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         Torticollis:     more books (25)
  1. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Torticollis by Richard Robinson, 2002-01-01
  2. Spasmodic Torticollis Clinical Aspects And Treatment by Guy & De Soultrait, Francois & Molina-Negro, Pedro Bouvier, 2006
  3. Torticollis: The cervical slipped disc syndrome (Chiropractic technic / F.H. Barge) by Fred H Barge, 1984
  4. Torticollis by Fred H Barge, 1979
  5. Torticollis - The Cervical Slipped Disc Syndrome by F. H. Barge, 1981
  6. Wryneck: The neck has gone awry : torticollis, its analysis and correction in infants/children/adults and selected adjustments, subluxations, and papers : vol. IX (Chiropractic technic) by Fred H Barge, 1998
  7. Torticollis in infancy and childhood;: Sternomastoid fibrosis and the sterno-mastoid "tumour" (Pediatric surgical monographs series) by Peter G Jones, 1968
  8. Wryneck Vol. IX: The Neck Has Gone Awry - Torticollis (Chiropractic Technic) by F. H. Barge, Fred H. Barge, 1998-08
  9. Pediatric management problems. (includes "What is your assessment?" section after description of presentation): An article from: Pediatric Nursing by Richard Belkengren, Shirley Sapala, 1998-01-01
  10. Wryneck: An entry from Thomson Gale's <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence</i> by Tish, A.M. Davidson, 2006
  11. Living Well with Dystonia: A Patient Guide by M.D. Daniel Truong, M.D. Mayank Pathak, et all 2010-04-13

21. EMedicine - Torticollis : Article By Norman C Reynolds, MD
torticollis. Last Updated March 4, 2002, Another is rotational torticollis, in whichpartial rotation or torsion of the head occurs along the longitudinal axis.
http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic377.htm
document.write(''); (advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Neurology Movement And Neurodegenerative Diseases
Torticollis
Last Updated: March 4, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: retrocollis, anterocollis, laterocollis, rotational torticollis, spasmodic torticollis, cervical dystonia, idiopathic cervical dystonia, segmental dystonia of head and neck AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography
Author: Norman C Reynolds, MD , Chief of Neurology, Milwaukee Veterans Administration; Professor, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin Coauthor(s): Jianxin Ma, MD , Staff Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Hospital Norman C Reynolds, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Chemical Society Association of Military Surgeons of the US Movement Disorders Society Sigma Xi , and Society for Neuroscience Editor(s): Stephen T Gancher, MD

22. Torticollis
Contains several abstracts of articles written on chiropractic care for torticollis.
http://www.chiroclinic.com.au/conditions/torticollis.html
Home Clinic Patient Provider ...
Back to Vertebrae List

Torticollis
Over 45,000 infants are born with congenital torticollis in the US each year. This twisted or tilted neck, the so-called "fixed wry neck" is often ascribed to problems during birth. The condition causes painful, involuntary spasms; impedes normal growth and development and disturbs vision. The medical approach to this condition is often surgery on neck muscles, nerves and tendons, and intensive physical therapy and drug therapy.
Congenital muscular torticollis: a review, case study, and proposed protocol for chiropractic management. Colin N. Topics in Clinical Chiropractic , September 1998:volume 5, number 3, pp27-33. A 7-month-old child subject became more confident and responsive, had better motor control, and his head centered rather than being twisted and tilted after chiropractic care.
Chiropractic care of the newborn with congenital torticollis. Fallon JM and Fysh PN. Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics Vol 2, No.1 1997. P. 113-115.
Congenital torticollis has been estimated to affect approximately two percent of newborn infants. The frank breech birthing position has been reportedly associated with the highest incidence of torticollis, with up to 34 percent of infants born in this position being affected...the most common type of congenital torticollis is that associated with subluxation of the upper cervical spine. Chiropractic management of congenital torticollis is primarily directed at reducing cervical spine subluxations, which have been identified as commonly present with this condition....

