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         Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome:     more detail
  1. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and Related Conditions by Stephan C. Mann, Stanley N. Caroff, et all 2003-04
  2. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References by ICON Health Publications, 2004-12-06
  3. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Clinical Approach by Gerard Addonizio, Virginia L. Susman, 1991-02
  4. Treatment of Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia, Recovery Model, Chlorpromazine, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Tardive Dyskinesia, World Health Organization
  5. Extrapyramidal and Movement Disorders: Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Essential Tremor, Restless Legs Syndrome, Dystonia
  6. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with Parkinson's disease: a case study.: An article from: Journal of Neuroscience Nursing by Constance Ward, 2005-06-01
  7. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: An entry from Thomson Gale's <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders</i> by Rosalyn, MD Carson-DeWitt, 2005
  8. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting as fever of unknown origin in the elderly.(Case Report): An article from: Southern Medical Journal by Ryan C.W. Hall, Brian Appleby, et all 2005-01-01
  9. Hyperthermic and Hypermetabolic Disorders: Exertional Heat-Stroke, Malignant Hyperthermia and Related Syndromes
  10. Drug Induced Movement Disorders
  11. Medication-induced movement disorders: An entry from Thomson Gale's <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders</i> by Ajna, Pharm.D. Hamidovic, 2003

1. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service
Information about the service as well as the disease itself. Includes research, a hot line and references.Category Health Conditions and Diseases......Welcome to the neuroleptic malignant syndrome Information Service(NMSIS). NMSIS is a notfor-profit organization founded in 1997
http://www.nmsis.org/

What is NMS
What is NMSIS Research Criteria FAQ ... Newsletter
Welcome to the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service (NMSIS) NMSIS is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1997 by the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States (MHAUS) in collaboration with a group of prominent experts in psychiatry and psychopharmacology. The mission of NMSIS is to serve as an international resource center for educational and research initiatives to promote awareness, improve patient safety, and reduce morbidity and mortality in relation to heat-related disorders. These conditions are uncommon and may be unfamiliar to most practitioners, but can be encountered during the course of routine clinical practice in psychiatry and medicine. NMSIS is available to provide the latest information based on scientific evidence concerning disorders such as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Serotonin Syndrome, and Malignant Catatonia, Heatstroke, and Hyperthermia associated with drugs of abuse. NMSIS currently offers services, which include a toll free hotline for professionals, educational brochures for patients, families and clinicians, medical articles and literature, a research database, the NMSIS News newsletter, and a spectrum of educational programs and materials.

2. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Clinical features, the pathophysiology and treatment.
http://www.cmdg.org/Movement_/drug/Neuroleptic_Malignant_Syndrome/neuroleptic_ma
Drug Induced Movement Disorders NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME Clinical Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is the rarest of the neuroleptic induced movement disorders. It is the most serious and represents a neurologic emergency in most cases. It has now been reported to occur with all drugs that effect the central dopaminergic system (including dopamine agonists and levodopa). There's an isolated report of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient on a trycyclic medication. It is likely an idiosyncratic reaction and patients can, if needed, be given the same agent again without recurrence. It is estimated that 0.5-1% of patients exposed to neuroleptics will develop this syndrome. Most patients will develop it shortly after initial exposure and 90% within two weeks of starting the neuroleptic. It can occur with all the neuroleptics but haldol and trifluperazine are the most common. It has also been seen with clozapine and metoclopramide. The classic triad involves the autonomic nervous system (fever in 100%), the extrapyramidal system (rigidity), and cognitive changes. The two characteristic laboratory findings reported in 75% of cases are a high CPK and leukocytosis. 95% of patients are iron deficient. The CSF is usually normal. The EEG can show diffuse slowing. Other features include tachypnea (78%), diaphoresis (60%), and labile blood pressure (54%). The temperature does not usually exceed 41°C and often peaks before the motor systems become prominent. The most frequent extrapyramidal findings include rigidity (90%) and tremor (56%). Dystonia and chorea have also been reported. Mental status changes occur in 75% of patients. This starts as drowsiness and confusion but can progress to stupor and coma. Other symptoms can include seizures, pyramidal tract findings, ocular flutter, cardiac arrhythmias.

