1. Otosclerosis - Parents - Boys Town National Research Hospital Genetics and Deafness otosclerosis. otosclerosis is a common cause of gradual hearing loss in adults. http://www.boystownhospital.org/parents/info/genetics/otos.asp

Genetics and Deafness - Otosclerosis Otosclerosis is a common cause of gradual hearing loss in adults. The hearing loss is usually conductive, that is, affecting the ossicles (bones of the middle ear) that conduct sound to the inner ear. Some sensorineural, or nerve loss, may also occur. The diagram provides a representation of the parts of the ear to help understand what is affected by Otosclerosis. Ear canal, leading out to the ear. Ear drum (tympanic membrane). Sound causes it to move like the head of a drum. , and The malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup), which are ossicles, or bones of the middle ear. The eardrum causes them to move, and in a chain reaction they move the oval window. Problems in the middle ear cause conductive hearing loss. The oval window, a drum-like membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear. It causes fluid in the inner ear to move in the cochlea.

2. Ear Surgery Information Center-Otosclerosis A description of this disorder and a discussion on its progression. Symptoms are discussed and hearings Category Health Conditions and Diseases Ear otosclerosis......Ear Surgery Information Center. otosclerosis a description. otosclerosis the immobilization of the stapes bone occurs slowly. http://www.earsurgery.org/otoscl.html

Ear Surgery Information Center OTOSCLEROSIS a description by Mark J. Levenson, MD, FACS Stapedectomy Otosclerosis Otospongiasis Otosclerosis the immobilization of the stapes bone occurs slowly. Perception of hearing loss is so slow that many people with otosclerosis only become aware of their hearing loss when friends or relatives call it to their attention. Many individuals with otosclerosis compensate for their hearing loss by inadvertantly learning to read lips. Sometimes, the lip reading is conscious; at other times the person may be unaware of it. Hearing loss in otosclerosis may be in one, or both ears. When the hearing loss is in both ears, its effects on daily communication are significant. The first sign of a hearing loss can occur when a person finds themself requesting that others repeat themselves, or noting hearing difficulty when people's faces are turned away. Noises in the ear usually accompany otosclerosis. The sensation of background noises in the ear, even in the quiet, is called, tinnitus. In otosclerosis, tinnitus may be a broad band hissing sound, discreet tones or pulses. Also, the nerve of hearing is sometimes effected by otosclerosis. The tinnitus may be worse in this case. Tinnitus will go away in about half the cases of otosclerosis, when treated surgically. It is uncommon for the tinnitus to worsen after surgery.

3. NIDCD - Page Has Been Moved moved. Please update your bookmarks or links to the new URL, whichis http//www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/otosclerosis.asp. You http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/pubs_hb/otosclerosis.htm

We've updated the NIDCD site.The page you have requested has been moved. Please update your bookmarks or links to the new URL, which is: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/otosclerosis.asp You will be redirected to that page in 10 seconds. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institutes of Health 31 Center Drive, MSC 2320 Bethesda, MD USA 20892-2320 E-mail: nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov

4. The Voice Center: Otosclerosis Eastern Virginia Medical School explains this hereditary hearing impairment. Learn about how hearing loss occurs and how surgery can help. http://www.voice-center.com/otosclerosis.html

The Voice Center Otosclerosis Background: Otosclerosis is a common cause of hearing impairment and is hereditary. About 10% of adults have otosclerosis, but in only about 10% of these (or 1% of the adult population) does the otosclerosis involve the stapes (stirrup) bone where it can be detected by its interference with hearing. When otosclerosis is present in other places in the middle ear, it causes no symptoms. The disorder can be passed down from one generation to another, perhaps not manifesting itself for several generations. Since the condition is hereditary, diseases such as scarlet fever, ear infections, measles, and influenza have no relationship to its development. Normal Ear Function: The ear is divided into three parts: the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The external ear collects sound, the middle ear increases the sound pressure and transmits the sound to the inner ear which transforms the sound into nerve impluses. Sound waves normally pass through the ear canal and cause the ear drum to vibrate. Movements of this membrane are transmitted to the inner ear by three small bones: the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). In the inner ear, the vibrations stimulate hair cells. These hair cells transform the vibrations into electrical impulses that are carried by the hearing nerve to the brain where they are interpreted as sound. This is a picture of the stapes, the third of the three bones of the middle ear. The stapes is the smallest bone in the body. It's average height is 3.3 mm (one-eighth inch).

