21. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica. peirce, charles sanders. Encyclopædia Britannica Article http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=60445

22. Peirce's Logic Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia.Category Science Math History People peirce, charles sanders...... Nathan Houser, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis).Related Entries. peirce, charles sanders Copyright © 1995, 2002 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-logic/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z content revised OCT Peirce's Logic Charles Peirce's contributions to logical theory are numerous and profound. His work on relations building on ideas of De Morgan influenced Schroder, and through Schroder, Peano, Russell, Lowenheim and much of contemporary logical theory. Although Frege anticipated much of Peirce's work on relations and quantification theory, and to some extent developed it to a greater extent, Frege's work remained out of the mainstream until the twentieth century. Thus it is plausible that Peirce's influence on the development of logic has been of the same order as Frege's. Further discussion of Peirce's influence can be found in Dipert (1995). In contrast to Frege's highly systematic and thoroughly developed work in logic, Peirce's work remains fragmentary and extensive, rich with profound ideas but most of them left in a rough and incomplete form. Three of the Peirce's contributions to logic that are not as well-known as others are described below: Three-Valued Logic Calculus of Relations Existential Graphs Bibliography ... Related Entries Three-Valued Logic In three unnumbered pages from his unpublished notes written before 1910, Peirce developed what amounts to a semantics for three-valued logic. This is at least ten years before Emil Post's dissertation, which is usually cited as the origin of three-valued logic. A good source of information about these three pages is Fisch and Turquette (1966), which also includes reproductions of the three pages from Peirce's notes.

23. Dr. Uwe Wirth Biographie Und Bibliographie, Veranstaltungen, Veröffentlichungen In den letzten 50 Jahren konnte ein steigendes Interesse am Thema abduktive Inferenz festgestellt werden, die charles sanders peirce als ersten Schritt des Denkens und Interpretierens bezeichnete. Ein Artikel von U. Wirth. http://www.rz.uni-frankfurt.de/~wirth/uwebio.htm

Dr. Uwe Wirth Koordinator des Graduiertenprogramms Buch- und Medienpraxis 60629 Frankfurt Tel. (Privat): 069-557015 Mail: U.Wirth@lingua.uni-frankfurt.de Lebenslauf 1992-1993 DAAD-Jahresstipendium an der University of California, Berkeley. Forschungsarbeit am "Departement of Philosophy", dem "Department of German Language" und dem "Departement of Comparative Literature" über das Problem der Interpretation aus literaturtheoretischer und sprachphilosophischer Sicht. 1993-1995 Stipendiat der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. seit 1996 Koordinator des Graduiertenprogramms Buch- und Medienpraxis und wissenschaftlicher Miitarbeiter am "Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur" der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität. Seit 1999 Habilitation über das Thema "Autorschaft als Herausgeberschaft in der Literatur der Goethezeit". Homepage Abduktion Forschungsschwerpunkte Literatur der Goethezeit Literatur nach 1945 Herausgeberfiktion Performanztheorie Komiktheorie Semiotik

24. Peirce_Charles Biography from the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.Category Science Math History People peirce, charles sanders......charles sanders peirce. Born 10 Sept 1839 in Cambridge, Massachusetts,USA Died 19 April 1914 in Milford, Pennsylvania, USA. Click http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Peirce_Charles.html

Charles Sanders Peirce Born: 10 Sept 1839 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Died: 19 April 1914 in Milford, Pennsylvania, USA Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Charles S Peirce was the son of Benjamin Peirce and studied at Harvard and worked for many years on the Coast and Geodetic Survey. He worked on geodesy but became interested in conformal map projections where he invented a quincuncial map projection using elliptic functions He was also interested in the Four Colour Problem and problems of knots and linkages studied by Kempe . He then extended his father's work on associative algebras and worked on mathematical logic and set theory. Except for courses on logic he gave at Johns Hopkins University, between 1879 and 1884, he never held an academic post. T S Fiske , writing about the New York Mathematical Society (before it became the American Mathematical Society) in [23], describes Charles Peirce:- Conspicuous among those who in the early nineties attended the monthly meetings ... was the famous logician, Charles S Peirce. His dramatic manner, his reckless disregard of accuracy in what he termed 'unimportant details', his clever newspaper articles describing the meetings of our young Society interested and amused us all. ... He was always hard up, living partly on what he could borrow from friends, and partly on what he got from odd jobs such as writing book reviews ... He was equally brilliant, whether under the influence of liquor or otherwise, and his company was prized by the various organisations to which he belonged; and he was never dropped from any of them even though he was unable to pay his dues. He infuriated Charlotte Angas

