1. Osteoarthritis Symptoms, treatment. http://www.crha-health.ab.ca/hlthconn/items/osteoart.htm

'Your Health' Home 'Your Health' Topics About This Site Dictionary ... Links YOUR HEALTH: Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is also refered to as "degenerative joint disease". It is generally believed to be caused by the wear and tear that joints are subjected to over time. Some chemical and genetic factors may also play a part in the development of the disease. Risk factors such as being overweight, poor posture, congenital joint or bone deformities and injury to a joint may hasten the development of osteoarthritis in people under 60 years of age. Severe osteoarthritis affects three times as many women as men. The weight bearing joints of the body are the ones most likely to be affected by osteoarthritis. These include the neck, hips, knees and lower back. The symptoms of osteoarthritis are pain, stiffness and swelling of the affected joints. In some cases creaking or crackling sounds can be heard when the affected joint is moved. In osteoarthritis, the cartilage (smooth, tough tissue) that covers the ends of the bones becomes irritated and inflammed. The cartilage then becomes soft and wears unevenly. Eventually, the cartilage becomes rough and pieces of it will break off and move around within the joint. If enough damage is done to the layer of cartilage, the bone underneath will be left unprotected and outgrowths of new bone (called osteophytes) will form. These new growths of bone often cause pain and reduced movement in the joint. Thickening of the ends of the bone may occur.

2. Medinfo: Osteoarthritis Read an overview of the causes, symptoms and treatment of this common degenerative disease. Includes links and prevention advice. osteoarthritis. osteoarthritis is a very common condition, affecting the joints, often described as "wear and tear" http://www.medinfo.co.uk/conditions/osteoarthritis.html

index search health books site map Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is a very common condition, affecting the joints, often described as "wear and tear" arthritis. This can start from our teens and gets worse as we grow older. The amazing thing is how much it varies from person to person. If you look at two people, who have had identical jobs and identical stresses on their joints through their lifetimes, you could well find one with their joints in virtually pristine condition, and the other with visibly misshapen and painful joints which do not function normally. Osteo arthrosis and osteo arthritis are terms which are used virtually interchangeably. Osteoarthrosis means a condition where the joints are affected by degeneration. Osteoarthritis implies the same, but the "itis" adds the meaning that the joints are red, hot, swollen and painful (inflamed). Most of the time people with this condition do not have inflamed joints, although they may well be painful and, to some extent, deformed. Thus, in truth, osteoarthrosis is probably a more accurate overall description of the condition. However as most people refer to the condition as osteoarthritis, this is the term used below. Osteoarthritis is not usually a progressive, and crippling arthritis in the way that some other forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis can be. It may begin at a very young age, so do not worry too much that it means you are "over the hill". Changes of osteoarthritis have been found in the bones of teenagers.

3. MEDLINEplus: Osteoarthritis Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on • osteoarthritis. View slideshowon osteoarthritis. Go Local Health services in North Carolina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html

Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Osteoarthritis Contents of this page: From the NIH General/Overviews Diagnosis/Symptoms Prevention/Screening ... Organizations Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Osteoarthritis You may also be interested in these MEDLINEplus related pages: Arthritis Bones, Joints and Muscles Seniors' Health From the National Institutes of Health Arthritis Advice (National Institute on Aging) Do I Have Arthritis? (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases) Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial Begins Patient Recruitment (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) Handout on Health: Osteoarthritis (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases) Questions and Answers about Arthritis and Rheumatic Disease (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases) General/Overviews Osteoarthritis (Patient Education Institute) - - requires Flash plug-in Also available in: Spanish Osteoarthritis (Arthritis Foundation) Alternative Therapy Acupuncture (Arthritis Foundation) Ayurvedic Herbs (Arthritis Foundation) Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate (Arthritis Foundation) Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial Begins Patient Recruitment (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) Homeopathy (Arthritis Foundation) Meditation (Arthritis Foundation) Nontraditional Arthritis Treatments: Some May Help, But Be Wary

