21. Luce Irigaray The life and work of luce irigaray on the Feminist Theory Website.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers irigaray, luce......The life and work of luce irigaray, a French (Belgian) feminist. On the FeministTheory Website. Feminist Theory Website, luce irigaray. Biographical Information. http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/irigaray.html

Luce Irigaray Biographical Information "Luce Irigaray: A Biography," by Bridget Holland Luce Irigaray was born in Belguim in the 1930s. She received a Master's Degree from the University of Louvain in 1955. She taught high school in Brussells from 1956-1959. Irigaray moved to France in the early 1960s. In 1961 she received a Master's Degree in psychology from the University of Paris. In 1962 she received a Diploma in Psychopathology. From 1962-1964 she worked for the Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique in Belgium. After this she began work as a research assistant at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris where she is currently Director of Research. In the 1960s Irigaray participated in Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic seminars. She trained as and became an analyst. In 1968 she received a Doctorate in Linguistics. From 1970-1974 she taught at the University of Vincennes. At this time Irigaray was a member of the EFP (Ecole Freudienne de Paris), a school directed by Lacan. In 1969 she analysed Antionette Fouque, a feminist leader of the time (MLF). Irigaray's second Doctorate thesis, "Speculum of the Other Woman," was closely followed by the cessation of her employment at the University of Vincennes. This damage to her career was cruelly ironic the phallocentric economy she condemned for excluding women swiftly silenced her. This illustrated her main point the machinery of phallocentrism can't accept sexual difference and the existence of a different female subjectivity.

22. Luce Irigaray On Subjectivity Offers an account of irigaray's interpretation of Freud's false binary by turning the concept of lack into the idea of excess. luce irigaray. The phallogocentric system generates many binary oppositions; one of which is http://www.stfx.ca/people/mmoynagh/445/more-445/Concepts/luce_sub.html

Luce Irigaray Irigaray maintains that the theories of subjectivity developed by Freud and Lacan are bound to their theories of sexuality. Irigaray argues against the masculine-gender-based idea of subjectivity: "Irigaray believes that women are not adequately represented by existing symbolic sytems. She argues that they are not given a proper place in a patriarchal world" (Green and LeBihan 346). In his theory on sexuality, Freud states that femal sexuality is based on a lack. He claims that both male and female children desire the mother, but the female lacks the phallus that is necessary if the mother is to be satisfied. The little girl feels inferior and takes a passive role. For Lacan, identity is structured in gender terms, and the woman serves as "the other." In Lacan's system, the phallus is the priveleged signifier and holds the meaning-making power. Neither the male nor the female possess the phallus, but the male is able to identify with it more easily. Because these theories on sexuality are bound to the theories of subjectivity, Irigaray concludes that in the patriarchical world, female subjectivity is based on a lack. According to Irigaray, social order determines sexual order. In patriarchal society, the males are the "producer subjects and agents of exchange" and the females are the "commodities" (Irigaray 192). The economy as a whole is based on homosexual relations because all economic exchange takes place between men. In this society "woman exists only as an occasion for mediation, transaction, transition, transference, between man and his fellow man, indeed between man and himself" (Irigaray 193). As soon as a woman has any sort of relationship with another woman, she is masculine. Sexuality, and therefore subjectivity, is a product of the symbolic order.

23. McDaniel On Irigaray Sean McDaniel on irigaray, "Woman on the Market" In her book "The Sex Which is not One " luce irigaray argues that there is another similar system that pre dates and is http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jenglish/Courses/mcdaniel.html

Sean McDaniel on Irigaray, "Woman on the Market" In his book "Capital" Marx attempts to explain the hidden underpinnings of the capitalist economic system, and to reveal the rather illusionary nature of the relationship between the materiality or utility of a thing, and its perceived "value" in a capitalist society. In her book "The Sex Which is not One," Luce Irigaray argues that there is another similar system that pre- dates and is probably a requirement for capitalism, and yet remains independent of capitalism, that being the subjugation of women as a commodity to men. While for Marx capitalism is a only a stage in the larger process of the evolution of economic systems, for Irigaray "from the very origin of private property and the patriarchal family, social exploitation occurred [. . .] [A]ll the social regimes of "History" are based upon the exploitation of one "class" of producers, namely women" (173). It is important to note that these regimes are not "accompanied" by the exploitation of women, but in fact are "based" on this essential element. She further argues that these two forms of oppression, i.e. the subjugation of women and the subjugation of labor, function on entirely on different levels, by suggesting that despite the passage from capitalism to a superior economic system, "women/commodities would remain, as simple "objects" of transaction among men"(190). She utilizes Marx's language and analysis, but applies it to something that she insists is essential different in nature.

