81. AAEM - Patient Resources - Spasmodic Torticollis Patient Resources Spasmodic torticollis. Spasmodic torticollis. Spasmodictorticollis is involuntary contraction of the neck muscles http://www.aaem.net/aaem/patientInfo/spasmodic_torticollis.cfm

Patient Resources - Spasmodic Torticollis Membership Directory Practice Issues / Advocacy Employment/Training Career Center Fellowship Listing EDX Courses Training Links ... List Rental Spasmodic Torticollis Spasmodic torticollis is involuntary contraction of the neck muscles of unknown cause that usually begins in early to middle adult life and tends to worsen slowly. The spasms worsen when the patient stands or walks. Several medications have been used with some success to treat this problem. Botulism toxin injections have also been used. Surgical procedures can be considered. There are several medical conditions that may have spasmodic torticollis as part of the disease though often the cause is unknown. For More Information: National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) - www.rarediseases.org To Main Patient Resources Page 421 First Avenue SW, Suite 300 East Rochester, MN 55902

82. Torticollis Dystonia torticollis Dystonia. This article submitted by Juanita Dailey on1/31/97. Author's article retorticollis (2/13/97) 1205 AM. http://neuro-www.mgh.harvard.edu/neurowebforum/MovementDisordersArticles/1.31.97

Torticollis Dystonia This article submitted by Juanita Dailey on 1/31/97. Author's Email: Sis@AOL.COM I would like to know the latest research that is being done on this disease. Also, The latest treatment that is available. I would appreciate any information you have on the subject. Sincerely, Next Article Previous Article Return to Topic Menu Here is a list of responses that have been posted to this article... re:Torticollis (2/13/97) 12:05 AM You now have TWO OPTIONS: Post a new Article or post a Response to this Article Click here to post a new Article! If you would like to post a Response to this article, fill out this form completely... Do not use slashes ("/") or colons (":") or other "special" characters in your Article title! Also, please be sure to make your Response Title something descriptive...NOT the same title as the original article.. Response Title: Author: Author Email: Response Text: Original Article: (Don't change this field!) Origina Article Truename: (Don't change this field!) Forum: (Don't change this field either!)

83. Ipsen Limited - Spasmodic Torticollis - Your Questions Answered Back to website. spasmodic torticollis your questions answered. What is spasmodictorticollis? Spasmodic patients. Who is affected by torticollis? http://www.ipsen.ltd.uk/patients/dystonia/print/tort.html

Back to website spasmodic torticollis - your questions answered What is spasmodic torticollis? Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) is a form of dystonia, which is the name used to describe particular types of involuntary and abnormal movements and postures seen in a variety of neurological disorders. Spasmodic torticollis is a focal dystonia affecting the muscles of the neck, causing the head to tilt (laterocollis) or the neck to twist to one side (rotational torticollis), forward (anterocollis) or backward (retrocollis). All these forms of dystonia are often collectively referred to as ‘torticollis’. ‘Spasmodic’ is an adjective often used to emphasise the spasm and the fact that it varies in severity which causes an element of trembling in many patients. Who is affected by torticollis? Both men and women suffer from the disease. It affects any age group, although it is more common in the middle-aged. There are thought to be as many as 10,000 people in the UK suffering from torticollis. What are the symptoms of torticollis?

84. Ipsen Limited - Spasmodic Torticollis - Your Questions Answered Ipsen Limited Patient Information Dystonia, hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm,spasmodic torticollis. torticollis usually develops gradually. http://www.ipsen.ltd.uk/patients/dystonia/tort.html

spasmodic torticollis - your questions answered Company Products Patients Contacts ... Links Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) is a form of dystonia, which is the name used to describe particular types of involuntary and abnormal movements and postures seen in a variety of neurological disorders. Spasmodic torticollis is a focal dystonia affecting the muscles of the neck, causing the head to tilt (laterocollis) or the neck to twist to one side (rotational torticollis), forward (anterocollis) or backward (retrocollis). All these forms of dystonia are often collectively referred to as ‘torticollis’. ‘Spasmodic’ is an adjective often used to emphasise the spasm and the fact that it varies in severity which causes an element of trembling in many patients. Both men and women suffer from the disease. It affects any age group, although it is more common in the middle-aged. There are thought to be as many as 10,000 people in the UK suffering from torticollis. Torticollis usually develops gradually. In the initial stages, the patient may notice that the head rotates during conversation or when walking, driving or attempting to write. There may also be some head tremor, particularly when trying to correct the involuntary turning or jerking. Gradually, the head may turn more or less permanently to one side, tilt towards the shoulder or lean forwards or backwards.