4. Monash Health Promotion Unit Monash University Faculty of Medicine Health Promotion Unit. Comprehensive information site. http://www.monash.edu.au/health/pamphlets/osteoarthritis/

Health Promotion Unit Monash Health Promotion Unit: linking medical education with community health Health promotion is a unique subject conducted by Monash University's Department of Medicine. All third year students undertake this subject, the only program of its kind in Australia offered as part of a medical curriculum. The aims are To introduce a range of health promotion concepts from specific interventions or health enhancement in individuals to community-wide prevention or health protection programs. To provide opportunities to develop attitudes appropriate to the practice of health promotion in medical practices. To provide opportunities to develop personal and professional skills that are required for health promotion. To provide opportunities to gain an understanding of the social, cultural, economic and political issues associated with doctors' involvement in health promotion. To provide opportunities to have an appreciation and acknowledge people as the main health resource, to support and enable them to keep themselves, their families and friends health, and to accept the community as the essential voice in matters of its health, living conditions and well-being. On completion of the course, students should

5. Osteoarthritis (OA) osteoarthritis (OA). osteoarthritis (OStee-oh-are-THRY-tis) (OA), or degenerativejoint disease, is one of the oldest and most common types of arthritis. http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/oa.asp

Welcome! Log In Create Profile advanced search Español ... 51 Ways to Be Good to Your Joints Osteoarthritis (OA) If your question is not answered here, please contact one of our information specialists. What Is It? What Causes It? How Is It Diagnosed? Treatment Options ... Resources and Suggestions What Is It? Osteoarthritis (OS-tee-oh-are-THRY-tis) (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is one of the oldest and most common types of arthritis. It is characterized by the breakdown of the joint's cartilage. Cartilage is the part of the joint that cushions the ends of bones. Cartilage breakdown causes bones to rub against each other, causing pain and loss of movement. Most commonly affecting middle-aged and older people, OA can range from very mild to very severe. It affects hands and weight-bearing joints such as knees, hips, feet and the back. What Causes It? There are many factors that can cause OA. Although age is a risk factor, research has shown that OA is not an inevitable part of aging. Obesity may lead to osteoarthritis of the knees. In addition, people with joint injuries due to sports, work-related activity or accidents may be at increased risk of developing OA. Genetics has a role in the development of OA, particularly in the hands. Some people may be born with defective cartilage or with slight defects in the way that joints fit together. As a person ages, these defects may cause early cartilage breakdown in the joint. In the process of cartilage breakdown, there may be some inflammation, with enzymes released and more cartilage damage.

6. FACT SHEET Fact sheet offers a concise description of the joint disease's causes, diagnosis, treatment, management, and health impact. WHAT IS osteoarthritis? osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. http://www.rheumatology.org/patients/factsheet/oa.html

Back to ACR Fact Sheets Osteoarthritis WHAT IS OSTEOARTHRITIS? Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. It most often affects middle-aged and older people, involving the neck, lower back, knees, hips and fingers. Nearly 70 percent of people over the age of 70 have x-ray evidence of the disease, but only half of these people ever develop symptoms. It may also occur in joints that have suffered previous injury, been subjected to prolonged heavy use, or damaged by prior infection or inflammatory arthritis. Patients with OA experience pain and loss of function. CAUSE OA results from degeneration of the joint cartilage. The causes of cartilage loss are multiple. Some kinds of OA are known to be hereditary, including the common form that causes enlargement of the knuckles. Current research focuses on this genetic abnormality as well as new methods studying cells, chemistry and function of cartilage. These efforts are creating rapid progress in our understanding of OA. In most people, cartilage breakdown is due to both mechanical ("wear and tear") effects and biochemical effects. HEALTH IMPACT OA affects more than 21 million Americans.

