Geometry.Net - Scientists: Ptolemy

Tcl Blend
Notes about using Sun's Tcl/Java interface that works with Tcl8.0, JDK1.1. and JDK1.2.
http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cxh/java/tclblend/

Extractions: Tcl Blend Scriptics Jacl and Tcl Blend page Tcljava Mailing List Archives: www.egroups.com www.mail-archive.com Tutorial given at the Tcl/Tk conference, 9/16/98 Tcl and Java Programming: Practice and Pitfalls Tutorial Notes The release notes for Sun's Java Embedded Server state that Jacl is included as an unsupported feature Cameron Laird's personal notes on Jacl and Tcl Blend Steve Ball's chapter about Tcl Blend and Jacl from a forthcoming book. The ICEM CFD Compiler may some day generate Java Byte Codes. Java Resources www.javasoft.com Java Developers Connection: http://www.javasoft.com/jdc - This is free to join, and a good place to search for information about JNI bugs. JDK1.2 JNI Enhancements: http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/guide/jni/index.html - Includes the JNI1.1 Specification and a FAQ Javasoft JNI Tutorial http://www.javasoft.com/docs/books/tutorial/native1.1/index.html Jacl and Tcl Blend Developer's Downloads Notes about Using Tcl Blend and Jacl Version Information Tcl Blend Exceptions Hints about java.lang.System.out.println
Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius ptolemy (ca. 100170). Little is known about ptolemy's over amillennium. ptolemy was also an accomplished geographer. His maps
http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/ptolemy.html

Extractions: Little is known about Ptolemy's life and education, other that he lived and worked in Alexandria, one of the primary centers of Greek culture in late antiquity, and that he has no genealogical relationship whatsoever to the Pharaoh dynasty bearing the same name (as believed by many in medieval times). He wrote on many topics, including geography, astrology, musical theory, optics, physics, and of course astronomy. He died most probably between 141 and 151 AD. His landmark astronomical work is his Mathematical compilation , (or Syntaxis , as Prolemy himself referred to it) better known under the name Amalgest , given to it by its later Arabic translators and commentators. By making extensive use of the geometrical constructions known as epicycles and equants , Ptolemy constructed a mathematical model of planetary motion that did far better at predicting planetary positions than anything else produced in antiquity. It is the fusion of Ptolemy's model with the cosmology and physics of Aristotle that was to be adopted in the late antiquity and medieval Western world, and literally define mankind's view of the universe for over a millennium.
Lojban Level 0 Booklet And Lessons
Current drafts of the introductory brochure and lessons on Lojban.
http://ptolemy.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/lojbanbrochure/

Extractions: You can read this page: in English bau la lojban Format View zip DocBook (source) [CVS] Brochure RTF Brochure RTF (mac) Brochure RTF (paperback size) Brochure RTF (paperback size) (mac) Brochure PDF Brochure PDF (paperback size) Brochure TeX Brochure HTML Brochure Brochure HTML (unicode) Brochure Brochure Format View zip DocBook (source) [CVS] Lessons RTF Lessons RTF (mac) Lessons RTF (paperback size) Lessons RTF (paperback size) (mac) Lessons PDF Lessons PDF (paperback size) Lessons TeX Lessons HTML Lessons Lessons HTML (unicode) Lessons Lessons The PC RTF uses the fonts: Gentium Trebuchet MS , Optima. The Mac RTF uses the fonts: SILSophiaIPA Andale Mono Trebuchet MS Constantin The Level package, What is Lojban? , was edited by Nick Nicholas and John Cowan . It is based on: The Lessons, Lojban for Beginners , were written by Robin Turner and Nick Nicholas. They are based on
The Universe Of Aristotle And Ptolemy
The Universe of Aristotle and ptolemy The celestial sphere that we introducedpreviously is a convenient fiction to locate objects in the sky.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html