3. NINDS Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Page
Compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Category Health Conditions and Diseases......neuroleptic malignant syndrome information sheet compiled by the NationalInstitute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/neuroleptic_syndrome.htm
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Accessible version Science for the Brain The nation's leading supporter of biomedical research on disorders of the brain and nervous system Browse all disorders Browse all health
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Table of Contents (click to jump to sections) What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?
Is there any treatment?

What is the prognosis?
What research is being done? ... Organizations What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome? Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction. In most cases, the disorder develops within the first 2 weeks of treatment with the drug; however, the disorder may develop any time during the therapy period. The syndrome can also occur in people taking anti-Parkinsonism drugs known as dopaminergics if those drugs are discontinued abruptly. Is there any treatment?

4. EMedicine - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome : Article By Darius P Sholevar, MD
neuroleptic malignant syndrome neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) refers to thecombination of hyperthermia, rigidity, and autonomic dysregulation that can
http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2614.htm
(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Psychiatry
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Last Updated: November 6, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: NMS, drug-induced movement disorder, lethal catatonia, neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia, neuroleptic-induced akathisia, neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia, rigidity, autonomic dysregulation, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA, ecstasy, XTC AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography
Author: Darius P Sholevar, MD , Fellow, Cardiovascular Disease, Albert Einstein Medical Center Coauthor(s): Ellen H Sholevar, MD , Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Temple University School of Medicine Editor(s): Alan D Schmetzer, MD

5. NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
neuroleptic malignant syndrome OR NMS
http://www.idiom.com/~drjohn/nms.html
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME OR NMS
This catastrophic reaction to dopamine blocking agents, especially HALDOL, more recently RESPIRADOL, (but all the so-called major tranquilizers have been implicated) can lead to death in up to 50% of cases, especially if not immediately recognized. The causative agents must be stopped immediately and never started again.
  • Three Principal Indicators
    Extreme muscle rigidity - one patient had to have a tenosynovotomy of her Achilles tendons (heel cords cut). Extreme autonomic instability especially rapid heart rate (over 100), temperatures up to 108 (at which point the brain's proteins denature like the white of an egg and there's no return), sweating, high blood pressure (sometimes over 200 systolic), incontinence. Pulmonary emboli may occur. Extreme mental status changes including restlessness, delirium, stupor and coma although patient may be conscious and "locked in." Often mistaken for catatonic schizophrenia (another imaginary "disease of the mind") and treated with even more of the hair of the dog, the anti-psychotic medications and even with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)!

6. EMedicine - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome : Article By Theodore Benzer, MD, PhD
An in depth look at neuroleptic malignant syndrome beginning with an introduction. Authored by Theodore Benzer MD.
http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic339.htm
(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Toxicology
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Last Updated: July 25, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: NMS AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography
Author: Theodore Benzer, MD, PhD , Chief of Toxicology, Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Theodore Benzer, MD, PhD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians Editor(s): Mark S Slabinski, MD , Director, Emergency Services, Southeastern Ohio Regional Medical Center; John T VanDeVoort, PharmD, DABAT , Manager, Clinical Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Department, Regions Hospital; Michael J Burns, MD , Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; John Halamka, MD

7. Virtual Hospital: Clinical Psychopharmacology Seminar : Serotonin Syndrome And N
neuroleptic malignant syndrome Includes an introduction, the etiology, clinical features, complications, incidence, risk factors and treatment.
http://www.vh.org/Providers/Conferences/CPS/09.html
For Providers Clinical Psychopharmacology Seminar
Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Original Author: Paul Perry, Ph.D, BCPP
Latest Reviser: Vicki Ellingrod, Pharm.D., BCPP

Creation Date: 1996
Last Revision Date: October 2002
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed INTRODUCTION Both Serotonin Syndrome (SS) and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) are rare, but potentially life-threatening toxic effects of psychotropic drugs. SS is associated with an excess of serotonin (5HT) usually resulting from increasing the dose of a single serotonergic agonist drug, polypharmacy of serotonic agents, or a pharmacodynamic drug interaction of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) (Ciraulo and Shader, 1990). The SS was first reported in the 1950s, but it wasn't until the 1990s that the term serotonin syndrome was used (Keck and Arnold 2000). NMS has been associated with antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs and other drugs that affect dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. NMS was first described during early studies of haloperidol in 1960 (Delay et al, 1960). The first report of NMS in English literature was in 1968 (Delay and Deniker, 1968). Since NMS occurs very infrequently, it is extremely difficult to characterize it objectively under controlled conditions. As a result, many uncontrolled reports have been published, sometimes with misleading results. Numerous reviews have been published that provide comprehensive discussions of NMS (Caroff and Mann, 1993; Dickey, 1991; Ebadi et al, 1990; Heiman-Patterson, 1993).

8. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service
Caroff SN, Mann SC, Keck PE, Francis A. Residual catatonic state following neurolepticmalignant syndrome. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
http://www.nmsis.org/references.shtml

What is NMS
What is NMSIS Research Criteria FAQ ... Newsletter Caroff SN, Mann SC, Keck PE, Francis A. Residual catatonic state following neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2000; 20: 257-259. Caroff SN, Mann SC, Campbell EC. Atypical antipsychotics and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatric Annals, 2000; 30 (5):314-321. Davis JM, Caroff SN, Mann SC. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatric Annals, 2000; 30 (5):325-331. Francis, A., Koch, M., Chandragiri S., Rizvi, S., Petrides, G. Is Lorazepam a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome? CNS Spectrums, 2000 (In Press). Fricchione GE, Mann SC, Caroff SN. Catatonia, lethal catatonia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatric Annals, 2000; 30:347-355. Gupta S, Racaniello AA: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with Amoxapine and Lithium in an older adult. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 2000; 12:107-109. Gupta S, Jeste DV: New approaches to the treatment of dopamine receptor blocking agent-induced movement disorders. In Drug Induced Movement Disorders. Editor Sethi KD. (book chapter) (In Press).

9. EMedicine - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome : Article By Theodore Benzer, MD, PhD
neuroleptic malignant syndrome The neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare,but life-threatening, idiosyncratic reaction to a neuroleptic medication.
http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic339.htm
(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Toxicology
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Last Updated: July 25, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: NMS AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography
Author: Theodore Benzer, MD, PhD , Chief of Toxicology, Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Theodore Benzer, MD, PhD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians Editor(s): Mark S Slabinski, MD , Director, Emergency Services, Southeastern Ohio Regional Medical Center; John T VanDeVoort, PharmD, DABAT , Manager, Clinical Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Department, Regions Hospital; Michael J Burns, MD , Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; John Halamka, MD

10. NORD - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Offers synonyms, a general discussion and further resources.
http://www.stepstn.com/cgi-win/nord.exe?proc=GetDocument&rectype=0&recnu

11. Virtual Hospital: Clinical Psychopharmacology Seminar : Serotonin Syndrome And N
For Providers. Clinical Psychopharmacology Seminar. Serotonin Syndromeand neuroleptic malignant syndrome. neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/psychiatry/CPS/09.html
For Providers Clinical Psychopharmacology Seminar
Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Original Author: Paul Perry, Ph.D, BCPP
Latest Reviser: Vicki Ellingrod, Pharm.D., BCPP

Creation Date: 1996
Last Revision Date: October 2002
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed INTRODUCTION Both Serotonin Syndrome (SS) and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) are rare, but potentially life-threatening toxic effects of psychotropic drugs. SS is associated with an excess of serotonin (5HT) usually resulting from increasing the dose of a single serotonergic agonist drug, polypharmacy of serotonic agents, or a pharmacodynamic drug interaction of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) (Ciraulo and Shader, 1990). The SS was first reported in the 1950s, but it wasn't until the 1990s that the term serotonin syndrome was used (Keck and Arnold 2000). NMS has been associated with antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs and other drugs that affect dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. NMS was first described during early studies of haloperidol in 1960 (Delay et al, 1960). The first report of NMS in English literature was in 1968 (Delay and Deniker, 1968). Since NMS occurs very infrequently, it is extremely difficult to characterize it objectively under controlled conditions. As a result, many uncontrolled reports have been published, sometimes with misleading results. Numerous reviews have been published that provide comprehensive discussions of NMS (Caroff and Mann, 1993; Dickey, 1991; Ebadi et al, 1990; Heiman-Patterson, 1993).