5. Otosclerosis Department of Otolaryngology HealthRelated Library What Is otosclerosis? What Is otosclerosis? otosclerosis is an abnormal, microscopic growth of bone in the walls of the inner ear which http://www.tchain.com/otoneurology/disorders/hearing/otoscler.html

OTOSCLEROSIS Timothy C. Hain, MD and Alan Micco, MD Please read our . Last updated: 12/02 Goto online hearing screener (Handtronix site) Back to the index Search this site Figure 1. Cross section of ear. Otosclerosis involves the small bones of the middle ear, the malleus (2), the incus (3) and the stapes (4), as well as the bone that surrounds the inner ear, which is called the otic capsule. Otosclerosis is a disease of the bones of the inner ear. These are labeled the malleus, incus and stapes (2-4) in figure 1, and are also known in aggregate as the "ossicles". The ossicles become knit together into an immovable mass, and do not transmit sound as well as when they are more flexible. An illustration of one form of this called "stapes fixation" is shown in figure 2. Otosclerosis can also affect the other ossicles (malleus and incus) and the otic capsule the bone that surrounds the inner ear. Figure 2. Stapes fixation in otosclerosis. A bony ankylosis (knee) knits the bone of the middle ear to the stapes, preventing normal transmission of sound from the eardrum into the inner ear. Otosclerosis is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable penetrance. This means that you have a 50-50% chance of getting the gene for otosclerosis if one parent has it, but that not everyone with the gene develop symptoms. Hearing loss usually begins between the ages of 11-30. The hearing loss can be of two types. When otosclerosis involves the small bones of the middle ear, a

6. Otosclerosis Hub Links to overviews, research articles, diagnosis and treatment. http://www.knowdeep.org/otosclerosis

Otosclerosis hub Otosclerosis is a hereditary disease that produces an abnormal growth of bone of the inner ear. This bone prevents structures within the ear from working properly and causes hearing loss. For some people with otosclerosis, the hearing loss may become severe. Acne Allergy Antibiotics Antioxidants ... A Discussion of Otosclerosis - from the Department of Otolaryngology University of Florida. Otosclerosis by MEDLINEplus - updated by Ashutosh Kacker, M.D., Department of Otolaryngology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY. Otosclerosis by Jeffrey P. Harris, M.D., Ph.D. Otosclerosis and Stapedectomy Surgery - from Stony Brook State University of New York. Otosclerosis from Boys Town National Research Hospital Otosclerosis Patient Brochure - from Michigan Ear Institute. Otosclerosis by Timothy C. Hain, MD and Alan Micco, MD Otosclerosis by Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco Otosclerosis by University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Otosclerosis - Stapes Surgery - from the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Service. Otosclerosis by Costa Apostolides, BSc, Dalhousie University

7. Otosclerosis Approximately 70% of otosclerosis cases have a hereditary basis. http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/oto/otologyprimer/otosclerosis/Otosclerosis.html

Otosclerosis Epidemiologic considerations Incidence: 10% of all temporal bones show histologic evidence, only 1% of Caucasians manifests this disease. (1:10 histologic to clinical ratio) 90% of patients have bilateral disease. Age: most often between 30 to 50 years of age, rare in children. In the caucasian population the prevalence is 0.3% of the general population and 5% of those with hearing loss. These numbers for prevalence and incidence have been confirmed in a number of studies in different countries.[1-7] Etiology Approximately 70% of otosclerosis cases have a hereditary basis. The remaining 30% of cases occur sporadically. In hereditary cases, inheritance is autosomal dominant, with a penetrance of 25% to 40%. The mechanism is speculative, although autosomal recessive inheritance, spontaneous mutation, and nongenetic causes are possible.[8] Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanical stresses, vasomotor imbalance, ground substance abnormalities, and infection have all been proposed as etiologies for otosclerosis.[9-11] History Gradual hearing loss over months or years is the major symptom in otosclerosis. This pattern is consistent with the histologic findings. Fixation may progress to become complete, resulting in a maximum conductive hearing loss of 50 to 60db.[12, 13]