Extractions: The celestial sphere that we introduced previously is a convenient fiction to locate objects in the sky. However, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (many of Aristotles works are available at the Internet Classics Archive ) proposed that the heavens were literally composed of 55 concentric, crystalline spheres to which the celestial objects were attached and which rotated at different velocities (but the angular velocity was constant for a given sphere), with the Earth at the center. The following figure illustrates the ordering of the spheres to which the Sun, Moon, and visible planets were attached. (The diagram is not to scale, and the planets are aligned for convenience in illustration; generally they were distributed around the spheres.) There were additional "buffering" spheres that lay between the spheres illustrated. The sphere of the stars lay beyond the ones shown here for the planets; finally, in the Aristotelian conception there was an outermost sphere that was the domain of the "Prime Mover". The Prime Mover caused the outermost sphere to rotate at constant angular velocity, and this motion was imparted from sphere to sphere, thus causing the whole thing to rotate. By adjusting the velocities of these concentric spheres, many features of planetary motion could be explained. However, the troubling observations of varying planetary brightness and retrograde motion could not be accommodated: the spheres moved with constant angular velocity, and the objects attached to them were always the same distance from the earth because they moved on spheres with the earth at the center.
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http://homepage1.nifty.com/ptolemy/nations/south-am/south-am.htm
Ptolemy (ca. 100-ca. 170) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography
ptolemy (ca. 100ca. 170), ptolemy believed the planets and Sun to orbitthe Earth in the order Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, saturn.
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Ptolemy.html

Extractions: Roman name: Claudius Ptolemaeus. Greek philosopher who synthesized and extended Hipparchus's system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain his geocentric theory of the solar system. Ptolemy believed the planets and Sun to orbit the Earth in the order Mercury Venus Sun Mars ... saturn This system became known as the Ptolemaic system and predicted the positions of the planets accurately enough for naked-eye observations, although it made some ridiculous predictions, such as that the distance to the moon should vary by a factor of two over its orbit. Ptolemy, who was also wrote Tetrabiblos , a work on astrology, described his system in the book Mathematical Syntaxis (widely called the Almagest ). The Almagest also included a star catalog containing 48 constellations, using the names we still use today. Ptolemy also investigated the refraction of light in water, but altered his data to fit the form of the mathematical law he postulated to be correct.
Encyclopaedia Of The Orient
http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ptolemy_3.htm
Ptolemy
ptolemy and Regiomontanus shown on the frontispiece to Regiomontanus' Epitome ofthe Almagest, 1496. ptolemy ptolemy, Latin in full Claudius Ptolemaeus (fl.
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/ptolemy.html

Extractions: Ptolemy and Regiomontanus shown on the frontispiece to Regiomontanus' Epitome of the Almagest, 1496. The Epitome was one of the most important Renaissance sources on ancient astronomy. Ptolemy Ptolemy, Latin in full Claudius Ptolemaeus (fl. AD 127-145, Alexandria), ancient astronomer, geographer, and mathematician who considered the Earth the center of the universe (the "Ptolemaic system"). Virtually nothing is known about his life. Ptolemy's astronomical work was enshrined in his great book He mathematike syntaxis ("The Mathematical Collection"), which eventually became known as Ho megas astronomos ("The Great Astronomer"). During the 9th century, however, Arab astronomers used the Greek superlative Megiste to refer to the book. When the definite article al was prefixed to the term, its title then became known as the Almagest, the name still used today. The Christian Aristotelian cosmos, engraving from Peter Apian's Cosmographia, 1524 Ptolemy accepted the following order for celestial objects in the solar system: Earth (center), Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. He realized, as had Hipparchus, that the inequalities in the motions of these heavenly bodies necessitated either a system of deferents and epicycles or one of movable eccentrics (both systems devised by Apollonius of Perga, the Greek geometer of the 3rd century BC) in order to account for their movements in terms of uniform circular motion. In the Ptolemaic system, the plane of the ecliptic is that of the Sun's apparent annual path among the stars. The planes of the deferents of the planets were believed to be inclined at small angles to the plane of the ecliptic, while the planes of their epicycles were inclined by equal amounts to those of the deferents, so that the planes of the epicycles would always parallel that of the ecliptic. The planes of the deferents of Mercury and Venus were assumed to oscillate above and below the plane of the ecliptic, and likewise the planes of their epicycles were thought to oscillate with respect to the planes of the deferents.
ThinkQuest
Features profiles of various astronomers of fame, from Galileo to ptolemy.
http://library.thinkquest.org/23830/astronomers.htm
Fragments Of Ptolemy
Fragments of ptolemy on Early Christian Writings the New Testament, Apocrypha, Gnostics,and Church Fathers information and translations of Gospels, Epistles
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ptolemy.html