7. WHAT IS OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE? Discussion of knee arthritis, Hyalgan treatment, total knee replacement, degenerative joint disease.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Arthritis osteoarthritis......WHAT IS osteoarthritis OF THE KNEE? The most common form is osteoarthritis.It is also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD). http://www.arthroscopy.com/sp07001.htm

WHAT IS OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE? There are many types of arthritis (rheumatoid, degenerative, post-traumatic, auto-immune induced, etc). The most common form is osteoarthritis. It is also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD). While the exact cause is unknown, there are known to be several possible causes including: injury, age, congenital predisposition and obesity. It is characterized by the breakdown of the articular cartilage within the joint. Articular cartilage is a firm rubbery protein material covering the end of a bone. It acts as a cushion or shock absorber between the bones. When articular cartilage breaks down, this cushion is lost, and the bones will grind together. This causes the development of symptoms such as pain, swelling, bone spur formation and decreased motion. Osteoarthritis commonly affects weight bearing joints such as the knee, but it may affect any joint. For more information on basic joint anatomy and articular cartilage: WHAT IS A JOINT? TREATMENT USING HYALGAN Hyalgan, administered by injection for the relief of pain from osteoarthritis of the knee, is the first therapy of its kind in America.

8. American Family Physician - OsteoarthritisJournal Article Details The Disease's A Patient's Guide to osteoarthritis The information contained within these pages is the property of the Medical Multimedia Group and we retain all rights regarding its content. Alteration of these documents in any way is a violation of the http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000315/1795.html

Advanced Search Osteoarthritis: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Management NISHA J. MANEK, M.D., M.R.C.P. Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California NANCY E. LANE, M.D. University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California W orldwide, osteoarthritis is the most common joint disorder. In western countries, radiographic evidence of this disease is present in the majority of persons by 65 years of age and in about 80 percent of persons more than 75 years of age. Approximately 11 percent of persons more than 64 years of age have symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. With the continued growth of the elderly population in the United States, osteoarthritis is becoming a major medical and financial concern. Appropriate medical management requires that physicians be able to diagnose osteoarthritis early, recognize factors that may affect the prognosis or complicate the disease, and make effective use of the many available treatments. Pathophysiology TABLE 1 Clinical Features of Osteoarthritis Symptoms Joint pain Morning stiffness lasting less than 30 minutes Joint instability or buckling Loss of function Signs Bony enlargement at affected joints Limitation of range of motion Crepitus on motion Pain with motion Malalignment and/or joint deformity Pattern of joint involvement* Axial: cervical and lumbar spine Peripheral: distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, first carpometacarpal joints, knees, hips

9. Arthritis Information -- Osteoarthritis: Joint Pain Due To Wear Of Cartilage Comprehensive information and many resources to help understand and treat this common disorder.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Arthritis osteoarthritis...... http://orthopedics.about.com/health/orthopedics/blarthritis.htm

zfp=-1 About Orthopedics Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Orthopedics with Jonathan Cluett Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Buy Joint Supplements Find a Doctor Having Surgery? ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Osteoarthritis Part 1: Arthritis More of this Feature Part 2: Treatments Part 3: Research Related Resources Arthritis Info Glucosamine and Chondroitin Synvisc Injection From Other Guides Celebrex and Vioxx Walking for Relief Elsewhere on the Web Research Update Cartilage Replacement By: Jonathan Cluett, M.D. Updated: 02/2003 Recent research has changed the way in which the medical community thinks about osteoarthritis. Once thought to be due simply to wear and tear on joint, osteoarthritis is known to be a complex process that involves an active disease that appears to be due to disregulation of the normal degradation and repair process of articular cartilage. An article in the September 15, 1999 issue of the

10. 1st Arthritis Resource, Especially Osteoarthritis Arthritis, especially osteoarthritis (both cause and what can be done about it), is the subject of this website. Information on cartilage, glucosamine, chondroitin, painkillers (pros and cons), synovial fluid, references. http://www.kantata.com

