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This Handbook, with contributions from leading experts in the field, provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of virtual environments (VE). It serves as an invaluable source of reference for practitioners, researchers, and students in this rapidly evolving discipline. It also provides practitioners with a reference source to guide their development efforts and addresses technology concerns, as well as the social and business implications with which those associated with the technology are likely to grapple. While each chapter has a strong theoretical foundation, practical implications are derived and illustrated via the many tables and figures presented throughout the book.

The Handbook presents a systematic and extensive coverage of the primary areas of research and development within VE technology. It brings together a comprehensive set of contributed articles that address the principles required to define system requirements and design, build, evaluate, implement, and manage the effective use of VE applications. The contributors provide critical insights and principles associated with their given area of expertise to provide extensive scope and detail on VE technology.

After providing an introduction to VE technology, the Handbook organizes the body of knowledge into five main parts:
*System Requirements--specifies multimodal system requirements, including physiological characteristics that affect VE system design.
*Design Approaches and Implementation Strategies--addresses cognitive design strategies; identifies perceptual illusions that can be leveraged in VE design; discusses navigational issues, such as becoming lost within a virtual world; and provides insights into structured approaches to content design.
*Health and Safety Issues--covers direct physiological effects, signs, symptoms, neurophysiology and physiological correlates of motion sickness, perceptual and perceptual-motor adaptation, and social concerns.
*Evaluation--addresses VE usability engineering and ergonomics, human performance measurement in VEs, usage protocols; and provides means of measuring and managing visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular aftereffects, as well as measuring and engendering sense of presence.
*Selected Applications of Virtual Environments--provides a compendium of VE applications.

The Handbook closes with a brief review of the history of VE technology. The final chapter provides information on the VE profession, providing those interested with a number of sources to further their quest for the keys to developing the ultimate virtual world.
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The development of the theory of fuzzy sets was motivated largely by the need for a computational framework for dealing with systems in which human judgement, behavior and emotions play a dominant role.Although there are very few papers on fuzzy sets in the literature of psychology and cognitive science, the theory of fuzzy sets provides a much better model for human cognition than traditional approaches.

By focusing on the application of fuzzy sets in human factors, this book provides a valuable, authoritative overview of what the theory is about and how it can be applied. An impressive feature is the broad spectrum of applications, ranging from the use of fuzzy methods in the ergonomic diagnostics of industrial production systems to approximate reasoning in risk analysis and the modeling of human-computer interactions in information retrieval tasks.Equally impressive is the very wide variety of disciplines and countries represented by the contributors.

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These 43 papers deal with the social, ergonomic and stress aspects of work with computers. The papers were selected from a total of 752 papers submitted to the conference, from 31 countries around the world. A further 68 selected papers are published in a companion volume entitled Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems, edited by G. Salvendy. ... Read more

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The Dictionary for Human Factors/Ergonomics is a major compilation of the basic terminology in the field of ergonomics. This unique dictionary contains over 8,000 terms representing all areas of human factors. For many terms, a commentary is provided to help place the term in perspective and elaborate on its use. Applicable acronyms and abbreviations are included. Two appendices are featured in the book as well.The first appendix is an alphabetical listing of abbreviations and acronyms with their respective terms for easy cross-referencing. The second appendix contains a list of national and international organizations involved in human factors/ergonomic research and/or applications. Peer-reviewed for accuracy and comprehensiveness, The Dictionary for Human Factors/Ergonomics is an essential reference for professionals, academics, and students in engineering, psychology, safety, law, and management. It is especially useful for human factors professionals working in government and industry. ... Read more

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Presented here are papers selected from those submitted to the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI International '95) held in Tokyo, July 1995. A total of 1,298 individuals from 36 countries submitted their work for presentation at this first major international meeting on human-computer interaction held in Asia. Volume A covers the latest advances in the research of future computing and system design, as well as their relevant application, in the wide field of human-computer interaction. Volume B contains selected papers in the areas of ergonomics, and social aspects of computer systems. ... Read more

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This book brings you to one of the frontiers of multimedia applications, where computers are used as part of experimental theatre, puppet theatre, art installations, musical performances, museums, entertainment, games and teaching. Bringing together a wealth of knowledge covering theatre production, film production, design, game development, art and software engineering, 3D Production Methods recounts the exciting histories of the origins of specific multimedia products. Each chapter is case-orientated and focuses on the production process, including themes such as: - Scriptwriting techniques- Interdisciplinary co-operative teams- Visualization of ideas- Motivation- Prototyping and experimental systems development- Advice on how to organise multimediaA CD-ROM accompanies this book, containing all figures and video material from some of the cases presented in the book. 3D Production Methods contains edited research papers resulting from a project managed by Professor Lars Qvortrup into Virtual Inhabited 3D Worlds. Other volumes include: Virtual Interaction: Interaction in Virtual Inhabited 3D Worlds; Virtual Space: Spatiality in Virtual Inhabited 3D Worlds; and 3D Virtual Applications: Applications with Virtual Inhabited 3D Worlds. ... Read more

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This book documents a systematic approach taken by a team of multidisciplinary researchers to advance the concepts, tools, and methods of software interface design. The software interface is viewed primarily as a communication interface in which the end-user maintains a dialogue with the computer in order to complete a specific task. This work is directed toward casual users of computer-based systems and toward the design of tools for professional programmers, systems analysts, and human factors professionals. ... Read more

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This fourth volume of papers from the 10th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction --which brought together the contributions of nearly 3000 individuals -- focuses on the trends and developing applications that are beginning to move the information age towards a state of universal accessibility. Applying concepts from a variety of fields including cognitive ergonomics and engineering psychology, this cutting-edge volume considers a wide range of diversity issues and covers various facets of access, detailing a number of current and developing assistive technologies, including non-visual interaction devices. This volume is available individually or as part of a four volume set covering most every aspect of human-computer interaction, including those in construction, manufacturing, publishing, and health. ... Read more

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Human factors engineering is a ground-breaking area too often ignored or misunderstood by lawyers. Often a designer’s error encourages mistakes or misuse. Unfortunately, when trying these personal injury cases, legal professionals often pre-determine the "human factors" based on their own ability to use a product or operate in a particular environment. Since lawyers are human, they feel that they intuitively know about all human factors. The result? Many lawyers fail when trying personal injury cases, even though a thorough knowledge of human factors engineering could have meant a successful verdict.

