1. Ibn Khaldun On The Web Comprehensive web directory and guide to Ibn Khaldun, the great Arab historian and philosopher of history http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/ibnkhaldun

About this site Web Biographies Academic Selections ... Other a comprehensive web directory and guide to the great 14th century Arab historian and philosopher of history. I've finally gotten around to purging this site of dead links. I also found lots of great new stuff, including the enty from the Encyclopedia of Islam, and a new collection of selections. Although I have largely exhausted the search engines I am confident there is still material out there. Please help me find it. I would like, for instance, to include pages in Arabic, a language I do not speak. Questions, suggestions and comments can be sent to editor@isidore-of-seville.com . I will reply to everything. I hope you enjoy the site, Tim Spalding Cambridge, MA (USA) Add yourself to the Ibn Khaldun on the Web mailing list. You'll receive an update whenever major new features are added to the site. If you like I can keep you up to date on my other sites, such as Sir Richard Burton and Herodotus Enter email Keep me up to date on your other sites.

2. Ibn Khaldun POL167 Introduction to Political Theory Islamic political thought Ibn khaldun ibn Khaldun lived in north Africa 13321406, about a generation after William of Ockham. http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/y67s17.html

Macquarie University POL167: Introduction to Political Theory Islamic political thought: Ibn Khaldun R.J. Kilcullen Ibn Khaldun lived in north Africa 1332-1406, about a generation after William of Ockham. His Muqaddimah ('Introduction', namely to a work of history) originated as an attempt to work out how to decide whether historical sources are credible. An important question to ask is whether what the source relates is likely to have happened, i.e. whether it is the sort of thing that happens in human affairs. This inquiry led Ibn Khaldun to write a lengthy treatise on the processes of social and political change (cf. Aristotle's discussion of revolution and stability, Politics , book V). Ibn Khaldun was not a 'philosopher' (in the sense of an avowed follower of the Greek philosophers), but his thinking is much influenced by Aristotelian ideas, in particular the idea of nature as a source of development toward a goal. Ibn Khaldun thinks that no individual dynasty or society can permanently remain at a high level of development; soon after maturity is attained decay sets in (just as individual plants and animals achieve the maturity natural to their species and then decay). There are drawbacks to the fully developed social state, even before decay sets in; progress in civilisation is made at some cost. A factor that Ibn Khaldun emphasises as important in social and political development is 'a sense of solidarity' or 'group feeling' - the state of mind that makes individuals identify with a group and subordinate their own personal interests to the group interest. Without willingness to subordinate self to the group, peace and social development are not possible. Ibn Khaldun expects the sense of solidarity to be based originally and normally on kinship. A sense of solidarity can be powerfully supported by religion, and conversely no religion can make an impact unless its members have a strong sense of solidarity.

3. IBN KHALDUN An overview of Khaldun's contributions to philosophy of history and sociology.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers Khaldun, Ibn......IBN KHALDUN. (13321395 CE). Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad is generally knownas Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. His parents, originally http://www.ummah.org.uk/history/scholars/KHALDUN.html

IBN KHALDUN (1332-1395 C.E.) Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad is generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. His parents, originally Yemenite Arabs, had settled in Spain, but after the fall of Seville, had migrated to Tunisia. He was born in Tunisia in 1332 C.E., where he received his early education and where, still in his teens, he entered the service of the Egyptian ruler Sultan Barquq. His thirst for advanced knowledge and a better academic setting soon made him leave this service and migrate to Fez. This was followed by a long period of unrest marked by contemporary political rivalries affecting his career. This turbulent period also included a three year refuge in a small village Qalat Ibn Salama in Algeria, which provided him with the opportunity to write Muqaddimah , the first volume of his world history that won him an immortal place among historians, sociologists and philosophers. The uncertainty of his career still continued, with Egypt becoming his final abode where he spent his last 24 years. Here he lived a life of fame and respect, marked by his appointment as the Chief Malakite Judge and lecturing at the Al-Azhar University, but envy caused his removal from his high judicial office as many as five times. Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of history and sociology. He sought to write a world history preambled by a first volume aimed at an analysis of historical events. This volume, commonly known as

4. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) Library Of Congress Citations Author Ibn Khaldun, 13321406. Uniform Title Kiteab al-0ibar. Muqaddimat al-0AlleamahIbn khaldun ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406. Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlckhaldun.htm

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) : Library of Congress Citations The Little Search Engine that Could Down to Name Citations LC Online Catalog COPAC Database (UK) ... Free Email from Malaspina Book Citations [First 20 Records (OF 78)] Author: Ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406. Uniform Title: Kiteab al-0ibar. Muqaddimah. English Title: The Muqaddimah; an introduction to history, translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. Published: New York, Pantheon Books [1958] Description: 3 v. plates, col. maps (1 fold.) diagrs., facsims. (part col.) 25 cm. Series: Bollingen series, 43 LC Call No.: D16.7 .I233 Dewey No.: 901 Notes: "Selected bibliography, by Walter J. Fischel": v. 3, p. [483]-512. Subjects: History Philosophy Early works to 1800. Civilization Early works to 1800. Other authors: Rosenthal, Franz, 1914- ed. and tr. Control No.: 58005608 //r853 Author: Mahdi, Muhsin. Title: Ibn Khaldun's philosophy of history: a study in the philosophic foundation of the science of culture. Published: [Chicago] University of Chicago Press [1964] Description: 325 p. 21 cm. Series: Phoenix books LC Call No.: D116.7.I3 M3 1964 Dewey No.: 901 Notes: Bibliography: p. 297-310. Subjects: Ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406. Civilization, Medieval 14th century. History Philosophy. Control No.: 64023414 //r96

5. IBN KHALDUN IBN KHALDUN. (13321395. AD ). Abd alRahman Ibn Mohammad is generallyknown as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. His parents http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/KHALDUN.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated IBN KHALDUN (13321395. A.D. ) Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad is generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. His parents, originally Yemenite Arabs, had settled in Spain, but after the fall of Seville, had migrated to Tunisia. He was born in Tunisia in 1332 A.D., where he received his early education and where, still in his teens, he entered the service of the Egyptian ruler Sultan Barquq. His thirst for advanced know- ledge and a better academic setting soon made him leave this service and migrate to Fez. This was followed by a long period of unrest marked by contemporary political rivalries affecting his career. This turbulent period also included a three year refuge in a small village Qalat Ibn Salama in Algeria, which provided him with the opportunity to write Muqaddimah , the first volume of his world history that won him an immortal place among historians, sociolo- gists and philosophers. The uncertainty of his career still continued, with Egypt becoming his final abode where he spent his last 24 years. Here he lived a life of fame and respect, marked by his appointment as the Chief Malakite Judge and lecturing at the Al-Azhar University, but envy caused his removal from his high judicial office as many as five times. Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of history and sociology. He sought to write a world history preambled by a first volume aimed at an analysis of historical events. This volume, commonly known as

6. IBN KHALDUN IBN KHALDUN. (13321395. AD ). Abd alRahman Ibn Khaldun's chief contributionlies in philosophy of historyand sociology. He sought to http://ismaili.net/mirrors/57_sina/khaldun.htm

IBN KHALDUN (13321395. A.D. ) Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad is generally known as IbnKhaldun after a remote ancestor. His parents, originall y YemeniteArabs, had settled in Spain, but after the fall of Seville, had migratedto Tunisia. He was born in Tunisia in 1332 A.D., where he receivedhis early education and where, still in his teens, he entered the serviceof the Egyptian ruler Sultan Barqu q. His thirst for advanced know-ledge and a better academic setting soon made him leave this serviceand migrate to Fez. This was followed by a long period of unrestmarked by contemporary political rivalries affecting his career.This turbulent period also included a three year refuge in a smallvillage Qalat Ibn Salama in Algeria, which provided him with theopportunity to write Muqaddimah , the first volume of his worldhistory that won him an immortal place among historians, sociolo-gists and philosop hers. The uncertainty of his career still continued,with Egypt becoming his final abode where he spent his last 24 years.Here he lived a life of fame and respect, marked by his appointmentas the Chief Malakite Judge and lecturing at the Al-Azhar Universit y,but envy caused his removal from his high judicial office as many asfive times. Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of historyand sociology. He sought to write a world history preambled by afirst volume aimed at an analysis of hist orical events. This volume,commonly known as