85. Torticollis(Ages 3 To 8) Ato-Z Guide torticollis Ages 3 to 8 Approved by the ParentCenter MedicalAdvisory Board. What's below How is torticollis treated? http://www.parentcenter.com/refcap/health/ills&inj/atoz/2968.html

Search Home Health A-to-Z Guide A-to-Z Guide Torticollis Ages 3 to 8 Approved by the ParentCenter Medical Advisory Board What's below: My toddler has started holding her head to the side. What's going on? How is torticollis treated? My toddler has started holding her head to the side. What's going on? She may have acquired torticollis, a rare condition that causes a child's head and neck to tilt to one side. Acquired torticollis can be caused by a swollen throat due to an upper respiratory infection, a sore throat, or even a sports-related accident. The swelling loosens the tissue surrounding the upper spine, which causes the bones to move out of their normal position. This causes the neck muscles to go into spasm and the head to tilt to one side. The condition can also be caused by swollen lymph nodes, pneumonia, or a vision problem. In very rare cases, a brain or spinal cord tumor is to blame. How is torticollis treated? Treatment depends largely on the underlying cause of the problem. It may include applying heat to the neck muscles or wearing a neck collar for several months, and taking muscle relaxants or painkillers to relieve any discomfort. In rare cases, torticollis will need to be corrected surgically. /tips/2968.html

86. Spasmodic Torticollis Handbook: A Guide To Treatment And Rehabilitation - Demos Spasmodic torticollis Handbook A Guide to Treatment and Rehabilitation is usefulfor individuals with this disorder. Contents What is Spasmodic torticollis? http://www.demosmedpub.com/book145.html

Due Spring 2003 156 Pages Soft Cover Regular Price: Discount Price: For related titles see: Rehabilitation Medicine Spasmodic Torticollis Handbook: A Guide to Treatment and Rehabilitation Mayank Pathak, MD Karen Frei, MD Daniel Thoung, MD Spasmodic torticollis, also known as cervical dystonia, affects about three people in 10,000, or an estimated 85,000 individuals in the United States alone. Despite this, there has been until now a lack of information outside of the professional medical literature for use by individuals with this disorder and their families. This book provides comprehensive information on the disorder for people with spasmodic torticollis and those close to them. Medical terms and concepts are introduced sequentially and then used as building blocks for the later discussion. Beginning with a clear definition of the disorder, opening chapters categorize this neurologic disease as one of the broader category of movement disorders, and differentiate it from other conditions with which it is often confused. The authors then present a stepwise introduction to the relevant anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and neck. They draw on the experiences of their patients to build a progressive depiction of the experiences an individual might have as he or she goes through the initial onset of symptoms, progression of the disorder, seeking medical care, diagnosis, treatment, and subsequent outcome. Personal vignettes from the experiences of selected patients are provided where they illustrate particular points in the discussion.

87. Torticollis torticollis. In torticollis, certain muscles controlling the neck undergo repetitiveor sustained contraction, causing the neck to jerk or twist to the side. http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/torticollis.html

Encyclopedia Index T Home Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Index T Torticollis Definition Torticollis (cervical dystonia or spasmodic torticollis) is a type of movement disorder in which the muscles controlling the neck cause sustained twisting or frequent jerking. Description In torticollis, certain muscles controlling the neck undergo repetitive or sustained contraction, causing the neck to jerk or twist to the side. Cervical dystonia causes forward twisting, and is called antecollis. Backward twisting is known as retrocollis. The abnormal posture caused by torticollis is often debilitating, and is usually painful. Torticollis most commonly begins between age 30-60, with females affected twice as often as males. According to the National Spasmodic Torticollis Association, torticollis affects 83,000 people in the United States. Dystonia tends to become more severe during the first months or years after onset, and may spread to other regions, especially the jaw, arm, or leg. Torticollis should not be confused with such other causes of abnormal neck posture as orthopedic or congenital problems. Causes and symptoms The nerve signals responsible for torticollis are thought to originate in the basal ganglia, a group of brain structures involved in movement control. The exact defect is unknown. Some cases of dystonia are due to the inheritance of a defective gene, whose function was unknown as of mid-1998. Other cases are correlated with neck or head trauma, such as from an automobile accident. Use of certain