Principles of Forensic Human Factors/Ergonomics (revised edition of Human Factors Engineering for Forensic and Safety Specialists) is an excellent resource because it takes you step-by-step over the areas of concern. You’ll get an in-depth look at the fields of architecture, transportation, consumer products, and furniture, areas in which questions of safety are most frequent. In addition, you’ll discover how to separate the situation in which the product design is at fault from those situations where the injured is at fault due to carelessness or misconduct. Topics include:• concept of design-induced human error or product misuse and personal safety• user/product interface and environmental influences• user limiting characteristics in product design• architectural systems• roadway, groundand air vehicular systems• consumer products and tools• home and work furnishings and equipment• graphics and product labeling• human factors/ergonomics tests ... Read more

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Taking the field of human factors and ergonomics beyond state-of-the art, this volume focuses on advances in the use of ergonomics modeling and on the evaluation of usability, which is a critical aspect of any human-technology system. The research described in the book’s 70 chapters is an outcome of dedicated research by academics and practitioners from around the world, and across disciplines. The chapters are organized under five sections:

I. Models and Methods
II. Vision and Visual Displays ,
III. Product Design and User Interfaces
IV. Input Devices and Computer Based Systems
V. Individual and Environmental Technology Related Issues.

This work provides an invaluable resource for evaluating products and environments and designing future ones that are intuitive, safe, and easy to use. Seven other titles in the Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series are:

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare
Advances in Applied Digital Human Modeling
Advances in Cross-Cultural Decision Making
Advances in Cognitive Ergonomics
Advances in Occupational, Social and Organizational Ergonomics
Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries
Advances in Neuroergonomics and Human Factors of Special Populations

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The primary focus of the Cross Cultural Decision Making field is specifically on the intersections between psychosocial theory provided from the social sciences and methods of computational modeling provided from computer science and mathematics. While the majority of research challenges that arise out of such an intersection fall quite reasonably under the rubric of "human factors", although these topics are broad in nature, this book is designed to focus on crucial questions regarding data acquisition as well as reconciliation of mathematical and psychosocial modeling methodologies. The utility of this area of research is to aid the design of products and services which are utilized across the globe in the variety of cultures and aid in increasing the effectiveness of cross-cultural group collaboration.

To aid a researcher in defining the requirements and metrics for this complex topic applications and use cases of CCDM can be found in sections:

I. Applications of Human, Social, Culture Behavioral Modeling Technology
IV. Cross Cultural Decision Making: Implications for Individual and Team Training
X. Tactical Culture Training: Narrative, Personality, and Decision-Making
XII. Use Cases of Cross Cultural Decision Making

Theories and techniques for understanding, capturing, and modeling the components of Culture are covered in these sections:

II. Assessing and Developing Cross-Cultural Competence
III. Civilizational Change: Ideological, Economic, and Historical Change
V. Cultural Models for Decision Making
VI. Extracting Understanding from Diverse Data Sources
VII. Hybrid & Multi-Model Computational Techniques for HSCB Applications
IX. Socio-cultural Models and Decision-Making
VIII. Sense Making in Other Cultures: Dynamics of Interaction
XI. Understanding

The science and technology provided in this book represents the latest available from the international community. It is hoped that this content can be used to tackle two of the biggest challenges in this area: 1) Unification and standardization of data being collected for CCDM applications/research so these data can support as many different thrusts under the CCDM umbrella as possible; and 2) Validation and verification with respect to utility and underlying psychosocial theory. Solutions for both of these must be in the context of, and will require, sound methods of integrating a complex array of quite different behavioral models and modeling techniques. This book would of special value to researchers and practitioners in involved in the design of products and services which are marketed and utilized in a variety of different countries

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In recent years, the field of Universal Access has made significant progress in consolidating theoretical approaches, scientific methods and technologies, as well as in exploring new application domains. Increasingly, professionals in this rapidly maturing area require a comprehensive and multidisciplinary resource that addresses current principles, methods, and tools. Written by leading international authorities from academic, research, and industrial organizations and nonmarket institutions, The Universal Access Handbook covers the unfolding scientific, methodological, technological, and policy issues involved in the process of achieving universal access in the information society.

In a collection of 61 chapters, the book discusses how to systematically apply universal design principles to information technologies. It explains the various dimensions of diversity in the technological platforms and contexts of use, including trends in mobile interaction and ambient intelligence environments. The implications of Universal Access on the development life cycle of interactive applications and services are unfolded, addressing user interface architectures and related components. Novel interaction methods and techniques for Universal Access are analyzed, and a variety of applications in diverse domains are discussed.

The book reflects recent developments, consolidates present knowledge, and points towards new perspectives for the future. A quick glance through the contents demonstrates not only the breadth and depth of coverage but also the caliber of the contributions. An indispensible source of information for interdisciplinary and cross-thematic study, the book provides a baseline for further in-depth studies, as well as an important educational tool in an increasingly globalized research and development environment.