23. Spasmodic Torticollis
This site is my personal experience with the dystonia, spasmodic torticollis,ST. Read my nutritional surveys. SPASMODIC torticollis.
http://www.herbs4st.com/spasmodictorticollis.htm
This site is my personal experience with the dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, ST. Read my spasmodic torticollis success story using alternative health methods of herbs, herbal remedies, essential oils, enzymes, homeopathic, aromatherapy, nutrition, diet, vitamins, minerals, and massage. Learn about dystonia, herbs, essential oils, enzymes, general health, spasmodic torticollis, ST, alternative health program for torticollis, supplements for ST, and nutritional surveys.
SPASMODIC TORTICOLLIS
Spasmodic torticollis, also known as cervical dystonia, is a focal dystonia affecting the muscles in the neck and shoulder. Muscles contract involuntarily, giving rise to abnormal movements and posture of the head, neck, and shoulder. It is usually accompanied by constant and extreme pain. The shoulders may also be uneven and some people experience tremors in the head or arms.
ST afflicts approximately 3 in 10,000 people. More than 83,000 people in the United States currently suffer with spasmodic torticollis.
The disease is a dysfunction of the brain.

24. Spasmodic Torticollis Recovery Clinic, Inc.
Abigail Brown, director. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
http://www.STclinic.com/
TO THE SPASMODIC TORTICOLLIS RECOVERY CLINIC, INC.
A Natural, Risk-free, Non-medical Option
Be encouraged - there's hope! Exercises for S.T. need to be done in a specific position that causes them to be effective and then combined with other elements of the program. This program has been so effective in eliminating symptoms of S.T., because the symptoms are targeted with a varied approach, including exercise as only one aspect of the whole. Quick Page (please visit this page first) NEW!! At-home, long-distance clinic course See an OVERVIEW of the clinic. Read the Director's PERSONAL TESTIMONY Study the CLINIC CURRICULUM View CLIENT TESTIMONIALS Review the FEE INFO. View PHOTO TESTIMONIALS EMAIL a request for further information Read FREE TIPS
American Express
The Clinic Cookbook is now available ... QUOTE OF THE MONTH:
"Hi Abbie, you asked how I was doing. I feel the best now since before the onset of the ST. The symptoms are greatly reduced. I can go for long periods of time without thinking about the ST at all. I would say that I am 90% recovered. God continue to bless you and the work you do. Jerry"
Related Links:
See end of Fee Statement page
You are visitor number

25. SpasmodicTorticollis.org
Help for people with Dystonia / Spasmodic torticollis, to become improved human beings through our lifeline of benefits, including our 20 page newsletter. an association truly dedicated to helping people with Spasmodic torticollis. Peter Drucker, a noted authority on nonprofits,
http://www.spasmodictorticollis.org/
FREE! FREE! FREE! With your new membership you will receive FREE all of the following: Our latest 24-page quarterly newsmagazine. A 30-page booklet describing the main oral medications prescribed for ST'rs - also, ones you should not use. An Emergency Medical Card small enough to fit in your purse or wallet, but, when unfolded you can fill in your entire medical history.
Welcome to Spasmodic Torticollis.org Our shortened name is ST/DYSTONIA, Inc. and we're an association truly dedicated to helping people with Spasmodic Torticollis. Peter Drucker, a noted authority on non-profits, states, " . . . the goal of a non-profit association should be a changed human being . . ." and, I might add, a changed, and improved, human being. We recognize Spasmodic Torticollis can be an insidious disorder and that it can affect our daily lives. Our personalities may change; our life style, especially in the beginning, may change; we can become depressed. Many medical people can't diagnose, nor understand it… But there's no need for DESPAIR as there is lots of HOPE and HELP for you. Yes, just by reaching us on this web site is a FIRST, an important FIRST…one that can lead you back to a more productive life, much as the person in the picture shown on this page. Will you be as productive as you once were? Nobody knows as a lot depends on you! We do know however, that many, many people with Spasmodic Torticollis have become productive once again and are living normal lives.

