1. Gerard ’t Hooft Recipient of the 1999 nobel Prize in physics for work in electroweak interactionsCategory Science Physics Quantum Mechanics People...... The 1999 nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded by the Royal Swedish Academyof Sciences jointly to gerardus 't hooft and Martinus JG Veltman. http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/

Name: t Hooft, Gerard Postal address: Spinoza Instituut , Leuvenlaan 4 Postbus 80.195 3508 TD Utrecht. Voorts verbonden aan: Institute for Theoretical Physics Universiteit Utrecht Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CC Utrecht Tel.: +31 30 253 5928 Tel.: Fax: e-mail: g.thooft@phys.uu.nl Professor Theoretical Physics Lectures: Course NS-LIEGR: Inleiding Liegroepen in de Fysica (in Dutch, for 2nd year students) Course NS-TP526: String Theory (for 4th and 5th year students), Lecture courses: Tuesdays, BBL 160, and Working classes: Thursdays, BBL 105b. Undergraduate lecture notes: The lecture notes Introduction to General Relativity (in English) click here. These notes now also appeared as a book: Introduction to General Relativity , Rinton Press, Inc., Princeton NJ, ISBN 1-58949-000-2. There is a small ERRATUM referring to an equation in the end of these lectures (both in the book and in the notes of before Jan. 24, 2001.) The lecture notes "Liegroepen" (in Dutch) can be clicked here.

2. Gerardus 't Hooft - Autobiography gerardus 't hooft – Autobiography. Just about at that time, 1953, my granduncle,Frits Zernike had earned his nobel Prize for work that had led him to the http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1999/thooft-autobio.html

"A man who knows everything". This, reportedly, was my reply to a school teacher asking me what I'd like to become when I grow up. I was eight years old, or thereabouts, and what I wanted to say was "professor", but, still not knowing everything, I had forgotten that word. And what I really meant was "scientist", someone who unravels the secrets of the fundamental Laws of Nature. This perhaps was not such a strange wish. Science, after all, was in my family. Just about at that time, 1953, my grand-uncle, Frits Zernike had earned his Nobel Prize for work that had led him to the invention of the phase contrast microscope. He had worked out the theory and singlehandedly constructed his microscope, with which he had stunned biologists by showing them moving images of a living cell. My grandmother, Zernike's sister, used to tell us anecdotes about her brother when they were young. One day, for instance, he had purchased a telescope at a local market. That night, the police came at their door to warn her parents that there were "zinc thieves on their roof"; it was Frits however, trying out his new telescope and studying the heavens. She herself had married her professor, a well known zoologist, Pieter Nicolaas van Kampen at the University of Leyden . I never knew him, he passed away, after a long illness, when my mother was eighteen years old.

3. Physics 1999 Presentation gerardus 't hooft Autobiography nobel Lecture Interviewnobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources. Martinus JG http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1999/

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman 1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize the Netherlands the Netherlands University of Utrecht Utrecht, the Netherlands Bilthoven, the Netherlands b. 1946 b. 1931 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 Press Release Presentation Speech Illustrated Presentation ... Other Resources The 1999 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: Last modified June 16, 2000 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

4. Gerardus 't Hooft Winner Of The 1999 Nobel Prize In Physics gerardus 't hooft, the 1999 nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, at the nobelPrize Internet Archive. gerardus 'Thooft. 1999 nobel Laureate http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1999a.html

G ERARDUS 'T H OOFT 1999 Nobel Laureate in Physics for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. Background Born: July 5, 1946 Place of birth: Den Helder, the Netherlands Education: Ph.D. 1972 University of Utrecht Residence: Utrecht, the Netherlands Affiliation: University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands address: Spinoza Institute Leuvenlaan 4 Postbus 80.195 3508 TD Utrecht the Netherlands phone: +31 30 2531863 FAX: +31 30 2535937 email: g.thooft@phys.uu.nl Book Store Quantum Fields And Quantum Space Time (NATO ASI Series. Series B, Physics, Vol 364) In Search of The Ultimate Building Blocks (paperback) In Search of The Ultimate Building Blocks (hardcover) New Symmetry Principles In Quantum Field Theory (NATO ASI Series, Series B, Physics, Vol 295) ... Books on Electroweak Forces are available here for browsing Featured Internet Links Prize co-recipient: Martinus J.G. Veltman Professor Gerardus 't Hooft's Webpage Curriculum Vitae Publication List ... Official award announcement and brief background Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors CNN coverage ABC News On this site you can find the rewarded articles of Prof. 't Hooft and Veltman