88. Houston Stereotactic - Torticollis Surgery for Spasmodic torticollis. Spasmodic torticollis is a conditionthat results in involuntary turning or tilting of the head and neck. http://www.stereotactic.net/torticollis.htm

Surgery for Spasmodic Torticollis Spasmodic torticollis is a condition that results in involuntary turning or tilting of the head and neck. It can be so severe as to be disabling and painful, and can interfere with normal life activities. Mild cases of torticollis may respond to: physical therapy posture training muscle relaxants mild analgesics. If more severe, Botox injections may help, although they must be repeated every three months or so. If there is still significant disability despite medication and injections, it may be necessary to consider surgery. back to top Since torticollis causes uncontrollable contraction of the muscles of the neck, surgical treatment involves cutting or interrupting the nerves going to those involved muscles, a procedure called the Bertrand procedure. The muscles that are involved are usually evaluated by EMG, which tests the electrical activity of each muscle to see which are contracting even when the patient tries to relax. The nerves going to those involved muscles are interrupted at surgery. This usually involves the spinal accessory nerve, which supplies the large diagonal bandlike neck muscle on each side, the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It often also involves interruption of the nerves to the long muscles on the back of the neck, which are exposed through a midline incision on the back of the neck. Even after successful surgery, it is usually necessary to undergo physical therapy to stretch those muscles that may have shortened through weeks of involuntary contraction, and to strengthen those muscles that are still innervated. Between 80 and 90% of patients experience significant relief of their symptoms after such surgery, although the mobility of the neck may not return completely to normal.

89. Florida State University College Of Medicine Digital Library torticollis Clinical Resources. Miscellaneous torticollis Clinical ResourcesHealth Reviews for Primary Care Providers on the Internet Homepage http://fsumed-dl.slis.ua.edu/clinical/orthopedics/neck/torticollis.htm

Clinical Resources by Topic: Orthopedics Torticollis Clinical Resources Emergency Pediatrics Clinical Guidelines News ... Miscellaneous Resources See also: Musculoskeletal Clinical Procedure Resources General Orthopedics Clinical Resources Torticollis Patient/Family Resources Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 15th Ed.-2001: Table of contents Medical Library subscription INFO Chapter 16: Back and Neck Pain Table of contents Introduction: Access document Anatomy of the Spine: Access document Pain in the Neck and Shoulder: Access document Approach to the Patient: Access document Trauma to the Cervical Spine: Access document Chapter 369: Traumatic Injuries of the Head and Spine Table of contents Introduction: Access document Spinal Cord Trauma: Access document Introduction Access document Pathophysiology and Pathology of Spinal Cord Injury: Access document Management of Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes: Access document Canale: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 9th Ed.-1998 (MD Consult): Table of contents Medical Library subscription INFO Chapter 27 - Congenital Anomalies of Trunk and Upper Extremity: Access document Congenital Muscular Torticollis: Access document Noble: Textbook of Primary Care Medicine, 3rd Ed.-2001 (MD Consult):

90. Spastic Torticollis Spastic torticollis This patient could not hold her head up for more thana few minutes without having severe pain in the left neck area. http://www.clenchingsyndrome.com/dystonia_and_spastic_torticollis.htm

91. Especialistas Ortopédicos De Los Niños - Informacion Educativa Translate this page CongÈnito torticollis Su child.s fascinan a los padres de un reciÈn nacido amenudo cada movimiento. torticollis significa el cuello torcido o doblado. http://orthoforkids.com/s_elbow.htm

CongÈnito Torticollis Su child.s fascinan a los padres de un reciÈn nacido a menudo cada movimiento. Cuando un movimiento del niÒo doesn.t de una manera normal, los padres se refiere derecho. Un infante que mantiene su o su cabeza inclinada a una cara puede tener una condiciÛn llamada los torticollis musculares congÈnitos. Medios congÈnitos que la condiciÛn est· presente en el nacimiento. Torticollis significa el cuello torcido o doblado. Es causado por un m™sculo apretado en una cara de la pista que tira hacia abajo la pista (oÌdo) hacia un hombro mientras que la barbilla inclina a la cara opuesta. SÌntomas? Causa? Diagnosis? Tratamiento? Dolor Anterior De la Rodilla Piernas Del Arqueamiento InstrucciÛn Del Cuidado Del Molde Precauciones Del Molde ... RadiografÌas InformaciÛn Educativa