26. Dystonia Medical Research Foundation: Home Page
Home page of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. Links to pages on all aspects of the movement disorder dystonia (blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, spasmodic dysphonia, writer's cramp). French and Spanish versions.
http://www.dystonia-foundation.org/
To better sevice our membership, we would like to find out who you are. Please tell us if you are a...
Affected Person Family/Friend Parent Heathcare Prof Other Other Comments?
Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, M.D., the Dystonia Foundation's 2002-2003 Menkes/Markham fellow has been awarded the 2003 S. Weir Mitchell Award from the American Academy of Neurology for his research in DYT1 dystonia.
more

Dystonia Family Featured on Good Morning America

Highlights of the 4th International Dystonia Symposium

Accelerating the Research, Accelerating the Cure
...
Genetic Researchers Need Your Help

The design and implementation of the Dystonia Foundation's website was made possible by a generous educational
grant from the Allergan

27. Amaya's Home Page
Born Feb. 19, 2002. Presenting pictures, birth story, and information about torticollis and plagiocephaly.
http://acybershop.com/amaya
Welcome to Amaya's Little Corner of the Web! We have lots of info and cute pictures to share of our little sweetie pie,
Amaya Mackenzie, who we were blessed with on Feb. 19, 2002. Just click on a link below to begin! 2003 Pictures: January February March 2002 Pictures: February/March April May June ... Don't forget to sign my Guestbook s="na";c="na";j="na";f=""+escape(document.referrer)

28. Torticollis Ratgeber
Translate this page Der praktische Helfer - torticollis/ Schiefhals Dystonie Ratgeber. Erschienen imEigenverlag ISBN 3-931549-11-9 Preis 49,- EURO. Bundesverband torticollis eV.
http://members.aol.com/BVTorti/Buch.html
Der praktische Helfer -
Torticollis/ Schiefhals Dystonie Ratgeber Zum Inhalt:
Die Autoren, die alle im Torticollis Echo zu Wort gekommen sind, haben jahre- bzw. jahrzehntelange Erfahrung in der Behandlung von Torticollis spasmodicus.
Erschienen im Eigenverlag
ISBN 3-931549-11-9
Preis: 49,- EURO
Bundesverband Torticollis e.V. Eckernkamp 39 • 59077 Hamm

29. Homepage
Neben der Vorstellung des Vereins werden Dystonien wie torticollis Spasmodicus, Blepharospasmus, Oromandibulaere Dystonie, Spasmodische Dysphonie und Schreibkr¤mpfe sowie die therapeutischen M¶glichkeiten beschrieben.
http://members.chello.at/andrea.duermoser/
STARTSEITE
Wir über uns

Was ist Dystonie

Dystonieformen

Therapie
... Gästebuch LINKS
European Dystonia Federation
(E D F) DAVID MARSDEN AWARD PDF-Datei Care4Dystonia, Inc. Care4Dystonia provides support and information on dystonia. Founded by an RN herself afflicted with dystonia, this organization is a great resource for dystonic patients and their loved ones.... more... ÖDG A-1020 Wien, Vorgartenstrasse 140-142/5/12 Vorstand : Beirat : Christa Hafenscher (Präsidentin) Prof. Mag. Richard Schierl (Generalsekretär) OAR Helmut Peschel (Kassier) Friedrich Kasal (Rechnungsprüfer) Univ. Prof. Dr. E. Auff (Wien) Univ. Prof. Dr. F. Alesch (Wien) Dr. I. Fuchs (Wien) Univ. Prof. Dr. W. Poewe (Innsbruck) Univ. Prof. Dr. P. Schnider (Grimmenstein) Univ. Prof. Dr. J. Wissel (Berlin) Neu: neu: neu: ...... wir haben eine komplette Beschreibung ´´aller´´ bekannten Dystonieformen und deren Behandlungsmöglichkeiten in einer Mappe zusammengefasst. Erhältlich für Mitglieder zum ´´Spendenpreis´´ von 4 € - für Nichtmitglieder 8 € +++ INFOMAPPEN WIEDER ZUR VERFÜGUNG !