8. Otosclerosis can be corrected and helped by the ear specialist, is otosclerosis. Although an affliction which has affected man down http://www.midwestear.com/educatq.htm

Otosclerosis One of the most common causes of hearing, which can be corrected and helped by the ear specialist, is otosclerosis . Although an affliction which has affected man down through the ages, in the past 25 years, ear specialist who deal with hearing problems have developed exciting new ways to help correct this sometimes severely disabling disorder. The ear is divided into three areas. The outer ear consists of the ear canal leading up to the eardrum; the middle ear contains the three hearing bones which transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear; the inner ear contains the balance nerve and the hearing nerve. The hearing nerve is inside a bony capsule called the cochlea . Sound vibrations enter the ear canal and strike the eardrum; the eardrum vibrations are then passed along the hearing bones, going first from the malleus, then to the incus, and then to the third and smallest bone, the stapes bone. The stapes bone vibrates like a piston and transmit s the sound vibrations through an entrance into the inner ear. This stapes vibration causes fluids of the inner ear to stimulate the hearing nerve within the cochlea so that sound impulses are further transmitted to the brain, and one then hears. Otosclerosis is a disease, which results in new bone formation either in the area of the stapes bone or in the cochlea housing the hearing nerve; or it can be a combination of both. When the bony deposits infiltrate the stapes bone, this bone is unable to vibrate and pass the sound into the inner ear. This results in what is called a conductive hearing loss, i.e., the sound is not being properly "conducted" into the inner ear. As a general rule, the thicker the bony deposit the greater the hearing loss, and the longer the hearing loss, the greater is the amount of deposits. The fixation of the stapes usually follows a slow and relentless course with progressively worsening hearing.

9. Vitamin A In Treating Tinnitus,Meniere's Disease,hyperacusis,otosclerosis,presby The role of Vitamin A in tinnitus, hearing loss, presbyacusis, hyperacusis, otosclerosis, and Meniere's disease. Studies show positive effects on tinnitus. Links to other relevant tinnitus sites. http://home.planet.nl/~mansm000/tinnitus/index.htm

Deutsch Nederlands Tinnitus Tinnitus und Vitamin A Tinnitus and vitamin tinitus Tinnitus und Vitaminen Ohrensausen und Vitaminen Ohrgeräusche und Vitaminen oorsuizen en vitamine A Schwerhörigkeit und Vitaminen hyperacusis presbyacusis otoslerosis Otosklerose Meniere's disease Ménièrische Krankheit hearing loss and vitamins noise damage slechthorendheid en vitamines deafness gehoorbeschadiging vitamins Vitaminen tinnitus therapy tinnitus cure tinnitus treatments Tinnitus Behandlung Tinnitus Therapie gehoorverlies tinnitus nutrition Tinnitus und Ernärung behandeling ziekte van Meniere cochlea tinnitus en voeding oorsuizen en voeding treating tinnitus Lipoflavonoid acoustic trauma deafness seröse Labyrinthitis lawaaidoofheid These hidden words are for the benefit of search engines in other languages !!!! Tinnituspage.org about the role of Vitamin A in tinnitus treatment Welcome to the site of tinnituspage.org . Tinnitus is an often annoying phenomenon, usually occurring as a condition related to certain forms of hearing loss. Conditions frequently associated with tinnitus are:

10. NIDCD Health Information: Otosclerosis otosclerosis. What Is otosclerosis? otosclerosis is the abnormal growth of boneof the middle ear. Top. How Does otosclerosis Cause Hearing Impairment? http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/otosclerosis.asp