92. Children's Orthopedic Specialists PC - Educational Info Congenital torticollis (Twisted Neck) Parents of a newborn are often fascinatedby their child’s every move. torticollis means twisted or bent neck. http://orthoforkids.com/congenital.htm

Congenital Torticollis (Twisted Neck) Parents of a newborn are often fascinated by their childís every move. When a child doesnít move in a normal way, the parents are rightly concerned. An infant who keeps his or her head tilted to one side may have a condition called congenital muscular torticollis. Congenital means that the condition is present at birth. Torticollis means twisted or bent neck. It is caused by a tight muscle on one side of the head that pulls the head (ear) down toward one shoulder as the chin tilts to the opposite side. Symptoms? Cause? Diagnosis? Treatment? Anterior Knee Pain Bow Legs Cast Care Instructions Cast Precautions ... X-rays

93. Schiefhals - Qualifizierte Behandlung Im SCHMERZTHERAPIEZENTRUM Bad Mergentheim Translate this page Als Schiefhals (torticollis) bezeichnet man eine angeborene oder erworbene, evtl.von Gesichts- und Schädelasymmetrie begleitete Schräghaltung des Kopfes. http://www.hws-syndrom.de/schiefhals/

SCHMERZTHERAPIEZENTRUM Schmerzklinik Bad Mergentheim Schmerzambulanz seit 1983 Schönbornstr. 10, 97980 Bad Mergentheim Löffelstelzen Telefon Schmerzklinik Schmerzambulanz Fax Klinik und Ambulanz E-Mail: schmerzklinik@schmerzklinik.com Ausführliche Informationen zum Thema Schiefhals (Zu weiteren Schmerzthemen gelangen Sie am Ende dieser Seite) Wir haben umstrukturiert, Sie finden dieses Thema jetzt unter www.arthrosis.de/schiefhals (Einfach anklicken) Welche Vorteile bietet eine Schmerzbehandlung im SCHMERZTHERAPIEZENTRUM Bad Mergentheim Große Erfahrung , in der Klinik werden seit 1983 ausschließlich Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen behandelt. Hohe fachliche Kompetenz , die Klinik bzw. der Chefarzt besitzt die volle Weiterbildung sermächtigung der Ärztekammer für das Fachgebiet " Spezielle Schmerztherapie ". Optimale ärztliche Betreuung . Durchschnittlich 50 Patienten werden derzeit von 5 (!) Ärzten versorgt, allein 4 davon sind geprüfte Fachärzte. Umfassendes Therapieangebot Durchführung aller anerkannten schulmedizinischen und einiger naturheilkundlichen Therapieverfahren bis hin zur Implantation von Morphinpumpen und Rückenmarkstimulationssystemen.

94. Newborn Torticollis NEWBORN torticollis PREVALENCE AND THE EFFECT OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTSVERSUS MANIPULATIVE INTERVENTIONS. 16 pediatric practitioners http://www.chiro.ch/interest.htm

Abstract (not published yet) Kränzlin¹, H.P. Kind² Winterthur¹, Winterthur² Zurich Group for Research in ambulatory Pediatrics (ZAPP) NEWBORN TORTICOLLIS: PREVALENCE AND THE EFFECT OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS VERSUS MANIPULATIVE INTERVENTIONS

95. Spasmodic Torticollis - User Entered Conditions At ABC Homeopathy Spasmodic torticollis (User entered condition) There may be symptoms not related toSpasmodic torticollis, and this may not be an exhaustive list of symptoms. http://www.abchomeopathy.com/c.php/spasmodic torticollis