30. Torticollis
Case study of 133 patients (65 men, 68 women) who were operated on.
http://www.uni-ulm.de/klinik/neurochirurgie/themend/Torticollis/torticollis.html
Selective peripheral Denervation The involved muscles are identified by clinical examination and a multi-channel electromyography. A simultaneous record from both sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis muscles is mandatory and, if necessary, from both trapezius muscles as well. The dystonia is documented on video tape. The majority of our patients suffered from a combined involvement of ipsilateral or contralateral splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid muscles. The involvement of only the stemocleidomastoid muscle was an exception. In october 1996 we started to grade the torticollis additionally by the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS). Surgical Technique: The posterior branch of Cl (suboccipital nerve) is identified between the vertebral artery and the arch of the atlas. Results: For evaluation of the result of the overall effect of the selective peripheral denervation we still rely primarily on the estimates provided by the patients themselves. They also had to specify whether they would choose the selective peripheral denervation again as treatment for their dystonia As mentioned we tried to establish also a objective method using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS). To date we staged 49 patients preoperatively and 12 patients postoperatively with this scale. Our preliminary results with the TWSTR scale do not differ substantially from the self-assessment score. On the contrary two patients who regarded the operation as failure improved significantly from 63 to 37, respectively from 55 to 29 points. It is well-known, that the patients generally tend to estimate the success of any treatment lower than the doctor in attendance. Therefore the results using self-assessment scales are worse than in so-called objective scores. But in our opinion false worse results should be prefered over false too positive ones.

31. Spasmodic Torticollis Recovery Clinic, Inc.
Teaches symptomatic relief based on exercise, self-massage, and nutrition. Includes overview of the Category Health Conditions and Diseases torticollis....... TO. THE SPASMODIC torticollis RECOVERY CLINIC, INC. A Natural, Riskfree,Non-medical Option. Be encouraged - there's hope! Exercises
http://www.stclinic.com/
TO THE SPASMODIC TORTICOLLIS RECOVERY CLINIC, INC.
A Natural, Risk-free, Non-medical Option
Be encouraged - there's hope! Exercises for S.T. need to be done in a specific position that causes them to be effective and then combined with other elements of the program. This program has been so effective in eliminating symptoms of S.T., because the symptoms are targeted with a varied approach, including exercise as only one aspect of the whole. Quick Page (please visit this page first) NEW!! At-home, long-distance clinic course See an OVERVIEW of the clinic. Read the Director's PERSONAL TESTIMONY Study the CLINIC CURRICULUM View CLIENT TESTIMONIALS Review the FEE INFO. View PHOTO TESTIMONIALS EMAIL a request for further information Read FREE TIPS
American Express
The Clinic Cookbook is now available ... QUOTE OF THE MONTH:
"Hi Abbie, you asked how I was doing. I feel the best now since before the onset of the ST. The symptoms are greatly reduced. I can go for long periods of time without thinking about the ST at all. I would say that I am 90% recovered. God continue to bless you and the work you do. Jerry"
Related Links:
See end of Fee Statement page
You are visitor number

32. DocMart
Bulletin board dealing with spasmodic torticollis.
http://www.docshop.com/bbs3
A-Z Doctor
Welcome to the future home of A-Z Doctor , formerly known as Doc Shop Mall
Bulletin Boards are up Click Here
A-Z Doctor will contain much of the same health content and favorite sections you
have come to expect, but in the name of good health we're going to:
  • Exercise (our computers)
  • Oxygenate (our brains)
  • Face lift (our site) and bring you a
    newer, better experience.
    Here's to your health,
    -The A-Z Doctor Staff
    Created By The Web Mark
  • 33. Wheeless' Textbook Of Orthopaedics
    Definition, diagnosis and associated disorders of congenital muscular torticollis.
    http://www.ortho-u.net/o11/124.htm

    homepage

    main-menu

    fractures

    medical-topics
    ... external-links
    Torticollis:
    - Congenital Muscular Torticollis - results from fibrosis of sternal head; - can result from unilateral shortening of sternocleidomastoid associated disorders: - bony anomalies of the C-spine, esp involving ; - congenital atlanto-occipital abnormalities ; - congenital webs of skin along the side of the neck, pteygium colli; - DDH: metatarsus adductus : - plagiocephaly: - w/ persistent contracture of sternocleidomastoid, deformities of face and skull result and are apparent w/ in first year of life; - flattening of face is noted on side of contracted sternocleidomastoid and is probably caused by child's sleeping position; - reference: - The coexistence of torticollis and congential dysplasia of the hip. CD Hummer and GD MacEwen. JBJS Vol 54-A. 1972. p 1255-1256. - diff dx in infants grisel's syndrome: atlantoaxial rotary subluxation transverse ligament ; - reduction w/ skeletal traction, followed by atlantoaxial fusion, is recommended; -