5. Martinus J. G. Veltman Winner Of The 1999 Nobel Prize In Physics corecipient gerardus 't hooft; NIKHEF web site; Webpage at University of Michigan;Official award announcement and background Google, Search WWW Search The nobel http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1999b.html

M ARTINUS V ELTMAN 1999 Nobel Laureate in Physics for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. Background Born: 1931 Place of birth: the Netherlands Education: Ph.D. 1963 University of Utrecht Residence: Bilthoven, the Netherlands Affiliation: Professor Emeritus University of Michigan address: NIKHEF P.O.Box 41882 1009 DB Amsterdam the Netherlands email: veltman@umich.edu Book Store Quantum Mechanics, High Energy Physics And Accelerators : Selected Papers Of John S. Bell (World Scientific Series In 20th Century Physics, Vol 9) Diagrammatica; The Path To Feynman Rules An Elementary Primer for Gauge Theory Books on Gauge Theory are available here for browsing ... Books on Electroweak Forces are available here for browsing Featured Internet Links Prize co-recipient: Gerardus 't Hooft NIKHEF web site Webpage at University of Michigan Official award announcement and background Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors CNN coverage biographical and scientific summaries from the University of Michigan Physics Dept. Biographical Information for Martinus J.G. Veltman (submitted by Zdenek Smrcka Summary of Professor Veltman's Scientific Contributions (submitted by Zdenek.Smrcka

6. 't Hooft And Veltman Awarded Nobel Prize In Physics; Zewail Wins Nobel Prize In In October, the 1999 nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to gerardus 't hooft ofthe University of Utrecht and Martinus Veltman, formerly of the University of http://www.aps.org/apsnews/1299/129902.html

December 1999 Edition 't Hooft and Veltman Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics; Zewail Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry I n October, the 1999 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Gerardus 't Hooft of the University of Utrecht and Martinus Veltman, formerly of the University of Michigan and now retired, for their work toward deriving a unified framework for all the physical forces. Their efforts, part of a tradition going back to the 19th century, centers around the search for underlying similarities or symmetries among disparate phenomena, and the formulation of these relations in a complex but elegant mathematical language. A past example would be James Clerk Maxwell's demonstration that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of a single electro-magnetic force. Naturally this unification enterprise has met with various obstacles along the way. In this century quantum mechanics was combined with special relativity, resulting in quantum field theory. This theory successfully explained many phenomena, such as how particles could be created or annihilated or how unstable particles decay, but it also seemed to predict, nonsensically, that the likelihood for certain interactions could be infinitely large. Richard Feynman, along with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, tamed these infinities by redefining the mass and charge of the electron in a process called renormalization. Their theory, quantum electrodynamics (QED), is the most precise theory known, and it serves as a prototype for other gauge theories (theories which show how forces arise from underlying symmetries), such as the electroweak theory, which assimilates the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces into a single model.

7. Looking At Life With Gerardus 't Hooft nobel Prizewinning Physicist b Professor gerardus 't hooft /b hasalways been fascinated by the mathematical mysteries of nature. http://plus.maths.org/issue18/features/thooft/