SPECIAL SALE PRICE !!!!!! 1st Arthritis Resource Especially Osteoarthritis Arabic English Deutsch Nihongo Arthritis is the topic of this website, more specifically, osteoarthritis, because osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Arthritis is neither hopeless nor inevitable. Here we will give some background information in an effort to provide some understanding as to the cause of osteoarthritis and what can be done about arthritis . In addition, we discuss subjects such as painkillers for arthritis (including COX-2 inhibitors, such as Celebrex and Vioxx), the role of the synovial fluid in osteoarthritis and the benefits of Knees Ease (which contains glucosamine and chondroitin ) to present or potential victims of osteoarthritis are presented. Our product, Knees Ease , is known throughout the world for its exceptionally high purity as well as for its outstanding efficacy in dealing with osteoarthritis. Indeed, we have customers in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America and several islands. If you would like to see what some of our customers have said about Knees Ease , click here We also provide a brief list of Arthritis References here that should prove informative and/or of interest regarding arthritis. Furthermore, we have a

11. About - Osteoarthritis Those interested in osteoarthritis will find selected links related to the subject. http://redirect-west.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.looksmart.com/og/pr%3Dcdd%3B

12. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Osteoarthritis osteoarthritis. Alternative names Return to top Hypertrophic osteoarthritis; Osteoarthrosis;Degenerative joint disease; DJD; OA. Definition Return to top. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000423.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Osteoarthritis Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Alternative names Return to top Hypertrophic osteoarthritis; Osteoarthrosis; Degenerative joint disease; DJD; OA Definition Return to top Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease causing deterioration of the joint cartilage (the softer parts of bones, which cushion their connections to each other) and the formation of new bone (bone spurs) at the margins of the joints. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top For most people, the cause of osteoarthritis is unknown, but metabolic, genetic, chemical, and mechanical factors play a role in its development. It is associated with the aging process and is the most common form of arthritis It may first appear without symptoms between 30 and 40 years of age and is present in almost everyone by the age of 70. Symptoms generally appear in middle age. Before the age of 55 it occurs equally in both sexes. However, after 55 the incidence is higher in women.

13. SYNVISC: About Osteoarthritis Provides information on this medication, symptoms of osteoarthritis, viscosupplementation treatment, and arthritis organizations. http://www.osteoarthritis-kneepain.com

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and the most common joint disease. Over 10 million Americans live with osteoarthritis of the knee alone. Most of the people who have osteoarthritis are older than age 45, and women are more commonly affected than men. Genetics may play a part in the development of osteoarthritis. Some people may be born with small defects in the way their joints fit together or a genetic problem with their cartilage , which causes the cartilage to break down in the joint as the person gets older. This section will provide information about osteoarthritis, symptoms of this condition, and the disease progression of osteoarthritis. Find an interesting article? E-mail it to someone who may be interested. Send This Page SYNVISC is generally well tolerated; however, it may not work for everyone. The most commonly reported side effects are temporary pain, swelling, and/or fluid accumulation in the injected knee (about 2% of injections given in medical studies used to approve the product in the U.S.). If fluid accumulation is large or painful, call your doctor. Other side effects, such as rash, have been reported rarely. Before you begin your treatment with SYNVISC , advise your doctor if you are allergic to products from birds, such as feathers, eggs, or poultry, or your leg is swollen or infected. The results of repeat use have not been established.