24. N.PARADOXA: ISSUE 2 An essay by Hilary Robinson. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/n.paradoxa/bourgeo1.htm

Louise Bourgeois's 'Cells': Looking at Bourgeois through Irigaray's Gesturing Towards the Mother : Part 1 Hilary Robinson For Part 2: Click Here "It is difficult to find a framework vivid enough to incorporate Louise Bourgeois's sculpture. Attempts to bring a coolly evolutionary or art-historical order to her work or to see it in the context of one art group or another, have proved more or less irrelevant. [...] Rarely has an abstract art been so directly and honestly informed by its maker's psyche.'' (Lucy Lippard 'Louise Bourgeois. From the Inside Out' ArtForum, March 1975 p.27.) Cell series. There is a paradox in this, and I think it important to outline briefly the aspects of Irigaray's writing which are of use in such a discussion. After all, Irigaray tends to locate visual pleasure within the realm of the male (particularly in her earlier writings) while locating female pleasure within the body and more specifically within touch. In an often-quoted passage she states: ''The predominance of the visual ...is particularly foreign to female eroticism. Woman takes pleasure more from touching than from looking and her entry into a dominant scopic economy signifies, again, her consignment to passivity: she is to be the beautiful object of contemplation"

25. JAC Online: 16.3 Presentation and Interview by Elizabeth Hirsh and Gary A. Olson. http://www.cas.usf.edu/JAC/163/irigaray.html

JAC 16.3 (1996) "Je Luce Irigaray": A Meeting with Luce Irigaray Elizabeth Hirsh and Gary A. Olson Trained in linguistics, literature and psychoanalysis, Luce Irigaray nonetheless insists that her works must be read, above all, as philosophical textsthat is, as interventions into the specific canon of thought "by means of which values are defined," in her view. She thus assigns primacy to the philosophical not only as a dimension of her own multifarious writings, but within culture generally: in the historical production of knowledge, meaning, subjectivity, power. In fact, she suggests that it is because of philosophy's unique historical potency that women have been so vehemently excluded from its precincts"the thing most refused to a woman is to do philosophy"even as their literary impulses have been relatively indulged. Luce Irigaray inverts this arrangement, downplaying the importance of her practice as a "writer" (along with her involvement with psychoanalysis) while emphatically laying claim to the status of philosopher. Moreover, she indicates that, in refusing or neglecting to interrogate their own categories of thought, feminists who pursue a "politics of equality" which demands "not to be behind, not to be second," are complicitous in women's exclusion from philosophy: "the way of changing argumentation in order to deconstruct a discourse [is] absolutely not their problem," she remarks. Implicitly, then, the feminism of equality is relatively well accommodated by the patriarchy while efforts to develop "an autonomous politics" of the feminine, a feminism of difference, meet with the same resistance as a woman's doing philosophyand for the same reason.

26. Dynamic Directory - Society - Philosophy - Philosophers - Irigaray, Luce ArtandCulture Artist luce irigaray Brief bio and work presentation. http://www.maximumedge.com/cgi/dir/index.cgi/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/Iri

var AdLoaded = false; var bsid = '18707'; var bsads = '6'; var bsloc = ''; var bswx = 468; var bshx = 60; var bsw = '_top'; var bsb = 'FFFFFF'; var bsf = '000000'; var bsalt = 'off'; MaximumEdge.com Search E-Mail News ... Maps Dynamic Directory Top Society Philosophy Philosophers :Irigaray, Luce Description See also: Society: Philosophy: Continental Philosophy: French Philosophy Society: Philosophy: Current Movements: Feminist Philosophy ArtandCulture Artist: Luce Irigaray - Brief bio and work presentation. In Search of Feminist Discourse: The ‘Difficult’ Case of Luce Irigaray - 1988 essay by Robert Beaugrande from the journal College English. Considers Irigaray in the context of the reaction against structuralism. Irigaray's Women on the Market - An essay by Seiko Yoshinaga. Islam, Irigaray, and the Retrieval of Gender - An article by Abdal Hakim Murad. Luce Irigaray - Lecture notes by Mary Klages about the phallogocentric system and the binary oppositions, which it generates. Luce Irigaray - The life and work of Luce Irigaray on the Feminist Theory Website. Luce Irigaray and Louise Bourgeois - An essay by Hilary Robinson.