Home Health Information Hearing, Ear Infections, and Deafness Otosclerosis On this page: What Is Otosclerosis? How Do We Hear? How Does Otosclerosis Cause Hearing Impairment? What Causes Otosclerosis? ... Where Can I Get Additional Information? What Is Otosclerosis? Otosclerosis is the abnormal growth of bone of the middle ear. This bone prevents structures within the ear from working properly and causes hearing loss. For some people with otosclerosis, the hearing loss may become severe. Top How Do We Hear? Image of the inner ear larger image Top How Does Otosclerosis Cause Hearing Impairment? Otosclerosis can cause different types of hearing loss, depending on which structure within the ear is affected. Otosclerosis usually affects the last bone in the chain, the stapes, which rests in the entrance to the inner ear (the oval window). The abnormal bone fixates the stapes in the oval window and interferes with sound passing waves to the inner ear. Otosclerosis usually causes a conductive hearing loss, a hearing loss caused by a problem in the outer or middle ear. Less frequently, otosclerosis may cause a sensorineural hearing loss (damaged sensory cells and/or nerve fibers of the inner ear), as well as a conductive hearing loss. Top What Causes Otosclerosis?

11. Otosclerosis What is otosclerosis? otosclerosis is a condition of the middle ear which causes hearing loss that gets worse over time. http://www.surgery.ucsd.edu/ent/PatientInfo/info_otosclerosis.html

Find a Doctor Index of Patient Information Clinic Maps and Directions Otosclerosis Jeffrey P. Harris, M.D., Ph.D. What is Otosclerosis? Otosclerosis is a condition of the middle ear which causes hearing loss that gets worse over time. Unlike hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear, the hearing loss from otosclerosis is often reversible. The name otosclerosis comes from the Greek words for "hard" ( scler-o ) "ear" ( oto ). This is because otosclerosis is a disorder which causes a hardening of the bones of the middle ear. To understand why otosclerosis causes hearing loss, it is important to understand how the ear works. The human ear is divided into three parts: the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear consists of the part of the ear you can see (the auricle ) and the ear canal. The middle ear includes the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) and the three bones of the middle ear, the malleus ("hammer"), incus ("anvil"), and the stapes (pronounced STAY-PEAZ, "the stirrup"). The inner ear is a fluid-filled series of chambers. One of these chambers, the

12. Otosclerosis otosclerosis. What is otosclerosis? otosclerosis is a disease of the bone surroundingthe inner ear. If sensorineural, it is called cochlear otosclerosis. http://www.earaces.com/otosclerosis.htm

Otosclerosis What is otosclerosis? Otosclerosis is a disease of the bone surrounding the inner ear. It usually manifests itself as a slowly developing hearing loss as a result of a deposition of bone around the stapes in the middle ear that keeps the stapes footplate from vibrating. See our link to the Anatomical Tour of the Ear for a cross section of the ear, especially the middle ear. If the inner ear of someone with otosclerosis is examined, there would be minute areas of both softening and hardening of the bone, which can involve the stapes or the inner ear, itself. Therefore, otosclerotic hearing loss may be solely conductive, or conductive and sensorineural. If sensorineural, it is called cochlear otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a hereditary disease, which may be passed down from generation to generation. Although hereditary, it can skip generations. It is more prevalent in women and Caucasians. In women, otosclerosis can accelerate during a second pregnancy. Before surgical options for otosclerosis were available, women with otosclerosis were counseled to not become pregnant because of the risk of hearing loss. Epidemiological studies suggest that fluoride in our drinking water and the availability of mumps and measles vaccines may have reduced the incidence and severity of otosclerosis. Fluoride facilitates mineralization of bone and is believed to convert the poorly-calcified, active form of otosclerosis to the calcified, inactive form. Viral particles have been found in inner-ear bone affected by otosclerosis. However, the actual role of viruses in development of otosclerosis has yet to be clarified.

13. Otosclerosis otosclerosis Stapes Surgery otosclerosis is a disease of bone affecting the ear. Normally, sound, a vibration of air molecules, is transmitted to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. http://www.ny-cornell.org/ent/otosclerosis.html