PRIME NRICH PLUS Current Issue ... Subject index Issue 23: Jan 03 Issue 22: Nov 02 Issue 21: Sep 02 Issue 20: May 02 Issue 19: Mar 02 Issue 18: Jan 02 Issue 17: Nov 01 Issue 16: Sep 01 Issue 15: Jun 01 Issue 14: Mar 01 Issue 13: Jan 01 Issue 12: Sep 00 Issue 11: Jun 00 Issue 10: Jan 00 Issue 9: Sep 99 Issue 8: May 99 Issue 7: Jan 99 Issue 6: Sep 98 Issue 5: May 98 Issue 4: Jan 98 Issue 3: Sep 97 Issue 2: May 97 Issue 1: Jan 97 Looking at life with Gerardus 't Hooft by The Plus Team Professor Gerardus 't Hooft was born in 1946 in Den Helder, the Netherlands. He completed a PhD in Physics in 1972 at the University of Utrecht , where he has been a Professor of Physics since 1977. 't Hooft and his colleague Professor Martinus J.G. Veltman received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1999, for their work on the quantum structure of electroweak interactions. 't Hooft has been a member of the Dutch Academy of Sciences since 1982, and has received a number of other awards, including the 1979 Dannie Heineman Prize from the American Physical Society and the 1982 Wolf Prize for his work on renormalising gauge theories. The article that follows is an extract from 't Hooft's conversations with Rachel Thomas of the Plus team, in his own words.

8. Opinion The Astronomer Royal Sir Martin Rees, Sir Roger Penrose, eminent physicist KipThorne and nobel prizewinner gerardus t'hooft, all found the time to talk to http://plus.maths.org/issue18/editorial/

PRIME NRICH PLUS Current Issue ... Subject index Issue 23: Jan 03 Issue 22: Nov 02 Issue 21: Sep 02 Issue 20: May 02 Issue 19: Mar 02 Issue 18: Jan 02 Issue 17: Nov 01 Issue 16: Sep 01 Issue 15: Jun 01 Issue 14: Mar 01 Issue 13: Jan 01 Issue 12: Sep 00 Issue 11: Jun 00 Issue 10: Jan 00 Issue 9: Sep 99 Issue 8: May 99 Issue 7: Jan 99 Issue 6: Sep 98 Issue 5: May 98 Issue 4: Jan 98 Issue 3: Sep 97 Issue 2: May 97 Issue 1: Jan 97 Opinion Have you anything to say that might be of interest to Plus readers? E-mail plus@maths.cam.ac.uk Stephen Hawking 60th Birthday Conference Stephen Hawking racing to the conference Mathematicians and scientists love their subjects and hope that their enthusiasm will be infectious. Heartening numbers of them are willing to spend their time and energy spreading the word, giving public talks and interviews to further the cause of public understanding. Earlier this month, Plus imposed on the generosity of some very eminent mathematicians and scientists, attending a conference in Cambridge to celebrate the occasion of Stephen Hawking's 60th birthday. The Astronomer Royal Sir Martin Rees, Sir Roger Penrose, eminent physicist Kip Thorne and Nobel prizewinner Gerardus t'Hooft, all found the time to talk to Plus about doing research, their latest scientific ideas, and more.

9. Scientific American: The Nobel Prizes For 1999 January 2000 issue The nobel Prizes for 1999 Explanations of the science underlyingthe world's most gerardus 'T hooft University of Utrecht, the Netherlands. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000143C1-CCD2-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21

10. Scientific American: The 1999 Nobel Prizes The most recent benchmark is the award of the 1999 nobel Prize for Physics to gerardus't hooft of the University of Utrecht and Martinus Veltman, formerly of http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000D9322-3ABC-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21

11. CERN Courier - Nobel Prize For Physics 1999 - IOP Publishing - Article The last nobel Prize for Physics this century goes to gerardus 't hooft of Utrechtand Martinus Veltman of Bilthoven in the Netherlands, for elucidating the http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/39/9/1