14. Your Arthritis Resource osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis chat room and message boards. Find out what treatments have worked for others and post messages. http://www.arthritischat.com

Arthritis Chat You can use this site for: Posting messages to other visitors who may have Arthritis. Ask questions to be answered by Arthritis chat peers. Inform others of your experiences with Arthritis. Tell others what treatments have worked for you. Read the latest Arthritis treatment information and news. Arthritis Chat Rooms Arthritis Message Boards ... Alternative Treatments Arthritis News Articles: Moving X-rays to Revolutionize the Diagnosis of Back Pain A new image processing system devised by engineers at the University of Southampton could change the way that back problems are diagnosed and provide a solution to one of the most common causes of work loss. Study Shows Only Men at Greater Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis by Smoking Study Shows Effectiveness of Short and Long Term Use of Topical Cream for Osteoarthritis Results of a clinical study published in the March 2003 Journal of Rheumatology show long term benefits of topical application of a preparation containing camphor, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. The research shows continuous reduction of pain resulting from osteoarthritis of the knee, with clinically significant results within four weeks. According to the study’s principal investigator, the information also suggests that topical application of these agents is an effective route of administration. Exercises for a Rough Shoulder Shoulders can lose their normal smoothness of motion for a wide variety of reasons. In many situations the roughness is related to tightness of the soft tissues around the joint, to abnormal posture, or to shoulder weakness. Even if you have had an injury or if there is some arthritis in your shoulder, it is likely that you can benefit from a simple home program to optimize your shoulder's comfort and function. Before beginning these exercises you should consult with your physician.

15. Arthritis Foundation Research: Osteoarthritis Delivering on the Promise in osteoarthritis. Did You Know? OA is the mostcommon form of arthritis, affecting nearly 21 million Americans. http://www.arthritis.org/research/research_program/Osteoarthritis/default.asp

Welcome! Log In Create Profile advanced search Español ... Virginia P. Engalitcheff Award for Impact on Quality of Life Delivering on the Promise in Osteoarthritis Did You Know? OA is the most common form of arthritis, affecting nearly 21 million Americans. In OA, the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones in joints wears away, leading to progressive changes in the bone and supporting tissues. OA can result in debilitating pain and stiffness, loss of mobility and function, and eventually severe disability. OA accounts for more than half of the total hip re-placements and 85 percent of the total knee replacements done in the United States. Medical costs for OA are estimated from $15.5 billion to $28.6 billion annually. Research Progress OA was once thought simply to be the unavoidable consequence of aging for which there was no treatment, but advances in understanding about its causes and about what happens in OA are providing hope that its prevention and control are within reach. Research Program How We Operate What We Fund Peer Review Process Targeted Initiatives ... Research Heroes Disease-Specific Research Highlights Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibromyalgia Osteoarthritis Lupus Osteoporosis Juvenile Arthritis Home ... Español

16. Osteoporosis & OSTEOMARK NTx - Ostex International, Inc. Develops noninvasive diagnostic tests which quantitatively measure bone resorption, aiding in the treatment of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and other skeletal diseases which are caused by bone, cartilage and other connective tissue breakdown. (Nasdaq OSTX). http://www.ostex.com/

Breaking News! Ostex to Request Hearing Before Nasdaq Listing Panel Click here to view the latest Ostex press releases: WELCOME TO OSTEX INTERNATIONAL, INC. We provide tomorrow's tools today for the management of osteoporosis. Come explore our company and products. About Ostex International, Inc. OSTEOMARK NTx Products Point-of-Care Serum ELISA ... Click here for information about our new OSTEOMARK NTx Point-of-Care device for use in the physicians office. OSTEOMARK and OSTEX are trademarks. Ostex International Inc. 2203 Airport Way South, Suite 400 Seattle, WA 98134, U.S.A.