27. Luce Irigaray irigaray, luce, (1930) French feminist philosopher. Trained at Louvainirigaray took a Doctorate of Letters at the University of Paris. http://www.heartfield.demon.co.uk/irigaray.htm

IRIGARAY, Luce, (1930-) French feminist philosopher. Trained at Louvain Irigaray took a Doctorate of Letters at the University of Paris. She became Director of Research in Philosophy at the National Centre for Scientific Reseach. Irigaray is author of Speculum of the Other Woman This Sex Which is Not One Amante Marine: de Friedrich Nietzsche L'Oubli de l'Air: Chez Martin Heidegger Ethique de la Difference Sexuelle Parler n'est jamais neutre (1985) and Sexes et Parentes Analysts and therapists Post-structuralists and postmodernists

28. ArtandCulture According to luce irigaray, Western civilization is without any femalephilosophy or linguistics, any female religion or politics. http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=528

29. Luce Irigaray Resources At Erratic Impact's Feminism Web luce irigaray resources at Erratic Impact's Feminism Web. Resourcesinclude annotated links, book reviews, new and used books by http://www.erraticimpact.com/~feminism/html/women_irigaray_luce.htm

Feminism Home Women in the News New Book Search Women Authors ... Hypatia Luce Irigaray Julia Kristeva Ayn Rand Simone Weil Nancy Tuana ... Ethics of Eros: Irigaray's Rewriting of the Philosophers by Tina Chanter Luce Irigaray Online Resources Texts: Luce Irigaray Used Books: Luce Irigaray Know of a Resource? ... The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger (The Constructs Series) by Luce Irigaray , Mary Beth Mader (Translator). French theorist Luce Irigaray has become one of the twentieth century's most influential feminist thinkers. Among her many writings are three books (with a projected fourth) in which she challenges the Western tradition's construals of human beings' relations to the four elements-earth, air, fire, and water-and to nature. In answer to Heidegger's undoing of Western metaphysics as a "forgetting of Being," Irigaray seeks in this work to begin to think out the Being of sexedness and the sexedness of Being. This volume is the first English translation of L'oubli de l'air chez Martin Heidegger (1983). In this complex, lyrical, meditative engagement with the later work of the eminent German philosopher, Irigaray critiques Heidegger's emphasis on the element of earth as the ground of life and speech and his "oblivion" or forgetting of air.

30. ArtandCulture Brief bio and work presentation. http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?wosid=NO&am

31. Irigaray 1988 essay by Robert Beaugrande from the journal College English. Considers irigaray in the context of the reaction against structuralism. http://beaugrande.bizland.com/irigaray.htm

College English , Volume 50, Number 3, 1988 253-272 In Search of Feminist Discourse:. The ‘Difficult’ Case of Luce Irigaray Robert de Beaugrande The Nature of the Challenge The vital impact of feminism on philosophy and criticism is beginning to be acknowledged all across the English profession. So far, however, we find no widespread consensus about the detailed consequences that we should expect. Reforms directed to conspicuous usages in grammar and lexicon, notably the use of male pronouns for any indefinite person and the designation of activities and professions as male preserves, have been widely accepted. But more recent feminist critiques suggest that the bias of discourse runs much deeper, so deep indeed that it may not be curable through specific interventions in usage. An acute dilemma arises. The English profession is a plausible institution for elaborating critiques of discourse and bringing the results to the awareness of the general public. But, if the bias of discourse runs so deep, how can we hope to find a neutral discourse for our own critiques? As Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron put it, ‘whether or not we can in fact escape from the structuring imposed by language is one of the major questions facing feminist and nonfeminist thinkers today’ (4). Traditionally, the feminists tell us, the masculine view was accepted unthinkingly, whereas the feminine viewpoint was registered as a deviation. In our own profession, as Jonathan Culler admits, ‘the perspective of the male critic is assumed to be sexually neutral, while a feminist reading is seen as an attempt to force the text into a predetermined mold’ (55).