12. Virtual Hospital: Department Of Psychiatry: Psychiatric Emergencies
Peer Reviewed 2. neuroleptic malignant syndrome This is an idiosyncraticreaction to presumably due to acute dopamine blockade.
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/emergencymedicine/Psychiatry/MedEmergNMS.html
For Providers Psychiatric Emergencies
Medical Emergencies in Psychiatry
Gerard Clancy, M.D.
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed 2. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
This is an idiosyncratic reaction to presumably due to acute dopamine blockade.
  • Risk Factors
    Males, high environmental temperatures, high potency antipsychotics, start up of antipsychotics or recent increase in dose of antipsychotics, concurrent lithium treatment, dehydration, preexisting medical/neurologic illness, affective illness.
    Sewell DD, Jeste DV, chapter 12, Medical Psychiatric Practice, Vol I APPI 1991.
  • Signs and Symptoms:
    Fever, rigidity, diaphoresis, dysphagia, labile blood pressure, Increased pulse rate, altered mental state - delirium. Increased white blood count, increased CPK, SGOT and LDH.
    Mortality reported from 5 to 20 %.
    Rhabdomyolysis-> Acute Renal Failure
    Thrombosis> Pulmonary Embolis
    Onset is relatively sudden hours to days, which helps distinguish NMS from Lethal Catatonia.
  • Treatment:
    • Obtain medical consultation due to high mortality.
    • Discontinue the antipsychotic immediately.
  • 13. NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
    As stated in a The neuroleptic malignant syndrome and Related Conditions* Interestand increased awareness in febrile catatonic states associated with
    http://www.idiom.com/~drjohn/biblio.html
    NEUROLOGIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS)
    A CHRONOLOGICAL ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
    prepared by John M. Friedberg, MD
    February 5, 1997 Case reports of NMS and literature reviews were readily available in both psychiatric and neurologic journals from 1956, a few years after the introduction of the first phenothiazine, Chlorpromazine (Thorazine). As this chronology shows, there was a flurry of reports throughout the decade of the 1970's. As stated in a The Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and Related Conditions*: "Interest and increased awareness in febrile catatonic states associated with neuroleptic administration was quite evident by the mid 1970's. At this time, NMS had been fairly well reported in France, Japan and England. Several American authors cognizant of the French reports, also began to use the term neuroleptic malignant syndrome to describe similar cases in the United States." (p 5) The French were the first to observe the artificial hibernation produced by the anti-histamine related group of drugs called phenothiazines and the first to apply this observation for human behavioral control. It is not surprising that the very term Neurologic Malignant Syndrome is a translation of the French term "syndrome malin des neuroleptiques." Despite the recent obfuscation (e.g. in the book cited above) of NMS and "Lethal Catatonia of Stauder," the epidemic of NMS which followed the epidemic of neuroleptics in the 1860's was clearly a new and alarming phenomenon.

    14. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
    neuroleptic malignant syndrome. What Is It? Neuroleptic MalignantSyndrome (NMS) includes the following collection of symptoms
    http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/simplepsych/nms.html
    Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
    What Is It?
    Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) includes the following collection of symptoms: Hyperthermia (being too hot) together with some or all of the following
    • Stiffness
    • Racing Heartbeat
    • Fluctuating Blood Pressure
    • Difficulty Moving
    • Possibly Delirium that can lead to Coma
    • Liver and Kidney Failure can occur.
    The condition is potentially fatal Sometimes this is accompanied by involuntary twitching or tremors in the hands or feet.
    What Causes It?
    Antipsychotic (Neuroleptic) Medication
    Is It Common?
    No, it is very rare.
    How Do You Treat It?
    Firstly the antipsychotic medication must be stopped. The symptoms that the patient shows must then be vigorously treated.
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    15. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
    Work Permits arranged by DMS in alliance with The Home Office Work Permits(UK). neuroleptic malignant syndrome. This occurs in 0.51% patients.
    http://www.psychejam.com/neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome.htm