This Issue Back Issues Editorial Staff News Nobel Prize for Physics 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft The last Nobel Prize for Physics this century goes to Gerardus 't Hooft of Utrecht and Martinus Veltman of Bilthoven in the Netherlands, "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics". Exactly 20 years ago the Nobel prize went to Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam for their contributions to the electroweak theory ­ the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions, which was first published in 1967. It was 't Hooft's and Veltman's work that put this unification on the map, by showing that it was a viable theory that could make predictions possible. Field theories have a habit of throwing up infinities that at first sight make sensible calculations difficult. This had been a problem with the early forms of quantum electrodynamics and was the despair of a whole generation of physicists. However, its reformulation by Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger and Sin-Ichiro Tomonaga (Nobel prizewinner 1965) showed how these infinities could be wiped clean by redefining quantities like electric charge. Martinus Veltman Each infinity had a clear origin, a specific Feynman diagram, the skeletal legs of which denote the particles involved. However, the new form of quantum electrodynamics showed that the infinities can be made to disappear by including other Feynman diagrams, so that two infinities cancel each other out. This trick, difficult to accept at first, works very well, and renormalization then became a way of life in field theory. Quantum electrodynamics became a powerful calculator.

12. Sobre El Premio Nobel De Física 1999 Translate this page controlados. gerardus 't hooft y Martinus Veltman recibieron el PremioNobel de Física 1999 por su solución a este problema. Sin http://athos.fisica.unlp.edu.ar/~fidel/nobel0.htm

CIENCIA HOY Fidel A. Schaposnik Gerardus 't Hofft Martinus Veltman

13. La Repubblica/cultura_scienze: Nobel Per La Fisica A Due Olandesi Translate this page la Fisica a due olandesi, Gli olandesi gerardus't hooft e MartinusVeltman sono i vincitori del premio nobel per la Fisica 1999. http://www.repubblica.it/online/cultura_scienze/nobel99/fisi/fisi.html

Gerardus't Hooft e Martinus Veltman premiati per gli studi sui quanti e la forza elettromagnetica debole Nobel per la Fisica a due olandesi I due ricercatori si sono distinti, scrivono gli accademici nella loro motivazione, per "aver fornito alla teoria della fisica delle particelle una base matematica più solida". Veltman e Hooft hanno inoltre dimostrato come utilizzare la teoria per precisare i calcoli dei valori fisici. E recentemente alcune esperienze sugli acceleratori di particelle fatte in Europa e negli Stati Uniti hanno confermato molti dei risultati raggiunti dai due fisici. E' infatti grazie ai loro studi che i ricercatori dispongono oggi di un edificio teorico che può servire, tra l'altro, a prevedere le proprietà di nuove particelle scoperte a partire dagli anni 50 con l'aiuto degli "acceleratori". Gerardus't Hooft, ritenuto uno fra i maggiori fisici teorici, è noto per aver teorizzato che il protone, benché formato da tante particelle, non si rompe. Con ciò, t'Hooft ha messo in discussione tutta l'impalcatura della meccanica quantistica, la teoria che governa da 50 anni la comprensione dell'atomo ma che, secondo il neo Nobel, è inadeguata a spiegare i segreti dei "buchi neri". Secondo il fisico Antonino Zichichi, t'Hooft "è stato il primo fisico teorico ad aver trovato la strada giusta per spiegare come mai l'ultimo mattone pesante dell'Universo (il protone) non si può rompere, nonostante sia fatto di tante cose. T'Hooft ha infatti scoperto che le forze che agiscono nell'universo subnucleare sono di carattere totalmente diverso da quelle a noi note.

14. PhysicsWeb - Nobel Prize Goes To 't Hooft And Veltman The 1999 nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to gerardus 't hooft and MartinusVeltman for their theoretical contributions to the Standard Model of http://physicsweb.org/article/news/3/10/10

Advanced site search news January February March April May June July August September October November December Show summaries quick search Search the news archive. Previous News for October 1999 Next Nobel prize goes to 't Hooft and Veltman 12 October 1999 The 1999 Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman for their theoretical contributions to the Standard Model of particle physics. In the early 1970s 't Hooft and Veltman showed how to "renormalize" or remove the infinities from the electroweak theory of Salam and Weinberg, and how to use the theory to make precise calculations of particle properties. The official citation says that the prize has been awarded "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics." 't Hooft and Veltman were both born in the Netherlands. In 1966 Veltman was appointed as professor of physics at the University of Utrecht, and 't Hooft became his PhD student in 1969. By 1971 't Hooft had made several important breakthroughs in the theoretical effort to renormalize the electroweak interaction. Then using a computer program developed by Veltman, the pair verified 't Hooft's partial theory and showed how to perform precise calculations with it. Salam and Weinberg's theory had predicted the existence of the W and Z bosons, which carry the electroweak force, but their theory had to be renormalized before it could predict the physical properties of these particles, such as their masses. These predictions were confirmed when the W and Z particles were detected for the first time in 1984.