7. IBN KHALDUN IBN KHALDUN (13321395. AD ). Ibn Khaldun is universally recognizedas the founder and father of Sociology and Sciences of History. http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/scholars/ibn_khaldun.htm

IBN KHALDUN (13321395. A.D. ) Ibn Khaldun is universally recognized as the founder and father of Sociology and Sciences of History. He is best known for his famous 'Muqaddimah,' (Prolegomena). Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad, generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor, was born in Tunis in 732 A.H. (1332 C.E.) to an upper class family that had migrated from Seville in Muslim Spain. His ancestors were Yemenite Arabs who settled in Spain in the very beginning of Muslim rule in the eighth century. During his formative years, Ibn Khaldun experienced his family's active participation in the intellectual life of the city, and to a lesser degree, its political life. He was used to frequent visits to his family by the political and intellectual leaders of western Islamic states (i.e., North Africa and Spain), many of whom took refuge there. Ibn Khaldun was educated at Tunis and Fez, and studied the Qur'an, Prophet Muhammad's Traditions and other branches of Islamic studies such as Dialectical theology, shari'a (Islamic Law of Jurisprudence, according to the Maliki School). He also studied Arabic literature, philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. While still in his teens, he entered the service of the Egyptian ruler Sultan Barquq. Ibn Khaldun had to move from one court to another, sometimes at his own will, but often forced to do so by plotting rivals or despotic rulers. He learnt much from his encounters with rulers, ambassadors, politicians and scholars from North Africa, Muslim Spain, Egypt and other parts of the Muslim world.

8. Philosophers : Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun. Iranian Muslim Philosopher. 13321395. Abd alRahman IbnMohammad is generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/khaldun.html

Ibn Khaldun Iranian Muslim Philosopher Abd al-Rahman Ibn Mohammad is generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. His parents, originally Yemenite Arabs, had settled in Spain, but after the fall of Seville, had migrated to Tunisia. He was born in Tunisia in 1332 A.D., where he received his early education and where, still in his teens, he entered the service of the Egyptian ruler Sultan Barquq. His thirst for advanced knowledge and a better academic setting soon made him leave this service and migrate to Fez. This was followed by a long period of unrest marked by contemporary political rivalries affecting his career. This turbulent period also included a three year refuge in a small village Qalat Ibn Salama in Algeria, which provided him with the opportunity to write Muqaddimah , the first volume of his world history that won him an immortal place among historians, sociolo- gists and philosophers. The uncertainty of his career still continued, with Egypt becoming his final abode where he spent his last 24 years. Here he lived a life of fame and respect, marked by his appointment as the Chief Malakite Judge and lecturing at the Al-Azhar University, but envy caused his removal from his high judicial office as many as five times. Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of history and sociology. He sought to write a world history preambled by a first volume aimed at an analysis of historical events. This volume, commonly known as

9. Ask Jeeves: Search Results For "Ibn Khaldoun" 1. Ibn Khaldun Islamic political thought Ibn khaldun ibn Khaldun lived innorth Africa 13321406, about a generation after William of Ockham. http://webster.directhit.com/webster/search.aspx?qry=Ibn Khaldoun

10. Ask Jeeves: Search Results For "Ibn Khaldun" oweiss/ibn.htm 3. Ibn Khaldun Islamic political thought Ibn khaldun ibn Khaldunlived in north Africa 13321406, about a generation after William of Ockham. http://webster.directhit.com/webster/search.aspx?qry=Ibn Khaldun