Otosclerosis - Stapes Surgery Otosclerosis is a disease of bone affecting the ear. Normally, sound, a vibration of air molecules, is transmitted to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. The drum vibrates as do the three bones of hearing, the malleus, incus and stapes. These three bones are suspended in the middle ear and are connected like a chain to the vibrating tympanic membrane. At the other end of the chain, the vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear by the last vibrating bone, the stapes. The inner ear or cochlea has nerve endings that transmit the sound to the brain. Abnormal bone deposition by otosclerosis near the stapes bone keeps it from vibrating and therefore a hearing loss occurs. Nerve hearing loss, affecting the inner ear can also occur, but is much less common. Otosclerosis need not be treated if very mild. If a hearing loss occurs, however, it can often be treated with the use of a hearing aid, or by surgery on the stapes bone. Stapedotomy or stapedectomy surgery involves removing a part or all of the base of the stapes bone and replacing it with a microprosthesis. Surgery on the base of the stapes is now performed with a laser, that can most safely open the base of the stapes that minimzes any trauma to the delicate inner ear structures beneath. This elective surgery is done through the ear canal and takes 1-2 hours to perform. The success rates of this surgery are excellent, and the risks to surgery are low.

14. Otosclerosis Department of Otolaryngology HealthRelated Library. What Is otosclerosis? otosclerosisaffects the ears only and not other parts of the body. http://www.med.umn.edu/otol/library/otoscler.htm

Department of Otolaryngology Health-Related Library What Is Otosclerosis? Otosclerosis is an abnormal, microscopic growth of bone in the walls of the inner ear which causes the stapes bone, commonly called the "stirrup", to become frozen in place or "fixed". Normally the stapes, the smallest bone in the body, vibrates freely to allow the transmission of sound into the inner ear. When it becomes cemented to the surrounding bone it prevents sound waves from reaching the inner ear fluids, and hearing is impaired. Normally sound, which consists of vibrations of air molecules, is funneled by the auricle, or "outer ear", through the ear canal to the eardrum. Movements of the eardrum are transferred to the ossicles, and the stapes vibrates in and out of the oval window. The vibration of the stapes sets up a movement of the inner ear fluids. This, in turn, stimulates the fine sense organs of the inner ear, which then stimulate the nerve of hearing which carries the sound energy to the brain. It is this sequence of events that results in normal hearing. Occasionally the otosclerotic bone involves other structures of the inner ear so that, in addition to preventing sound from entering the ear, it causes a distortion or difficulty in understanding the speech of others, regardless of how loudly they talk. This is because the nerves of the inner ear have become affected. In such cases there is not only the "conductive" deafness already discussed, whereby sound waves are obstructed in reaching the inner ear, but in addition, "sensorineural" or "nerve" deafness, in which the function of the inner ear itself has been impaired.

15. Otosclerosis otosclerosis Jeffrey P. Harris, MD, Ph.D. What is otosclerosis? The name otosclerosiscomes from the Greek words for hard (sclero) ear (oto). http://www-surgery.ucsd.edu/ent/PatientInfo/info_otosclerosis.html

Find a Doctor Index of Patient Information Clinic Maps and Directions Otosclerosis Jeffrey P. Harris, M.D., Ph.D. What is Otosclerosis? Otosclerosis is a condition of the middle ear which causes hearing loss that gets worse over time. Unlike hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear, the hearing loss from otosclerosis is often reversible. The name otosclerosis comes from the Greek words for "hard" ( scler-o ) "ear" ( oto ). This is because otosclerosis is a disorder which causes a hardening of the bones of the middle ear. To understand why otosclerosis causes hearing loss, it is important to understand how the ear works. The human ear is divided into three parts: the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear consists of the part of the ear you can see (the auricle ) and the ear canal. The middle ear includes the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) and the three bones of the middle ear, the malleus ("hammer"), incus ("anvil"), and the stapes (pronounced STAY-PEAZ, "the stirrup"). The inner ear is a fluid-filled series of chambers. One of these chambers, the

16. Otosclerosis OTORRHINOLARYNGOLOGY-MEDSTUDENTS A small review of clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of otosclerosis.OTORRHINOLARYNGOLOGY. CHRISTIANE RIBEIRO ANIAS. otosclerosis. I) Introduction. http://www.medstudents.com.br/otor/otor6.htm