25. Semiotics Short description of semiotics. Includes information about the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure and charles sanders peirce. http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/aesthetics/bldef_semiotics.htm

zfp=-1 About Agnosticism/Atheism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Agnosticism/Atheism with Austin Cline Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Skepticism, Philosophy, Logic, Fallacies Church / State Separation Evolution vs. Creationism ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement semiotics Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms aesthetics C.S. Peirce Ferdinand de Saussure Definition: Semiotics is the study of signs and signifying practices, is largely the creation of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and the American pragmatist Charles Sanders Peirce. Independently, they worked to better understand how certain structures were able to produce meaning rather than work on the traditional matter of meaning itself. Saussure's work on semiotics is better known, and he argued that there was no inherent or necessary relationship between that which carries the meaning (the signifier, usually a word or symbol) and the actual meaning which is carried (the signified). For example, the word "car" is not actually a car - the meaning of car could be carried by any random string of letters. It just so happens that, in English, that meaning is carried by the letter c-a-r. Peirce's ideas about semiotics distinguished between three types of signs: icon, index and symbol. Whether a sign belongs in one category or another is dependent upon the

26. Charles Sanders Peirce -- Philosophy Books And Online Resources charles sanders peirce at Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base. charlessanders peirce 1839 1914. Texts charles sanders peirce. http://www.erraticimpact.com/~american/html/peirce.htm

American Index New Book Search Classic American Contemporary ... John Muir Charles S. Peirce Josiah Royce George Santayana Henry David Thoreau Alfred N. Whitehead ... Chance, Love, and Logic: Philosophical Essays by Charles S. Peirce Charles S. Peirce's Evolutionary Philosophy by Carl R. Hausman Charles S. Peirce : The Essential Writings by Charles S. Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce Texts: Charles Sanders Peirce Used Books: Charles S. Peirce Know of a Resource? Peirce Edition Project Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) is unique in American intellectual history and is of seminal importance for modern thought. He was a tireless and brilliant thinker whose extensive writings have received international attention for over a century. Remarkably, however, much of what Peirce wrote remains in manuscript form, unpublished and in significant disarray. There has never been a comprehensive edition of Peirce's writings organized chronologically and edited according to current scholarly practices. The Peirce Edition Project was established in 1976 and has been part of IUPUI's School of Liberal Arts since 1983. Its mission is to organize and date the manuscripts and to produce an approved scholarly edition of Peirce's writings. This work is assisted by an internationally recognized team of advisors and contributors. Five volumes (of a projected thirty) have been published by Indiana University Press and plans are underway for a parallel electronic edition.

27. The Institute For Studies In Pragmaticism Center for research on the life and works of charles sanders peirce. http://www.pragmaticism.net/

INSTITUTE FOR STUDIES IN PRAGMATICISM Site Navigation Bar Home Frequently Asked Questions Academic Programs Contents of Peirce Society TRANSACTIONS Institute Staff Institute Major Collections Recent Institute Publicity Peirce's Century Dictionary Definitions Peirce Links Contact Us Texas Tech University Libraries Texas Tech University Charles Sanders Peirce, 1839-1914 The Institute is the first and oldest organized center for research on the life and works of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), the American Physicist, Mathematician, Logician, and Engineer, one of the greatest interdisciplinary scientists in history. It was founded during the 1971-72 academic year at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas by Charles S. Hardwick and Kenneth L. Ketner. Its mission is to facilitate study of the life and works of Peirce and his continuing influence. prag-mat-i-cism the philosophic doctrine of C. S. Peirce prag-mat-i-cist an advocate of pragmaticism Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language 1993 unabridged edition, page 1781

28. Charles Sanders Peirce Translate this page charles sanders peirce Seite aus einem deutschsprachigen Online-Philosophenlexikon.philosophenlexikon.de, charles sanders peirce (1839 - 1914). http://www.philosophenlexikon.de/peirce.htm