11. IBN KHALDUN IBN KHALDUN THE FATHER OF ECONOMICS. Abd AlRahman Ibn Khaldun (744-820Hijrah)1332-1406 AD. Ibn Khaldun talked about human needs. http://www.geocities.com/ecovistainternational/articles2001/ibn_khaldun.htm

IBN KHALDUN : THE FATHER OF ECONOMICS Abd Al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun (744-820Hijrah) 1332-1406 A.D Ibn Khaldun was in the era when the Western world was experiencing the renaissance. This was also the beginning of the decay of Islamic civilization. There were crusades and invasions from East. Besides, disputes of Caliphs were common. Among all this background, Ibn Khaldun represents the climax of history of Islamic economic thought. Ibn Khaldun wrote his voluminous book on history of the world, titled; Kitab al Ibr wa-diwan al-mubtada wa-l-khabar fi ayyam-il 'arab wa al ajam wa al barbar wa man 'asarahum min dhawis sultan al-akbar. This book was translated in French in 15th C, and later in German and English. The Western world although recognizes Khaldun as the father of Sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a great economist who laid its very foundations. It was Khaldun who for the first time wrote about the logic of history. Marxists greatly admire him. Ibn Khaldun was a descendant of a well to do Andulusian (Spanish) family. His family left Spain before its fall to Christians. He was born in Tunisia, where he was well brought up and given the best education, both religious and modern. He completed his education at the age of 19. By the age of 20, he was working as a civil servant. Later he went to Morocco. Khaldun showed a great interest in politics, and also became a minister thrice. He was sometimes imprisoned or detained for his views, and even threatened to be executed. During his notable stay in the desert he wrote comprehensively on history of nations, religions, fiqh, origin of sciences etc. Later, during his stay in Egypt he was appointed Qadi (Judge), by the Sultan of Egypt. Here too his engagement in politics cost him the enmity of the Sultan.

12. Ibn Khaldoun (Abd Al Rahman Ibn Khaldun) Translate this page IBN khaldun ibn Khaldun (Abd Al Rahman IbnKhaldun) Tunisi, 1332- Il Cairo, 1460 http://www.arab.it/arte/ibn_khaldun.htm

IBN KHALDUN Ibn Khaldun (Abd Al Rahman Ibn Khaldun) Tunisi, 1332- Il Cairo, 1460 Home Arte e Cultura Immigrazione Islam ... E - Mail Molti storici e filosofi che hanno letto e studiato le sue opere non hanno risparmiato gli elogi: " ". " ". " ". ( A. Toynbee, A study of history) La vita Il pensiero Home Arte e Cultura Immigrazione Islam ... A R C O

13. IBN KHALDUN IBN KHALDUN. IBN HISHAM 123132. (GWT). IBN KHALDUN. bu Zaid ibn Mahommed ibnMabommed ibn Khaldun (133 2—1406), Arabic historian, was born at Tunis. http://86.1911encyclopedia.org/I/IB/IBN_KHALDUN.htm

document.write(""); IBN KHALDUN IBN HISHAM princes. (G. W. T.) IBN ISHAQ (d. 768), Arabic historian, lived in Medina, where he interested himself to such an extent in the details of the Prophet’s life that he was attacked by those to whom his work seemed to have a rationalistic tendency. He consequently left Medina in 733, and went to Alexandria, then to Kufa and Hira, and finally to Bagdad, where the caliph Man~ur provided him with the means of writing his great work. This was the Life of the Apostle of God, which is now lost and is known to us only in the recension of Ibn Hishãm (q.v.). The work has been attacked by Arabian writers (as in the Fihrist) as untrustworthy, and it seems clear that he intrq~li~ed forged verses (cf. Journal of the German Oriental Society, xiv. 288 sqq.). It remains, however, one of the most important works of the age. (G. W. T.) IBN JUBAIR bü-l Ijusain Mahommed ibn Al:imad ibn Jubair] (1145—1217), Arabian geographer, was born in Valencia. At Granada he studied the Koran, tradition, law and literature, and later became secretary to the Mohad governor of that city. During this time he composed many poems. In 1183 he left the court and travelled to Alexandria, Jerusalem, Medina, Mecca, Damascus, Mosul and Bagdad, returning in 1185 by way of Sicily. The Travels of Ibn Jubair were edited by W. Wright (Leiden, 1852); and a new edition of this text, revised by M. J. de Goeje, was published by the Gibb Trustees (London, I907). The part relating to Sicily was published, with French translation and notes, by M. Amari in the Journal asiatique (1845—1846) and a French translation alone of the same part by G. Croula in Museon, vi.