    34. AAOS Online Service Fact Sheet Congenital Torticollis (Twisted Neck)
    Congenital torticollis (Twisted Neck). An infant who keeps his or her head tiltedto one side may have a condition called congenital muscular torticollis.
    http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=259&topcategory=Neck

    35. National Infant Torticollis Association
    The most common cause of torticollis in the first year of life is Congenital torticolliswhich is more commonly called Congenital Muscular torticollis or CMT.
    http://www.infant-torticollis.org/congenital_torticollis.htm
    Definition of Congenital Torticollis The most common cause of torticollis in the first year of life is Congenital Torticollis which is more commonly called Congenital Muscular Torticollis or CMT. Research studies have put the incident rate of CMT to be 0.084% to as high as 1.9%. There are three different ways that CMT can present itself:
    (1) A sternomastoid tumor that can be felt upon examination ( fibromatosis colli
    (2) Tightness or thickening of the sternomastoid muscle
    (3) Torticollis caused by posture preference with no tightness or tumor.
    This exact cause of CMT has not been identified but some theories have been made that link CMT to bad inutero positioning or low amniotic fluid levels that restrict the environment of the growing fetus and prohibit the ability of the SCM muscle to stretch and grow which results in a contracted SCM muscle (also called perinatal compartment syndrome). It is thought that the shortened muscle may actually be a contributing factor to a difficult birth and not its consequence. CMT is the third most common musculoskeletal anomaly after hip dysplasia and clubfoot. CMT is most often diagnosed when an infant is 2-3 weeks old due to the presence of a mass or tumor (fibromatosis colli) in the belly of the SCM. In infants that do not have a mass, torticollis is unusually noticed around 2 months old when the neck muscles begin to develop and the head tilt becomes clear.

    36. Home
    An email community that includes FAQ, helpful hints, links, surgery and contact details.Category Health Conditions and Diseases torticollis...... Mission Statement. To ensure that parents get all the information available to themregarding torticollis and its appropriate treatment. What is torticollis?
    http://www.torticolliskids.org/
    TorticollisKids.org HOME Email Torticolliskids.org The information contained in this website is not intended to replace the advice of a Medical Doctor or Physical Therapist.. Viewpoints expressed on Torticolliskids.org and the Torticolliskids yahoo group may not necessarily be that of the Webmaster Welcome to the TorticollisKids homepage. We've compiled this information to help you get the best possible care for your child. Stop back often to see what we're up to! Who are we? We're parents helping parents get the information that they need to be sure that their child is getting the treatment that they deserve! We aren't medical professionals, just parents and caregivers - LIKE YOU! Mission Statement T o ensure that parents get all the information available to them regarding torticollis and its appropriate treatment. We also want to provide support and an open forum for parents to discuss their situation and their needs.
    What is Torticollis? Torticollis literally means "twisted neck". It is derived from the Latin terms torta meaning twisted and collum meaning neck. The term "torticollis" actually refers to the positioning of the head. There are many underlying conditions that can cause a head and neck position that would be considered torticollis. T he version of torticollis most commonly found in infants is Congenital Muscular Torticollis, meaning:

    37. Torticollis (stiff Neck) - Acupuncture.com
    Explains treatment techiniques.Category Health Conditions and Diseases torticollis......torticollis (stiff neck).
    http://acupuncture.com/Clinical/Tortil.htm
    Torticollis (stiff neck)
    Homepage Back
    Key Diagnostic Points:
  • Acute simple stiffness and pain of the neck (one or both sides) and it's associated limitation of movement. Motor impairment of the neck affects the movements of the head, shoulders and back.
  • It is caused by an improper position of the neck during sleep, or attack of wind and cold on the nape.
    Differential Diagnosis:
    Stagnation of Qi and Blood at the neck.
    Treatment Principle:
    Activate the Qi and blood circulation in the channels and collaterals.
    Point and Technique Prescription:
    All of the points in this section should be reduced. Ashi Points on the neck using needles and cupping. Si 3 Shu-stream point for heavy and painful joints. One of the 8 confluents, this one for the Du channel, which runs through he neck and nape. Ask the patient to gently rotate the neck as best as he or she can to increase the efficacy of the treatment. Local Points. Du 14, UB 10 Lu 7 one of the four key points, this one for the head and neck.
    Luo Zhen (an extra point which is sometimes called the "outer Lao Gong" it is found on the back of the hand, on the opposite side of PC 8) More from Dr. Ma at:
  • 38. No Handle Specified
    Image of sternomastoid fibromatosis and torticollis.
    http://www.brisbio.ac.uk/ROADS/cgi-bin/tempbyhand.pl?database=BRISBIO IMAGES&

    39. Torticollis - DrGreene.com - Caring For The Next Generation
    Dr. Greene talks about torticollis also known as Wryneck, Congenital muscular torticollis. torticollis.Also known as Wryneck, Congenital muscular torticollis
    http://www.drgreene.com/21_1210.html
    QUICK SEARCH A - Z Guide Allergies Allergy Care Guide Asthma Care Guide Bedwetting Breastfeeding Childhood Obesity Diabetes Care Guide Ear Infections Genetics Immunizations Infectious Diseases Parenting Potty Training Rashes Safety Sleep DrGreene.com Topic Centers Mission Reviews Awards Readers Comments Press Room Partners and Supporters Contact Us Pediatric Information A-Z Guide Allergy Care Guide Asthma Care Guide Diabetes Care Guide DrGreene´s Chats FAQ Fast Facts Feature Articles Guidelines Pediatric Updates Special Feature Top Tips Community Activty Guide Advanced Search Community Central Chat Chat Schedule Cute Faces Family Friendly Recipes Parent-to-Parent Resources The DrGreene Team Newsletter Prenatal Newborn Infants Toddlers Pre-Schoolers School Age Teens / Adolescents Multimedia Library Children's Health Fertility
    Torticollis
    Also known as:
    Wryneck, Congenital muscular torticollis Introduction:
    “What is that lump in my baby’s neck?”
    “Why does my baby only turn his head to one side?” What is it?
    The Latin word tortus means ‘twisted.’ Collum (collar) means ‘neck.’Torticollis simply means twisted neck. It can have many different causes.

    40. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 5, Ch. 59, Nonarticular Rheumatism
    Prevalance and etiology, symptoms, signs, course, diagnosis and prognosis.Category Health Conditions and Diseases torticollis...... Baker's Cyst. Costochondritis. click here for navigation help. Spasmodic torticollis. Congenitaltorticollis (see under Spinal Abnormalities in Ch. 261) is rare.
    http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section5/chapter59/59a.htm
    This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 5. Musculoskeletal And Connective Tissue Disorders Chapter 59. Nonarticular Rheumatism Topics Spasmodic Torticollis Low Back Pain Bursitis Tendinitis And Tenosynovitis ... Costochondritis
    Spasmodic Torticollis
    Involuntary tonic contractions or intermittent spasms of the neck muscles, causing rotational (torticollis), lateral (laterocollis), forward (anterocollis), or backward (retrocollis) tilting of the head.
    Prevalence and Etiology
    Congenital torticollis (see under Spinal Abnormalities in Ch. 261) is rare. It is believed to be caused by unilateral injury to the sternocleidomastoid muscle at birth, which transforms it into a fibrous cord that cannot lengthen with the growing neck. Minimal deformity may be seen in neonates; within a few weeks, a firm swelling occurs in one sternocleidomastoid muscle, which then contracts. Neck muscle contraction in children may also be secondary to ocular muscle imbalance or deformities of the cervical spine or musculature. Adult-onset torticollis is much more common. About 5% of patients have a positive family history. Tardive dyskinesia, hyperthyroidism, basal ganglia disease, CNS infections, or tumors in the bones or soft tissues of the neck may occasionally mimic this syndrome, but the cause of spasmodic torticollis is unknown.

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