15. ABCNEWS.com : Nobel Work Helped Unify Two Forces gerardus ’t hooft and Martinus Veltman, winners of the nobel Prize forphysics announced today, didn’t think up the electroweak theory. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/electroweak991012.html

GO Kids GO Family GO Money GO Sports ... GO Home ABCNEWS WEB ABOUT GO NETWORK SIGN IN FREE E-MAIL HOME NEWS SUMMARY U.S. POLITICS WORLD BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE TRAVEL ESPN SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT WEATHER.com REFERENCE LOCAL ABCNEWS ON TV SCIENCE HEADLINES Launch Pad Demolished at Cape Earliest Primates Look East Protecting National Forests Pretty Fish, Dying Reefs ... Mad or Rad SEARCH ABC.com THE CENTURY EMAIL ABCNEWS.com SEND PAGE TO A FRIEND TOOLS AND HELPERS Two Forces into One Nobel Work Helped Unify Electromagnetism and Weak Interaction (Reuters) By Kenneth Chang ABCNEWS.com Oct. 12 In the world of subatomic particles are two more forces: the strong force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms, and the weak force that causes atomic nuclei to fall apart in radioactive decay. A Forceful Combination (Fred Ernst/Reuters) Namely, a lot of the answers that were supposed to be finite, fractional values between and 1 were instead coming out infinite. Fundamental Forces Force Gravitational Electromagnetic Weak Strong Acts on: All particles Electrically charged particles Quarks, leptons (which include electrons)

16. SunSITE India : 1999 Nobel Physics Prize gerardus 't hooft and Martinus JG.Veltman are being awarded this year's NobelPrize for having placed this theory on a firmer mathematical foundation. http://sunsite.iisc.ernet.in/nobel99/phy99_rel.html

1999 Nobel Prize Information Department, PO Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, webbsite: www.kva.se Tel: +46-8-673 95 95, Fax +46-8-15 56 70, e-mail: info@kva.se THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1999 Background in English (PDF 15kB) PRESS RELEASE 12 OCTOBER 1999 The Prize I Further reading I The laureates The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to Professor Gerardus 't Hooft , University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, and Professor Emeritus Martinus J.G. Veltman , Bilthoven, the Netherlands. The two researchers are being awarded the Nobel Prize for having placed particle physics theory on a firmer mathematical foundation. They have in particular shown how the theory may be used for precise calculations of physical quantities. Experiments at accelerator laboratories in Europe and the USA have recently confirmed many of the calculated results. The Academy's citation: "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics." Particle physics theory on firmer mathematical foundation The everyday objects in our surroundings are all built up of atoms, which consist of electrons and atomic nuclei. In the nuclei there are protons and neutrons, which in turn are made up of quarks. To study matter at this innermost level, large accelerators are required. Such machines were first designed in the 1950s, signifying the

17. Physics News Update Number 452 - Story THE 1999 NOBEL PRIZE FOR THE 1999 nobel PRIZE FOR PHYSICS goes to gerardus 't hooft of the University ofUtrecht and Martinus Veltman, formerly of the University of Michigan and now http://www.aip.org/enews/physnews/1999/split/pnu452-1.htm

18. BBC News | Sci/Tech | Dutch Physicists Win Nobel Prize 1999 nobel Prize for Physics. It marks the third time in ten years that contributionsto particle physics have won the award. Professor gerardus 't hooft, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_472000/472243.stm