32. English 571: Goldstein On Irigaray Claire Goldstein on luce irigaray's "This Sex Which is Not One".Category Society Philosophy Philosophers irigaray, luce......Claire Goldstein on luce irigaray, This Sex which is not one . Thefirst time we discussed luce irigaray in class, there seemed http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jenglish/Courses/goldstein2.html

Claire Goldstein on Luce Irigaray, "This Sex which is not one" The first time we discussed Luce Irigaray in class, there seemed to be quite a bit of hostility or discomfort about the author, her philosophical and rhetorical styles, and (our perceptions of) French feminisms. I am hoping that as we have passed through some of the major influences on continental intellectual life of the twentieth century, we might better understand or perhaps even appreciate Irigaray's programme, methods and ideologies. Since we will not be spending time on Irigaray in class, I thought that I would use this paper to reconsider some of our concerns from September along with a little commentary on the short article we are reading for this week. I am certainly not an Irigaray expert, so I would appreciate any corrections or criticism you may send to the listserve. "What is she trying to do?" The title of Irigaray's book, "This sex which is not one," makes use of the polyvalence of the French word, "sexe." As in English, in French "sexe" denotes both sexual category and the sexual activity. Irigaray plays on yet a third French meaning for the word the sexual organ, usually the penis. By a strange coincidence, the noun with its definite article, "le sexe" may be used to designate either "the fair sex" or "the penis." With such a title, Irigaray is pointing to the slippage between the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic which she plays off of in her resistant re-reading of Freud and the construction of the feminine.

33. English 571: Goldstein On Irigaray Claire Goldstein on luce irigaray's This Sex Which is Not One . http://dept.english.upenn.edu/~jenglish/Courses/goldstein2.html

Claire Goldstein on Luce Irigaray, "This Sex which is not one" The first time we discussed Luce Irigaray in class, there seemed to be quite a bit of hostility or discomfort about the author, her philosophical and rhetorical styles, and (our perceptions of) French feminisms. I am hoping that as we have passed through some of the major influences on continental intellectual life of the twentieth century, we might better understand or perhaps even appreciate Irigaray's programme, methods and ideologies. Since we will not be spending time on Irigaray in class, I thought that I would use this paper to reconsider some of our concerns from September along with a little commentary on the short article we are reading for this week. I am certainly not an Irigaray expert, so I would appreciate any corrections or criticism you may send to the listserve. "What is she trying to do?" The title of Irigaray's book, "This sex which is not one," makes use of the polyvalence of the French word, "sexe." As in English, in French "sexe" denotes both sexual category and the sexual activity. Irigaray plays on yet a third French meaning for the word the sexual organ, usually the penis. By a strange coincidence, the noun with its definite article, "le sexe" may be used to designate either "the fair sex" or "the penis." With such a title, Irigaray is pointing to the slippage between the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic which she plays off of in her resistant re-reading of Freud and the construction of the feminine.

34. Irigaray, Luce irigaray, luce. Associated Gillian C. Gill, 1985), Women's Exile Interviewwith luce irigaray, Ideology and Consciousness 1 (1977). Carolyn http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/luce_irigaray.ht

Irigaray, Luce Associated with feminism and psychoanalysis, Luce Irigaray is a remarkable cultural theorist best known for her work published in France through the 1970s. Psychoanalyst, linguist, and philosopher, Irigaray is concerned, particularly in Speculum of the Other Woman (1974, trans., 1985) and This Sex Which Is Not One (1977, trans., 1987), with exposing how Western discourse has effaced woman as the specular image of man. By contrast, Irigaray carefully eschews enclosing her own ideas as "theory" to avoid an essentialism that will support patriarchalism. Accordingly, Speculum, which caused her expulsion from psychoanalytic and academic circles, "has no beginning or end . . . [and] confounds the linearity of an outline, the teleology of discourse, within which there is no possible place for the 'feminine,' except the traditional place of the repressed, the censured" ( This Sex This major text of the 1970swhich precedes her critiques of Martin Heidegger in L'Oubli, Friedrich Nietzsche in Amante marine, Ethique takes its title from the curved mirror of feminine self-examination (a mirror folded back on itself) as opposed to the flat mirror, which privileges the relation of man to other men and excludes the feminine. The book "begins" with a

35. Diacritics, Volume 28 - Table Of Contents Articles. Cheah, Pheng. Grosz, EA (Elizabeth A.). Of BeingTwo IntroductionSubjects irigaray, luce. Feminist theory. irigaray, luce. Feminist theory. http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/dia/toc/dia28.1.html