Begriffe Abaelard - Ayer Baader - Byron Cabanis - Czezowski Ebbinghaus - Ewald ... Geschichte der Philosophie Diskussion PhilTalk Philosophieforen Andere Lexika PhilLex -Lexikon der Philosophie Lexikon der griechischen Mythologie PhiloThek Bibliothek der Klassiker Zeitschriftenlesesaal Nachschlagewerke Allgemeine Information ... Dokumentenlieferdienste Spiele Philosophisches Galgenraten PhilSearch.de Shops PhiloShop PhiloShirt Service Kontakt Impressum eMail Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 - 1914) Der nordamerikanische Philosoph Logiker algebraischen Logik Peirce nennt seinen eigenen Pragmatismus Pragmatizismus Begriffen als Handlungsregeln. Nach der pragmatischen Maxime sind Begriffe von ihrer in bezug auf unsere praktischen Ziele zu beurteilen Wahrheit oder Falschheit einen Unterschied in bezug auf unsere Wahrnehmungs- induktiven Logik Nach Peirce ist in der zweiwertigen Logik die Peirce-Funktion bezeichnet. (((A B) A) A), das in der intuitionistischen und parakonsistenten Logik eine Rolle spielt. In den Reasoning and the Logic of Things existentiellen Graphen (existential graphs).

29. Philosophie-Seiten: Charles Sanders Peirce Translate this page Søren Kierkegaard Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz John Locke Fritz Mauthner John StuartMill Thomas Morus Friedrich Nietzsche charles sanders peirce Platon Willard http://www.philo.de/Philosophie-Seiten/personen/peirce.shtml

Charles [Santiago] Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) The Electronic Peirce Project (engl. Philosophen und Philosophinnen Hannah Arendt Aristoteles Augustinus Francis Bacon ... Mary Wollstonecraft

30. Nupedia Charles S. Peirce charles sanders peirce P was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the sonof Sarah and Benjamin peirce. charles sanders peirce A Life. http://www.nupedia.com/article/short/Charles S. Peirce/

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31. [Philogic-l] Peirce, Charles Sanders Philogicl peirce, charles sanders. Suggestions are welcome! Jaime peirce,charles sanders by Jaime Nubiola Sept. 10, 1839 - April 19, 1914. http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/philogic-l/2000-October/000170.html

[Philogic-l] Peirce, Charles Sanders Wesley Cooper wes.cooper@ualberta.ca Wed, 4 Oct 2000 19:22:34 -0600 (MDT) Next message: [Philogic-l] Peirce, Charles Sanders Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Date: Thu, 07 Sep 2000 16:20:19 -0400 jnubiola@unav.es Reply-To: philogic-l@nupedia.com To: philogic-l@nupedia.com Cc: jnubiola@unav.es Subject: [Philogic-l] Peirce, Charles Sanders I copy below the short article I've prepared about "Peirce, Charles Sanders". Suggestions are welcome! Jaime Peirce, Charles Sanders by Jaime Nubiola Sept. 10, 1839 - April 19, 1914. American scientist, logician and philosopher, considered to be the founder of pragmatism and the father of modern semiotics. In the past decades, his conceptions have been subject to renewed appreciation. At present he appears as a forerunner in many different areas, especially the methodology of research and the philosophy of science. Charles Sanders Peirce [pronounced "purse"], son of Sarah and Benjamin Peirce, professor of astronomy and mathematics at Harvard, was born on

32. Peirce, Charles Sanders peirce, charles sanders. charles sanders peirce, pronounced purse (18391914), the founder of pragmatism and a pioneering theorist http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/charles_sanders_

Peirce, Charles Sanders Charles Sanders Peirce, pronounced "purse" (1839-1914), the founder of pragmatism and a pioneering theorist of Semiotics , was one of America's most important and most original philosophers. His scope and range are perhaps wider than that of any philosopher since Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He made fundamental contributions to probability theory, symbolic logic, the philosophy of science, mathematics, and semiotics, while publishing numerous papers on astronomy, physics, chemistry, and scientific method. Peirce generally described himself as an experimentalist and a "logician," a term that expanded in scope from his earliest papers to encompass virtually the whole enterprise of organized thought and inquiry. Despite being frequently recommended for university appointments, Peirce served only as a part-time lecturer in logic at Johns Hopkins University from 1879 to 1884 and for three years as a special lecturer in the philosophy of science at Harvard. Although he was a prolific writer, only two books appeared during his lifetime: Photometric Researches (1878), which established him as one of the leading astrophysicists of his day, and

33. Peirce, Charles Sanders. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 2001. peirce, charles sanders. (pûrs) (KEY) , 1839–1914, American philosopherand polymath, b. Cambridge, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1859; son of Benjamin peirce. http://www.bartleby.com/65/pe/Peirce-C.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Peirce, Charles Sanders

34. 43974. Peirce, Charles Sanders. The Columbia World Of Quotations. 1996 ATTRIBUTION charles sanders peirce (1839–1914), US philosopher, logician. Originallypublished in Popular Science Monthly (1878). Collected Papers, vol. http://www.bartleby.com/66/74/43974.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Quotations The Columbia World of Quotations PREVIOUS ... AUTHOR INDEX The Columbia World of Quotations. NUMBER: QUOTATION: Still, it will sometimes strike a scientific man that the philosophers have been less intent on finding out what the facts are, than on inquiring what belief is most in harmony with their system.

