson List of References (22 books/articles) A Quotation Mathematicians born in the same country Other Web sites Dave Beckett
The Ecole Glossary
Brief profile of the originator of ockham's razor.
http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/ockham.html

Extractions: William of Ockham A logician and proponent of nominalism, William of Ockham originated Ockham's razor, a philosophical paring tool that prefers the simplest theory that will explain the observable data. Born c. in Surrey, William was a Franciscan who taught at Oxford until the chancellor John Lutterell accused him of teaching suspect doctrine. John XXII appointed a commission which found 51 propositions questionable but which did not condemn the lecturer. William revised these, and while he was at Oxford and Avignon, he wrote commentary on the Organon of Aristotle and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. William accepted the teachings of the Spiritual Franciscans, who believe that Christ and his Apostles held all property in common and, therefore, poverty was essential to the church. John XXII did not accept these ideas, and William came to see him as a pseudo-pope. William, with two leaders of the Spiritual Franciscans, fled in to the protection of Louis of Bavaria, a papal enemy. John excommunicated William and the others. After John's death in , William sought to reconcile himself with the Roman church; the outcome of these efforts is not known. William died, possibly of the plague, in Munich c.
Bigchalk William Of Ockham
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Ockham, William Of (ca. 1285-1349) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific
ockham, william of (ca. 12851349), English scholar who joined the Franciscanorder and studied and lectured at Oxford. He maintained
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Ockham.html

Extractions: English scholar who joined the Franciscan order and studied and lectured at Oxford. He maintained that theology was faith combined with the performance of individual rituals and was not amenable to reason. He believed abstractions to be inherently untrue. His statement "entities must not needlessly be multiplied" came to be interpreted to mean that, of two theories, the simpler one is more nearly valid and is now known as " Ockham's razor ."
Ockham, William Of: On The Power Of Emperors And Popes
ockham, william of On the Power of Emperors and Popes, universitypress books, shopping cart, new release notification.
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14978.ctl

Extractions: Ockham, William of On the Power of Emperors and Popes . Edited by Annabel S. Brett. Distributed for the Thoemmes Press. 200 p. 1998 Series: (T-PSPT) Thoemmes Press - Primary Sources in Political Thought Cloth CUSA $75.00tx 1-85506-552-5 The Franciscan William of Ockham (c.1285-c.1347) was the greatest theologian and philosopher of the first half of the fourteenth century. Spurred on by the activities of a papacy which he saw as destroying the very foundations of his Order, he devoted the last part of his life to examining the extent of papal power over Christians and its relationship to the secular government of people. On the Power of Emperors and Popes (1347) is his last work. Short, passionate and lucid, it represents a distillation of his thought on these questions and forms an excellent and accessible introduction to his political thought as a whole. The extensive new annotations to the text bring to light the range of sources on which Ockham drew, while the new introduction places the work in its historical context and relates it to other works of medieval Franciscan political discourse. Translated here into English for the first time, the work will be of interest to all students and researchers in the field of medieval political thought. the first English translation of Ockham's classic work, plus extensive new introduction, textual annotation, and bibliography modern editorial apparatus connects the work with the whole body of Ockham's political thought the new annotation provides historical and intellectual context and translations of Ockham's source references
Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Ockham, William Of (L-R)
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Aus Der Summa Logicae Des William Von Ockham (ca
Ausz¼ge aus der Summa Logicae des william von ockham zu Intention, Universalien und Suppositionslehre.
http://www.uni-rostock.de/fakult/philfak/fkw/iph/strobach/veranst/mittelalter/OC
Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Ockham, William Of (Medieval)
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Ockham, William Of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. ockham, william of.see william of Occam. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/x-/X-Ockham-W.html

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Ockham, William Of. The American Heritage® Dictionary Of The English Language:
ockham, william of. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English LanguageFourth Edition. 2000. 2000. ockham, william of. SYLLABICATION Ock·ham.
http://www.bartleby.com/61/45/O0024500.html

Extractions: Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference American Heritage Dictionary Ochs, Adolph Simon ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
Ockham, William Of
william of ockham. Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms. theology. Name william of ockham. Dates Born c. 1285
http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_ockham.htm

Extractions: William of Ockham was an English Franciscan theologian who studied and taught at Oxford and wrote a number of political and logical treatises. He is, however, most famous for Ockham's Razor, an ontological principle which is also known as the law of parsimony. According to Ockham, Frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora , which means in English: It is pointless to do with more what can be done with less. What this means, in practice, is that we should not bother postulating the existence of entities, things, or principles which are not absolutely, logically necessary to explain the phenomena at hand. Thus, for example, because gravity does such a good job at explaining why things fall, there is no need to add in the extra hypothesis of invisible fairies pushing things to the ground. Not all of William's ideas were warmly received by the Church. The pope summoned him to appear at Avignon and answer charges; in the end, fifty-one of his propositions were deemed heretical and banned. Before this time he had accorded the Church and the pope the authority in matters of faith, but after these experiences he limited that authority to scriptures. As a consequence, he was forced to flee and was excommunicated from his Franciscan order.
Ockham, William Of
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Ockham, William Of
william of ockham (c1280c1349). scholastisch filosoof/theoloog, franciscaan. Doctor Invincibilis . About william of ockham - Biography (Robert Wagner).
http://www.ichthustref.nl/hoofdmap_links/lexikonfilosofen/filosofen-lexicon/Ockh

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