You will not be able to view some links for this page because you do not have Javascript or your browser has Javascript disabled. *** Click here to go to the non-Javascript Project Muse site , or enable JavaScript in your web browser's preferences and refresh this page to view and use the links. *** E-ISSN: 1080-6539 Print ISSN: 0300-7162 Diacritics 28.1, Spring 1998 Irigaray and the Political Future of Sexual Difference Special Editors : Pheng Cheah and Elizabeth Grosz Contributors Contents Articles Virtual Gallery Articles Cheah, Pheng. Grosz, E. A. (Elizabeth A.). Of Being-Two: Introduction Subjects: Irigaray, Luce. Feminist theory. Sex differences Political aspects. Butler, Judith P. Cornell, Drucilla. Cheah, Pheng. Grosz, E. A. (Elizabeth A.). The Future of Sexual Difference: An Interview with Judith Butler and Drucilla Cornell Subjects: Irigaray, Luce. Feminist theory. Sex differences Political aspects. Fenves, Peter D. (Peter David), 1960-. "Out of the Order of Number": Benjamin and Irigaray Toward a Politics of Pure Means Subjects: Irigaray, Luce.

36. Irigaray, Luce This Sex Which Is Somewhat Obscure Pleasure and the Body in luce irigaray'sThis Sex Which Is Not One. In New French Feminisms An Anthology. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1657/Irigaray.html

This Sex Which Is Somewhat Obscure: Pleasure and the Body in Luce Irigaray's This Sex Which Is Not One . In New French Feminisms: An Anthology . New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1981. By Trista di Genova trista.digenova@seh.ox.ac.uk This article, which might seem "naught but a load of symbollocks" at the first reading, has an objective, or at least the unintended result, of adding more mystification to women's sexuality. She talks about how all discourse about women is "foreign to her pleasure," which may be a well-aimed criticism, but she compensates for that lack of knowledge by offering little more than the strange notion that "A woman 'touches herself' constantly without anyone being able to forbid her to do so, for her sex is composed of two lips which embrace continually. Thus, within herself she is already twobut not divisible into ones who stimulate each other." This article seems to be saying, "We are women; you wouldn't understand, but neither do we, really." Irigaray criticizes theorists who claim that woman's erogenous zones are no more than a clitoris-sex (didn't de Beauvoir argue that as well?). If anything ignorance about women's sexuality, but more importantly, inability to control her fecundity, and economic property has done more to put women in a servile social position to men than obscure concepts about her sexuality. Not only does she not offer any real insight into the nature of women's sexuality, she only reinforces these antiquated notions of women's sexuality:

37. Academic Directories Back to Educational Resources. irigaray, luce, http://www.allianceforlifelonglearning.org/er/tree.jsp?c=40984

38. Karnac Books: Karnac Books Books by irigaray, luce. Elemental Passions. irigaray, luce. Usually dispatchedin 2 working days Our Price £7.00 (€UR 11.19) RRP £13.99 (€UR 22.38). http://www.karnacbooks.com/authorprod.asp?p=1&authorname=Irigaray, Luce.

39. Irigaray, Luce, This Sex Which Is Not One irigaray, luce. This Sex Which Is Not One (1985). Summary Comments Female sexualityhas always been conceptualized on the basis of masculine parameters. http://www.personal.psu.edu/kxs334/academic/theory/irigaray_sex.html

40. Books By Luce Irigaray LinkBaton Central Books by luce irigaray. Other Authors. All irigaray. Books byISBN Authors by Alphabet A B C D E F G H J I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. http://my.linkbaton.com/bibliography/Irigaray/Luce/

Books by Luce Irigaray Other Authors All Irigaray Books by ISBN Authors by Alphabet A B C D ... Z Find an Author First Name Last Name Put your affiliate links in this page Books and Related Products Sexes And Genealogies by ISBN: Marine Lover Of Friedrich Nietzsche by ISBN: Forgetting Of Air In Martin Heidegger by ISBN: Forgetting Of Air In Martin Heidegger by ISBN: Je, Tu, Nous: Toward A Culture Of Difference by ISBN: Elemental Passions by ISBN: I Love To You: Sketch For A Happiness Within History by ISBN: Thinking The Difference: For A Peaceful Revolution by ISBN: To Be Two by ISBN: An Ethics Of Sexual Difference by ISBN: Speculum Of The Other Woman by ISBN: This Sex Which Is Not One by ISBN: The Forgetting Of Air by ISBN: Speech Is Never Neutral by ISBN: Click here to choose a bookstore, shopping service, or library for your links

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