Homeopathy Common conditions Spasmodic Torticollis (User entered condition) Homeopathic remedies are prescribed by symptoms rather than conditions, as each case of a particular illness can manifest differently in different people. However, to make it quicker to find the symptoms related to Spasmodic Torticollis, the symptoms experienced by a previous vistor to our site have been grouped, by them, under the name of Spasmodic Torticollis. There may be symptoms not related to Spasmodic Torticollis, and this may not be an exhaustive list of symptoms. Spasmodic Torticollis For suggestions of homeopathic remedies for spasmodic torticollis, tick the boxes below and press the Find Remedies button at the bottom of the screen. On the next screen, you should enter any other symptoms in the search box. mouth; salivation; mouth; salivation; night; mouth; salivation; night; worse lying down; mouth; salivation; expectoration, frequent; mouth; salivation; during sleep;

96. Pediatric Advisor 2002.1: Congenital Muscular Torticollis Congenital Muscular torticollis. What is congenital muscular torticollis?Congenital muscular birth. torticollis means twisted neck. Most http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/pa_conmusto_hhg.htm

Pediatric Health Topics All Health Topics Mott Children's Hospital Pediatric Services ... Find a UMHS Doctor Search Pediatric Topics Search All Topics T his information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for medical treatment. You should speak to your physician or make an appointment to be seen if you have questions or concerns about this information or your medical condition. ( En Espanol McKesson Clinical Reference Systems: Pediatric Advisor 2002.1 Congenital Muscular Torticollis What is congenital muscular torticollis? Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is an injury to a neck muscle that happens at birth. Congenital means that the condition is present at birth. Torticollis means twisted neck. Most frequently the injury occurs to the muscle that goes diagonally across the neck from the collarbone (clavicle) to the head just behind the ear. This muscle is called the sternocleidomastoid muscle. CMT causes the back of the head to turn toward and the face to turn away from the affected side. Your child will not want to move his or her face towards the affected side because of pain. What is the cause?

97. Torticollis Spasmodica torticollis spasmodica. torticollis spasmodica (cervicale dystonie)is een weinig frequent voorkomende neurologische aandoening. http://www.dystonievereniging.nl/torticollis_spasmodica.htm

Torticollis spasmodica Torticollis spasmodica (cervicale dystonie) is een weinig frequent voorkomende neurologische aandoening. Het verschijnsel torticollis is niet nieuw, al in 1641 werd er door de Nederlandse arts Isaac Minnius over geschreven. Het is de meest voorkomende vorm van dystonie. Geschat wordt dat een neuroloog gemiddeld zo’n vier patiënten met torti-collis spasmodica in zijn praktijk heeft. Eén op de vijf huisartsen komt waarschijnlijk wel eens met deze aandoening in aanraking. Omdat de aandoening niet algemeen bekend is, wordt zij nogal eens miskend. Dit kan voor de patiënt nare gevolgen hebben. Goede informatie over deze aandoening vinden wij dan ook belangrijk en noodzakelijk. Klinische beeld Ongeveer 75% van de patiënten heeft ook last van nekpijn. Doorgaans is dit pijn bij de aanhechtingsplaatsen van de nekspieren aan het achterhoofd. Deze pijn ontstaat door het voortdurend trekken van de spieren aan deze aanhechtingen. Ze raken dan geïrriteerd. De nekpijn kan heel invaliderend zijn. De pijn kan ook uitstralen naar een arm en hand. Meestal zijn dan de zenuwen geïrriteerd, die vanuit de nek naar de arm lopen. Deze uitstralende armpijn gaat nogal eens gepaard met tintelingen of doofheid in de arm. Verlamming van de armspieren komt gelukkig heel weinig voor. Soms straalt de nekpijn over de schedel naar voren.

98. Spine, Shoulder, And Pelvis Disorders - Torticollis (Wryneck) torticollis (Wryneck). What is torticollis? torticollis, also knownas wryneck an odd angle. What causes torticollis? torticollis is http://www.chcsys.org/health_info_a_z/adult_html_templated/Spine/wryneck.htm

Home For Physicians Health Education and Links Career Opportunities ... Add to My CHC Health Information A - Z Community Health Care Home News CHC Magazine About CHC ... Wausau Hospital Robin Quednow is the February winner of our survey drawing. You too could win a CHC polo shirt in the random drawing for this month if you Take our Site Survey Torticollis (Wryneck) What is torticollis? Torticollis, also known as wryneck, is a twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle. What causes torticollis? Torticollis is caused by irritation to cervical nerves, which results in spasm of the neck muscles. In addition to vigorous movement or injury, torticollis may be caused by the following: sleeping in an awkward position anxiety neck muscle injury at birth burn injury any injury that causes heavy scarring and skin shrinkage neck muscle spasm Torticollis may also be a secondary condition that results from the following: slipped facette (two small joints on the side of the spine) herniated disc viral or bacterial infection What are the symptoms of torticollis?