Front Page World UK UK Politics ... Help Tuesday, October 12, 1999 Published at 12:13 GMT 13:13 UK Sci/Tech Dutch physicists win Nobel Prize By BBC News Online Science Editor Dr David Whitehouse Two Dutch physicists, whose theoretical breakthroughs led to the discovery of new sub-atomic particles, have won the 1999 Nobel Prize for Physics. It marks the third time in ten years that contributions to particle physics have won the award. Professor Gerardus 't Hooft, at the University of Utrecht, and Professor Emeritus Martinus Veltman, formerly of Utrecht and Michigan Universities, share the prize of nearly £600,000. Particle master: Professor t'Hooft has spent nearly his whole career at Utrecht For thirty years they have been developing a series of mathematical procedures to explain the various families of sub-atomic particles. Their breakthrough paper was published in 1971. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' citation said the prize was "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics." Well-deserved Paul Guinnessy, Editor of Physicsweb, told BBC News Online: "It is not a surprise that t'Hooft and Veltman have won the prize, they have done some outstanding work in particle physics.

19. Face-to-Face With Nobel Laureates In Physics At HKUST era , culminating in his nobel Prize in Physics in 1964, and lasers have since movedout of basic research into widespread applications. Prof gerardus 't hooft, http://www.ust.hk/~webopa/news/2002_News/news0614.html

Press Release 14 June 2002 Face-to-Face with Nobel Laureates in Physics at HKUST Two Nobel Laureates in Physics shared their scientific insight and personal experience with faculty, students, and alumni at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) today (14 June). Prof Charles Hard Townes Prof Charles Hard Townes and Prof Gerardus 't Hooft, two of the most influential scientists of modern times, took part in "Dialogue with Giants in Physics" organized by the HKUST School of Science. Known as "Father of the Laser", Prof Townes is University Professor of the University of California at Berkeley. In 1951, he conceived the idea of "masers" (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and obtained the first amplification and generation of electromagnetic waves by stimulated emission in 1954. This groundbreaking work marked the beginning of the "laser era", culminating in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964, and lasers have since moved out of basic research into widespread applications. Prof Gerardus 't Hooft Prof 't Hooft, Professor of Physics at the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, specializes in elementary particle physics. His PhD thesis in 1971 solved the problem of renormalization of Yang-Mills fields, work in the gauge field theory that helped explain three out of four fundamental forces of the universe. He received the Nobel Prize in 1999 for placing particle physics theory on a firmer mathematical foundation. Prof 't Hooft's quest to account for the yet unresolved mystery of the fourth fundamental force, gravity, is still continuing.

20. 14/06/2002 Face-to-Face With Nobel Laureates In Physics At HKUST era , culminating in his nobel Prize in Physics in 1964, and lasers have since movedout of basic research into widespread applications. Prof gerardus't hooft, http://www.ust.hk/en/pa/e_pa020614-35.html

Face-to-Face with Nobel Laureates in Physics at HKUST Two Nobel Laureates in Physics shared their scientific insight and personal experience with faculty, students, and alumni at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) today (14 June). Prof Charles Hard Townes Prof Charles Hard Townes and Prof Gerardus 't Hooft, two of the most influential scientists of modern times, took part in "Dialogue with Giants in Physics" organized by the HKUST School of Science. Known as "Father of the Laser", Prof Townes is University Professor of the University of California at Berkeley. In 1951, he conceived the idea of "masers" (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and obtained the first amplification and generation of electromagnetic waves by stimulated emission in 1954. This groundbreaking work marked the beginning of the "laser era", culminating in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964, and lasers have since moved out of basic research into widespread applications. Prof Gerardus't Hooft Prof 't Hooft, Professor of Physics at the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, specializes in elementary particle physics. His PhD thesis in 1971 solved the problem of renormalization of Yang-Mills fields, work in the gauge field theory that helped explain three out of four fundamental forces of the universe. He received the Nobel Prize in 1999 for placing particle physics theory on a firmer mathematical foundation. Prof 't Hooft's quest to account for the yet unresolved mystery of the fourth fundamental force, gravity, is still continuing.

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