35. Peirce, Charles Sanders peirce, charles sanders, pûrs Pronunciation Key. peirce, charles sanders ,1839–1914, American philosopher and polymath, b. Cambridge, Mass., grad. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0838060.html

Trace your family history with Ancestry.com All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Peirce, Charles Sanders Pronunciation Key Peirce, Charles Sanders , American philosopher and polymath, b. Cambridge, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1859; son of Benjamin Peirce . Except for occasional lectures he renounced the regimen of academic life and was in government service with the Geodetic Survey for many years. Regarding logic as the beginning of all philosophical study, Peirce felt that the meaning of an idea was to be found in an examination of the consequences to which the idea would lead. This principle was published in 1878 in Popular Science Monthly, using the term pragmatism , which was later employed, with acknowledgment, by his friend William James A major thinker in a number of fields, Peirce is also recognized as the originator of the modern form of semiotics and the first American experimental psychologist. His influence is clearly seen in the works of Josiah

36. ARISBE: THE PEIRCE GATEWAY: Home Page Of The International Peirce Telecommunity Home of the International peirce Telecommunity (papers online).Category Science Math History People peirce, charles sanders......Website for the work and life of charles sanders peirce,American philosopher, scientist and humanist. http://members.door.net/arisbe/

Papers by C S Peirce Peirce-Related Papers On-Line ... Forum A philosophical website, providing coordinated access to the resources on the internet relevant to the life, work, and continuing interest in the American philosopher, scientist, and humanist Peirce Edition Project at IUPUI  Institute for ... Transactions  Virtuality, Communication, and Community Thought is what it is only by virtue of its addressing a future thought which is in its value as thought identical with it, though more developed.  In this way, the existence of thought now depends on what is to be hereafter; so that it has only a potential existence, dependent on the future thought of the community. No present actual thought (which is [in itself] a mere feeling) has any meaning, any intellectual value; for this lies not in what is actually thought, but in what this thought may be connected with in representation by subsequent thoughts, so that the meaning of a thought is altogether something virtual. Accordingly, just as we say that a body is in motion, and not that motion is in a body, we ought to say that we are in thought, and not that thoughts are in us.

37. Peirce, Charles Sanders. The Charles S. Peirce Papers & Supplement To The Microf peirce, charles sanders. The charles S. peirce Papers. Cambridge, MAHarvard 32 reels. peirce, charles sanders. Supplement to the http://www.library.utoronto.ca/robarts/microtext/collection/pages/peircepp.html

[Main Index] [Microform Search] [Site Map] [Microtext Section Home] ... [U of T Home] Peirce, Charles Sanders. The Charles S. Peirce Papers . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Library Microreproduction Service, 1963. 32 reels. Peirce, Charles Sanders. Supplement to the Microfilm Edition of the Charles S. Peirce Papers, the Houghton Library, Harvard University . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Library Microreproduction Service, 1970. 2 reels. COVERAGE The collection includes the Peirce papers in the custody of the Harvard Department of Philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce played an unique role in the history of American philosophy. The manuscripts range over the whole of Peirce's intellectual life and include manuscripts on logic, mathematics, metaphysics and pragmatism. Also included are Peirce's scientific manuscripts, his manuscripts on the history of science and on linguistics, his reviews and translations, and various other manuscripts, many of bibliographical interest. In addition to the Peirce material, there are miscellaneous manuscripts and various collections of articles on or by Pierce, correspondence to and from Pierce, and correspondence to and from his second wife, Juliette. ACCESS To find a particular manuscript consult the following catalogues. The supplement to the microfilm edition and the supplementary catalogue are included in reels 31-32. Request an item by giving the call number, the title and the reel number.