Extractions: Buy This Art Print At AllPosters.com In the preface to his work, Irenaeus states: "I intend, then, to the best of my ability, with brevity and clearness to set forth the opinions of those who are now promulgating heresy. I refer especially to the disciples of Ptolemaeus, whose school may be described as a bud from that of Valentinus." Here is Irenaeus in Against Heresies Irenaeus also refers to the views of Ptolemy in Against Heresies Go to the Early Christian Writings: New Testament, Apocrypha, Gnostics, Church Fathers homepage. Please support this web site by buying the CD with over 250 MB of information and texts! For convenience, a copy of the table of contents is provided here. Passion Narrative Lost Sayings Gospel Q 1 Thessalonians Philippians ... kirby@earthlink.net
People In The History Of Astronomy
Short biographies of Pythagoras, ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Halley, Einstein, and Hawking.
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/4515/HISTORY.html

Extractions: One of the most powerful creations of Greek science was the mathematical astronomy created by Hipparchus in the second century B.C. and given final form by Ptolemy in the second century A.D. Ptolemy's work was known in the Middle Ages through imperfect Latin versions. In fifteenth-century Italy, however, it was brought back to life. George Trebizond, a Cretan emigre in the curia, produced a new translation and commentary. These proved imperfect and aroused much heated criticism. But a German astronomer, Johannes Regiomontanus, a protege of the brilliant Greek churchman Cardinal Bessarion, came to Italy with his patron, learned Greek, and produced a full-scale "Epitome" of Ptolemy's work from which most astronomers learned their art for the next century and more. Copernicus was only one of the celebrities of the Scientific Revolution whose work rested in large part on the study of ancient science carried out in fifteenth-century Italy. (The Revival Of An Ancient Science)
Encyclopaedia Of The Orient
http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ptolemy_4.htm
Encyclopaedia Of The Orient
http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ptolemy_5.htm
Great Books Index - Ptolemy
GREAT BOOKS INDEX. ptolemy (about 85about 165 AD). An Index to OnlineGreat Books in English Translation. The Almagest by ptolemy.
http://books.mirror.org/gb.ptolemy.html
Encyclopaedia Of The Orient
http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ptolemy_7.htm
Ptolemy - Wikipedia
ptolemy. ptolemy was the author of the astronomical treatise which is nowknown as the Almagest (although that was not its original name).
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy

Extractions: Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Other languages: Esperanto From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks ruled Egypt as pharaohs from 323 B.C. , when Ptolemy , one of Alexander the Great 's generals, took over Egyptian rule. The dynasty lasted until the death of the most famous member of the family, Cleopatra VII , in 31 B.C. , shortly after the Battle of Actium . Egypt was then annexed to Rome Claudius Ptolemaeus (A.D. circa - circa ), known in the English language as Ptolemy , was a Greek astronomer who is suspected to have lived in Alexandria in Egypt Ptolemy was the author of the astronomical treatise which is now known as the Almagest (although that was not its original name). In this work he formulated a geocentric model of the
Encyclopaedia Of The Orient
http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ptolemy_11.htm
Ptolemy's Table Of Chords
ptolemy's Table of Chords Trigonometry in the Second Century. EWorld © 1992-2001by Glenn Elert All Rights Reserved Fair Use Encouraged. ptolemy's Theorem.
http://hypertextbook.com/eworld/chords.shtml

Extractions: Fair Use Encouraged 28 June 1994 A pdf copy of this document is also available. Special Angles Ptolemy's Theorem Aristarchus' Inequality The Table of Chords ... Conclusion Postscripts Footnotes ... Sources Although certainly not the first trigonometric table , Ptolemy's On the Size of Chords Inscribed in a Circle (2nd Century AD) is by far the most famous. Based largely on an earlier work by Hipparchus (ca. 140 BC) it was included in Ptolemy's definitive Syntaxis Mathematica , better known by its Arabic name Almagest . In this paper I will describe the geometric theorems used in the construction of this table and attempt to relate them to their contemporary trigonometric counterparts. (where crd is the length of the chord described by the central angle subtending an arc of parts of the circumference), the
Encyclopaedia Of The Orient
http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ptolemy_12.htm
Egypt: Rulers, Kings And Pharaohs Of Ancient Egypt: Ptolemy I (Soter I)
Egypt Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt including all dynastiesthrough the Greek Roman period ptolemy I (Soter I).
http://www.touregypt.net/32dyn01.htm

Extractions: Upon the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the throne of Egypt fell to Ptolemy I, the son of Lagus. He was a veteran soldier and trusted commander who had served Alexander. He started the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which lasted about 300 years. He ran Egypt like a business, strictly for profit. One of the few surviving works of Ptolemy I Soter is the temple of Kom Abu Billo, which was dedicated to Hathor "Mistress of Mefket".

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