    16. Serotonin And Neuroleptic Malignant Syndromes
    Module IX A Review of Serotonin Syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.INTRODUCTION. neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Medical Intelligence.
    http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/urmc/aapcc/serotonin.htm
    ELECTRONIC CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR
    SPECIALISTS IN POISON INFORMATION
    Module IX - A Review of Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome INTRODUCTION Welcome to Module 9 of the American Association of Poison Control Center’s electronic continuing education program for Specialists in Poison Information. This module will review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, monitoring, and management of serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
    release date - 11/20/98
    most recent review date - 11/20/98
    LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this module, participants will:
    1. Understand the pathophysiology for each syndrome.
    2. Recognize the clinical manifestations for each syndrome.
    3. Understand the monitoring parameters for each syndrome.
    4. Understand the management strategies for each syndrome.
    AUTHOR Peter Ciancaglini, PharmD AUTHOR DECLARATIONS NO DISCLOSURES have been made by the author(s) of this module that could be perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest in the context of the subject of their presentation(s). REVIEW PANEL Daniel Cobaugh, PharmD

    17. Discussion For Question 8 - Module IX
    Discussion for Question 8 Module IX Which of the following statementsregarding neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is correct?
    http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/urmc/aapcc/serotonin/discussion8.htm
    Discussion for Question 8 - Module IX
    Which of the following statements regarding neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is correct? A. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare complication of neuroleptic treatment.
    B. The condition is characterized by a hypometabolic state.
    C. This syndrome is only associated with phenothiazine neuroleptic treatment.
    D. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome has not yet been reported in non-psychotic patients receiving neuroleptics.
    E. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is more likely to occur during the chronic phase of psychiatric illness in persons stabilized on a medication regimen.
    • Answer A is correct. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare, but frequently fatal, complication of neuroleptic treatment. The syndrome is related to acute decreases in dopaminergic activity in the central nervous system (e.g., use of dopamine antagonists). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by a hypermetabolic state with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction. This syndrome has been associated with phenothiazine as well as non-phenothiazine neuroleptics and has been more commonly associated with high potency agents administered in therapeutic dosages.

    18. Atypical Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Associated With Olanzapine
    neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a potentially lifethreatening adverseeffect of antipsychotic agents, which has been associated with Olanzapine
    http://www.namiscc.org/Research/2002/NMS.htm
    NAMI SCC Website
    Source: Medscape Atypical Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Associated With Olanzapine
    Roy R. Reeves, D.O., Ph.D., Raphael A. Torres, M.D., Vincent Liberto, M.D., Roy H. Hart, M.D.
    Abstract Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a potentially life-threatening adverse effect of antipsychotic agents. It generally is characterized by fever, altered mental status, rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction. A 53-year-old man developed NMS without rigidity while taking olanzapine. Such atypical cases may support either a spectrum concept of NMS or the theory that NMS secondary to atypical antipsychotics differs from that caused by conventional neuroleptics. More flexible diagnostic criteria than currently mandated by the the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Revision, may be warranted.
    Introduction Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is an uncommon side effect of antipsychotic drugs, usually characterized by fever, altered mental status, rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction. The pathophysiology of NMS is not fully understood. Reduction in dopaminergic activity secondary to neuroleptic-induced dopamine blockade is considered the chief mechanism. This syndrome was first described in 1960 during clinical trials with haloperidol. Since that time, NMS has been associated with virtually all dopamine-blocking agents. Because many atypical antipsychotic agents have weaker dopamine blockade and lower rates of extrapyramidal side effects than conventional antipsychotic agents, it has been suggested that atypical antipsychotic agents are less likely to cause NMS. However, this remains unproven, and cases of NMS associated with clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine have been reported...

    19. CJP - October 2002
    Quetiapine and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 1. Hasan S, Buckley P. Novel antipsychoticsand the neuroleptic malignant syndrome a review and critique.
    http://www.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/CJP/2002/october/lettersQuetiapine.
    The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry La revue canadienne
    de psychiatrie

    October 2002 octobre
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    20. CJP - November 2002
    Letters to the Editor. A Case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome WithClozapine and Risperidone. Dear Editor Neuroleptic malignant
    http://www.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Archives/CJP/2002/November/lettersMalignant.
    The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
    November 2002
    La revue canadienne
    de psychiatrie
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