OTORRHINOLARYNGOLOGY CHRISTIANE RIBEIRO ANIAS Medstudents' Homepage Otosclerosis I) Introduction Otosclerosis is one of the most common causes of conductive hearing loss. It is a disease of the bone labyrinthine capsule which consists of one or more otospongiotics focus due of a more vascularized bone, instead of the little vascularized encodral bone. II) Etiology The etiology of this disease is still unknown and appears to have a multifactorial cause. There is a familial disposition in 50% to 60% of patients with a dominant inheritance, but the clinical disease only occurs in 10% of patients with histologic disease. The chance of inheriting the disease from a parent which clinically manifest disease is about 20% and from a parent with histologic disease is about 10%. Hormonal disturbances may be involved with the disease, as it is twice more common in women than in men and pregnancy coincides with a period of progression of all female patients with the disease. III) Clinical Manifestation Otosclerosis occurs more often in women, from 20-40 years, and is usually bilateral. If the otosclerotic focus involves the footplate of the stapes it results in increase of the impedance to the passage of sound through the ossicular chain, producing conductive hearing loss.When otosclerotic lesions impring the coclear, permanent sensory hearing loss occurs.

17. Serous Otitis Media otosclerosis, Book, Home Page. http://www.fpnotebook.com/ENT31.htm

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18. Otosclerosis otosclerosis Stapes Surgery. otosclerosis is a disease of bone affectingthe ear. otosclerosis need not be treated if very mild. http://www.nycornell.org/ent/otosclerosis.html

Otosclerosis - Stapes Surgery Otosclerosis is a disease of bone affecting the ear. Normally, sound, a vibration of air molecules, is transmitted to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. The drum vibrates as do the three bones of hearing, the malleus, incus and stapes. These three bones are suspended in the middle ear and are connected like a chain to the vibrating tympanic membrane. At the other end of the chain, the vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear by the last vibrating bone, the stapes. The inner ear or cochlea has nerve endings that transmit the sound to the brain. Abnormal bone deposition by otosclerosis near the stapes bone keeps it from vibrating and therefore a hearing loss occurs. Nerve hearing loss, affecting the inner ear can also occur, but is much less common. Otosclerosis need not be treated if very mild. If a hearing loss occurs, however, it can often be treated with the use of a hearing aid, or by surgery on the stapes bone. Stapedotomy or stapedectomy surgery involves removing a part or all of the base of the stapes bone and replacing it with a microprosthesis. Surgery on the base of the stapes is now performed with a laser, that can most safely open the base of the stapes that minimzes any trauma to the delicate inner ear structures beneath. This elective surgery is done through the ear canal and takes 1-2 hours to perform. The success rates of this surgery are excellent, and the risks to surgery are low.

19. Otosclerosis otosclerosis. by Rachel Waits There are many disorders that can cause a difficultyin hearing and hearing loss. One such disorder is otosclerosis. http://hubel.sfasu.edu/courseinfo/SL99/otosclerosis.html

Otosclerosis by Rachel Waits Hearing serves a very important function in our lives. Much of the time, it is taken for granted. We tend not to appreciate it, until it starts to fail. There are many disorders that can cause a difficulty in hearing and hearing loss. One such disorder is otosclerosis. This disorder deserves a significant amount of research. Not only because we are dependent on our sense of hearing, but because its effects are far reaching. So much so, that it is hard to comprehend how we could ever live without it. It has even been said that Beethoven had otosclerosis. Toward the end of his career, he could not even hear his own music (Goldstein, 1999). Its effects are devastating and are well worth studying. Otosclerosis is a middle-ear disorder. The hearing loss is usually conductive, affecting the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. This conductive hearing loss is caused by the growth of a spongy bone-like tissue that prevents the ossicles (bones of the middle ear) from moving well. One of the first signs is a small growth of the tissue in the middle ear. This is often in front of the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear. This can begin in early childhood or adolescence. The tissue may grow rapidly and become hard. The bone tissue grows over the stapes ossicle attaching it to the oval window. At first, hearing loss occurs in the low frequencies. High frequencies are affected next, followed by the loss of hearing in the middle frequencies. Otosclerosis usually begins in one ear, but the other ear often develops it as well (Otosclerosis, 1998).

20. Otosclerosis otosclerosis. otosclerosis (ot* skli ro sis) is a disorder of themiddle ear that leads to progressive deafness. It is one of the http://www.rush.edu/worldbook/articles/015000a/015000089.html

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