14. Ibn Khaldun - Wikipedia Translate this page Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun, mit vollem Namen Wali ad-Din 'Abd al-Rahman Ibn MuhammadIbn Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan, am 1. Ramadân 732 (27. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun

Hauptseite Letzte Änderungen Seite bearbeiten Versionen Spezialseiten Meine Benutzereinstellungen Meine Beobachtungsliste Zeige Letzte Änderungen Dateien hochladen Zeige hochgeladene Dateien Zeige registrierte Benutzer Zeige Seitenstatistik Zufälliger Artikel Zeige verwaiste Artikel Zeige verwaiste Dateien Zeige beliebte Artikel Zeige gewünschte Artikel Zeige kurze Artikel Zeige lange Artikel Zeige neue Artikel Zeige alle Artikel (alphabetisch) Zeige blockierte IP-Addressen Wartungsseite Externe Buchhandlungen Druckversion Diskussion Anmelden Hilfe Ibn Khaldun aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Ibn Khaldun , mit vollem Namen Wali ad-Din 'Abd al-Rahman Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan, am 1. Ramadân 732 ( 27. Mai ) in Tunis geboren und am 26. Ramadân 808 ( 16. März ) in Kairo gestorben, islamischer Historiker und Politiker Biographie Ibn Khalduns Leben ist für damalige Verhältnisse außerordentlich gut dokumentiert, da er uns eine Autobiographie , hrsg. von Muhammad ibn Tâwît al-Tanjî, Kairo 1951) hinterlassen hat, in der er zahlreiche Dokumente, die sein Leben betreffen, wörtlich zitiert. Allerdings hält er sich dort mit Aussagen, die sein Privatleben betreffen, sehr zurück, so dass man kaum etwas über seine familiären Verhältnisse weiß. Nordafrika wurde in der Epoche Ibn Khalduns nach dem Fall der Almohaden (1147-1269) von drei Dynastien beherrscht, die sich in ständigen Kämpfen untereinander aufrieben. In

15. Philosophers Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun. Muslim Philosopher. 13321395. Abd alRahman Ibn Mohammadis generally known as Ibn Khaldun after a remote ancestor. http://users.rcn.com/cmarvin/philo/phils/muslim/khaldun.html

16. Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah. Society, State, and Urbanism Ibn Khaldun's SociologicalThought. Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun. (Arabic Thought and Culture). http://www.artistactoractress.com/philosophers/khaldun_ibn.html

Ibn Khaldun The Muqaddimah Society, State, and Urbanism : Ibn Khaldun's Sociological Thought Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun. (Arabic Thought and Culture) Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His Public Function Ibn Khaldun. An Arab Philosophy of History : Selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis Ibn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology) L'Historiographie Merinide : Ibn Khaldun Et Ses Contemporains Philosophers ArtistActorActress.com

17. Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun 13321406, Arab historian, b. Tunis. He held various IbnKhaldun. 1332-1406, Arab historian, b. Tunis. He held various http://www.slider.com/enc/26000/Ibn_Khaldun.htm

eComm Store - eCommerce Solution Home Encyclopeadia H Hyd - Hyw ... Rope Ladders Trellian WebPage Slider Search: The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Index Help Encyclopaedia Ibn Khaldun 1332-1406, Arab historian, b. Tunis. He held various offices under the rulers of Tunis and Morocco and served (1363) as ambassador of the Moorish king of Granada to Peter the Cruel of Castile. In 1382 he sailed to Cairo, where he spent most of the rest of his life as a teacher and lecturer. Many times grand Maliki cadi (judge) of Cairo, he made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1387. In 1400 he accompanied the Egyptians in their campaign against Tamerlane, and he was sent to arrange for the capitulation of Damascus to Tamerlane. Ibn Khaldun is generally considered the greatest of the Arab historical thinkers. In his great work, the Kitab al-Ibar [universal history], he attempts to treat history as a science and outlines a philosophy of history, setting forth principles of sociology and political economy. He wrote an autobiography, completed in 1394, but expanded a few months before he died. See studies by Muhsin Mahdi (1957), W. J. Fischel (1967), and Yves Lacoste (1984).

18. Ibn-Khaldun - Vikipedio IbnKhaldun. El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio. Plena nomo 'Abd arRahman IbnHaldun. Araba historiisto (Tunizo 1332-Kairo 1406). Li studadis en Tunizo. http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Khaldun

Vikipedio Ĉefpaĝo Enkonduko Helpo ... Ensalutu La Libera Enciklopedio Presebla versio Ibn-Khaldun El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio. Plena nomo: 'Abd arRaĥman Ibn Ĥaldun. Araba historiisto (Tunizo -Kairo ). Li studadis en Tunizo . Kiam li 30-jariĝis, li fariĝis ministro de la sultanoj de Feso kaj Tunizo. Ekde , en rolo de kadio de Kairo , li estis kuntrenata en la dinastajn konkuradojn de la islama Nordafriko. Pri tiuj landoj li verkis sian kolosan historion Kitāb al'ibar (Libro de la historiaj ekzemploj). La gvidfadeno de la historio estas la estiĝo de urba el kamparana civilizo. Redaktu la paĝon Diskutu la paĝon Malnovaj versioj Ligiloj ĉi tien ... Pri Vikipedio Trovu: Montrita 41-foje. Laste redaktita je 22:49, 13. Jan 2003. La enhavo de Vikipedio disponeblas laŭ permesilo GNU Free Documentation License Trovu Foliumado Ĉefpaĝo Lastaj ŝanĝoj Hazarda paĝo Novaj paĝoj ... Aktualaĵoj Redaktado Redaktu la paĝon Helpo pri redaktado Paĝagado Diskutu la paĝon Presebla versio Paĝinformoj Malnovaj versioj Ligiloj ĉi tien Rilataj paĝoj Personaĵoj Ensalutu

19. Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun. 73284/1332-82. Ibn Khaldun has been considered “an authentic genius”,“un penseur genial et aberrant” and a nonconformist thinker. http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/k/Ibn-Khaldun.htm

Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun has been considered “an authentic genius”, “ un penseur genial et aberrant” and a nonconformist thinker. Ibn Khaldun Wali al-Din ` Abd al- Rahman b. Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr Muhammad b. Al- Hasan , was born in Tunis on 1 Ramadan 732 in an Arab family which had been active in official roles, but his father avoided politics and was a man of letters. His father thus ensured that ` Abd al- Rahman received a thorough classical education, based on a study of the Qur’an hadith , Arabic language and jurisprudence. He was exposed to many theologians and scholars, and studied philosophy. When he was seventeen years old, his parents died of the Black Death, and he left Tunis to live in Fez Thereafter, Ibn Khaldun continued his studies in Fez . In his autobiography he wrote “I devoted myself to reflection and to study, and to sitting at the feet of the great teachers, those of the Maghrib as well as those of Spain who were residing temporarily in Fez, and I benefited greatly from their teaching” [ Ta`rif , 59]. He held various posts in the court and was officially part of the sultan’s literary circle, spent two years in prison after he participated in a plot to liberate the former

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