17. NeuColl Home Page NeuColl, Inc. produces collagenbased osteobiologic devices for the orthopaedic musculoskeletal market. It manufactures Collagraft Bone Graft Substitute and is developing NeuVisc, a single-injection osteoarthritis treatment. http://www.neucoll.com/

NeuColl Home Corporate Profile Collagraft Products in Development ... Request Information NeuColl, Inc. 1475 S. Bascom Ave., Suite #100, Campbell, California 95008 USA Phone 408.583.3000 Fax 408.583.3002

18. Osteoarthritis And Cartilage osteoarthritis and Cartilage. ISSN 10634584. Volume 11. osteoarthritis; cartilage;molecular biology; clinical pharmacology; orthopaedics; rheumatology; http://www.harcourt-international.com/journals/joca/

HOME SHOPPING BASKET HELP SITE MAP ... Register now Journal Home Subscribe now Latest issue, contents and abstracts now available on Full Text Access Visit the Author Gateway OsteoArthritis Research Society International Subscribe ... Related Links Osteoarthritis and Cartilage ISSN 1063-4584 Volume 11 Published 12 times a year Subscribe online! LATEST ISI IMPACT FACTOR 2.210 Osteoarthritis and Cartilage is the official journal of the OsteoArthritis Research Society International. It is an international, multidisciplinary journal that disseminates information for the many kinds of specialists and practitioners concerned with osteoarthritis. The Journal fosters the cross-fertilization of findings from both the clinical and basic sciences of the various disciplines involved, including: osteoarthritis cartilage molecular biology clinical pharmacology orthopaedics rheumatology physical medicine biochemistry epidemiology collagens / OsteoArthritis Research Society International. Read our Terms and Conditions of Use and our For problems or suggestions concerning this service, please contact:

19. Arthritis Pain Relief From CELEBREX (celecoxib Capsules) A source of information about relief from arthritis pain including osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. A nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, product information is provided. http://www.celebrex.com/

SEARCH Glossary Important Product Information Site Map Refill Reminder ... Talking With Your Doctor Living With Arthritis STRIDES Patient Education Program Healthcare Professional Are you experiencing pain, inflammation, and stiffness in your joints? Find out why it's so important to visit your doctor. The doctor says you have arthritis. But are you doing all you can to relieve the pain? Taking CELEBREX (celecoxib capsules) can help relieve arthritis pain. Learn why it's important to follow your doctor's treatment plan faithfully. Answers You Need to Manage Arthritis From MayoClinic.com Learn more about a Rebate Offer Arthritis Symptom Checklist Privacy Statement and Terms and Conditions Call toll-free (888) 678-2692 for more information. This Web site is intended for residents of the United States. Last updated: January 30, 2003 This Web site uses session-based cookies Pharmacia is a licensee of the TRUSTe Privacy Program chkSurvey(12,0);

20. Osteoarthritis And Cartilage osteoarthritis and Cartilage. osteoarthritis and Cartilage is the officialjournal of the osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI). http://www.harcourt-international.com/journals/joca/authinfo.cfm

HOME SHOPPING BASKET HELP SITE MAP ... Subscribe now Latest issue, contents and abstracts now available on Full Text Access Visit the Author Gateway OsteoArthritis Research Society International Subscribe ... Related Links Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Instructions to Authors Osteoarthritis and Cartilage is the official journal of the OsteoArthritis Research Society International (OARSI). The Journal is entering its seventh year of publication with a strong set of new submissions. In 1998, the journal received an impact factor of 2.242 from ISI. This places the Journal top of all orthopedic journals and fourth among rheumatology journals Nearly all submissions have required revision and less than 70 percent have been accepted for publication. The Editors continue to be interested in facilitating publication of clinical and epidemiologic studies, editorials and reveiws. Publication time has been less than four months from date of acceptance. The original text and four copies should be sent to the following: Roy D. Altman, M.D. Editor-in-Chief, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Miami Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center 1201 N.W. 16th St NHCU 207G Miami, Florida 33125, USA Telephone: 1 305 243 5735 FAX: 1 305 243 5655 Email: raltman@med.miami.edu Number of Copies Illustrations and photographs should consist of one set of glossy prints (unmounted) and four photocopies, except in the case of electron microscopic data of which originals should be submitted in triplicate. The international character of the Journal and absence of page charges makes it impossible to return all typescripts and figures to the authors. Every effort will be made to return original figures, but this cannot be assured.

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