99. UCLA NEUROSURGERY | Movement Diseases & Disorders MOVEMENT DISEASES DISORDERS torticollis. What is torticollis? The disorderis usually lifelong once it develops. What causes torticollis? http://www.neurosurgery.medsch.ucla.edu/Diagnoses/Movement/MovementDis_12.html

Torticollis MOVEMENT DIAGNOSES INDEX What is torticollis? Spasmodic torticollis usually starts between the ages of 30 and 40 and is characterized by a tendency for the neck to twist to one side. This often occurs intermittently in the early stages, but eventually the neck is held continuously to one side. The disorder is usually lifelong once it develops. What causes torticollis? Congenital torticollis Idiopathic (unknown) Degenerative extrapyramidal lesions Psychogenic Neurovascular compression of the 11th nerve Hemorrhage into the sternocleidomastoid muscle Infection of the cervical spine Syringomyelia Cerebellar tumors in children What is the treatment of torticollis? Non-surgical treatment should be attempted first and includes: Relaxation training Thorough neuropsychiatric evaluation Trans-epidermal neuro-stimulation (TENS) to the neck Surgical procedures, reserved for disabling, refractory cases. Dorsal cord stimulation Local injection of botulinum toxin Selective rhizotomy and spinal accessory nerve (11th nerve) transection Torticollis of 11th nerve origin Usually manifests as horizontal head movements May be treated surgically Sectioning of the 11th nerve Microvascular decompression of the 11th nerve: causes by compression of the 11th nerve by the vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) Please read the

100. Pain In Spasmodic Torticollis PAIN IN SPASMODIC torticollis. Abstract 1 involved. Keywords Pain; Dystonia;torticollis; Extrapyramidal system. 1. Introduction. Spasmodic http://www.dystonia-support.org/la-pain in spasmodic torticollis.htm

PAIN IN SPASMODIC TORTICOLLIS Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Patients and methods 2.1 Pain measurement 2.2 Muscle tenderness 2.3 Motor symptoms 2.4 X-ray of the neck 2.5 Statistical analysis 3. Results Table 1 Clinical and demographic features of patients and controls Table 2 Ten most common words chosen by the patients to describe pain Fig. 2 Means (+/- SEM) of palpation scores Fig. 3 Muscles affected in Cervical Dystonia: Cervical structure-Posterior View Fig. 4 Muscles affected in Cervical Dystonia: Cervical structure-Lateral View 4. Discussion Fig. 3 Means (+/- SEM) of pressure algometer readings. References Article from 1997 International Association for the Study of Pain Abstract Keywords: Pain; Dystonia; Torticollis; Extrapyramidal system 1. Introduction Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) is characterized by sustained contractions of the neck musculature, resulting in forced turning of the head. The origin of the muscular hyperactivity is unknown, but the basal ganglia and brainstem systems controlling movement are often implicated. Interest in this movement disorder has recently been revived after the introduction of botulinum toxin injections and sophisticated nerve root denervation procedures which have raised hopes that this formerly intractable condition may be rendered amenable to treatment. Pain is considered an integral feature of cervical dystonia, and reference to it is made frequently in textbooks and review articles (Fahn et al., 1987; Chan et al., 1991; Jankovic et al., 1991). Most authors, however, mention pain only in passing and do not elaborate on its nature. In most series, 2/3 or 3/4 of patients are reported to have pain (Lowenstein and Aminoff, 1988; Chan et al., 1991: Jankovic et al., 1991). There is some indication that early in the course of the disease pain is not a frequent complaint, while in the long run most patients tend to be affected by it (Lowenstein and Aminoff, 1988). It has been suggested that pain is related to the intensity of dystonia as well as muscle spasms (Chan et al., 1991). That pain is so prevalent in cervical dystonia, and less so in other forms of dystonia, is peculiar; this notion has been attributed to bigger muscle masses involved, stronger forces within muscles or higher numbers of pain receptors (Chan et al., 1991).

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