38. PEIRCE, Charles Sanders Santiago Translate this page peirce, charles sanders Santiago, * 10.9. Eine deutsche Biographie stammtvon Elisabeth Walther charles sanders peirce Leben und Werk. http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/p/peirce_s_s.shtml

Verlag Traugott Bautz www.bautz.de/bbkl Bestellmöglichkeiten des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Zur Hauptseite des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Abkürzungsverzeichnis des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Bibliographische Angaben für das Zitieren ... NEU: Unser E-News Service Wir informieren Sie regelmäßig über Neuigkeiten und Änderungen per E-Mail. Helfen Sie uns, das BBKL aktuell zu halten! Band VII. (1994) Spalten 139-160 Bibliographie : Zur genauen Bibliographie vgl. Kenneth L. Ketner: A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Published Works of Charles Sanders Peirce with a Bibliography of Secondary Sources. Bowling Green, Ohio 1986; weiters Kloesel 1982; Literaturbericht von Pape 1982. Werke: Gesamtausgabe: Lit.: Bibliographie:

39. Charles Sanders Peirce, A Fixação Da Crença Translate this page pp. 1-15) (versão inglesa). charles sanders peirce. (tradução deAnabela Gradim Alves, Universidade da Beira Interior). I. Poucas http://bocc.ubi.pt/pag/peirce-charles-fixacao-crenca.html

A fixação da crença Popular Science Monthly 12 (November 1877), pp. 1-15) (versão inglesa) Charles Sanders Peirce (tradução de Anabela Gradim Alves, Universidade da Beira Interior) I Poucas pessoas se dão ao trabalho de estudar lógica, porque toda a gente se concebe a si própria como sendo já suficientemente versado na arte de raciocinar. Mas eu constato que essa satisfação se limita à sua própria capacidade de raciocinar, e não se estende à dos outros homens. Entramos na plena posse do nosso poder de retirar inferências como a última das nossas faculdades, pois não é tanto um dom natural, mas uma longa e difícil arte. A história da sua prática daria um esplêndido assunto para um livro. Os escolásticos medievais, seguindo os romanos, faziam da lógica, depois da gramática, o primeiro dos estudos de um rapaz, e apresentavam-no como sendo muito fácil. Assim era, tal como o entendiam. O seu princípio fundamental, segundo eles, era que todo o conhecimento repousa ou na autoridade ou na razão; mas o que quer que seja deduzido pela razão depende em última análise de uma premissa derivada da autoridade. Deste modo, assim que um rapaz era perfeito no procedimento silogístico, acreditava-se que o seu conjunto de ferramentas intelectuais estava completo. Os primeiros cientistas, Copérnico, Tycho Brahé, Kepler, Galileu e Gilbert, tinham métodos mais semelhantes aos dos seus modernos confrades. Kepler empreendeu desenhar uma curva através da órbita de Marte; e o seu maior serviço à ciência foi imprimir na mente dos homens que isto era o que deveria ser feito se desejavam melhorar a astronomia; e que não deveriam contentar-se com inquirir se um sistema de epiciclos era melhor que outro, mas que deveriam reflectir sobre os números e descobrir o que a curva, na verdade, era. Ele conseguiu isto pela sua incomparável energia e coragem, tropeçando às cegas da forma mais inconcebível (para nós), de uma hipótese irracional para outra, até que, depois de tentar vinte e duas destas tropeçou, por mera exaustão da sua invenção, sobre a órbita que uma mente bem apetrechada com as armas da lógica moderna teria tentado quase à partida.

40. Charles Sanders Peirce, The Fixation Of Belief charles sanders peirce. Few persons care to study logic, because everybody conceiveshimself to be proficient enough in the art of reasoning already. http://bocc.ubi.pt/pag/peirce-charles-fixation-belief.html

The Fixation of Belief Popular Science Monthly 12 (November 1877), pp. 1-15 (tradução em português) Charles Sanders Peirce II The object of reasoning is to find out, from the consideration of what we already know, something else which we do not know. Consequently, reasoning is good if it be such as to give a true conclusion from true premises, and not otherwise. Thus, the question of its validity is purely one of fact and not of thinking. A being the premises and B the conclusion, the question is, whether these facts are really so related that if A is B is. If so, the inference is valid; if not, not. It is not in the least the question whether, when the premisses are accepted by the mind, we feel an impulse to accept the conclusion also. It is true that we do generally reason correctly by nature. But that is an accident; the true conclusion would remain true if we had no impulse to accept it; and the false one would remain false, though we could not resist the tendency to believe in it. A book might be written to signalize all the most important of these guiding principles of reasoning. It would probably be, we must confess, of no service to a person whose thought is directed wholly to practical subjects, and whose activity moves along thoroughly-beaten paths. The problems which present themselves to such a mind are matters of routine which he has learned once for all to handle in learning his business. But let a man venture into an unfamiliar field, or where his results are not continually checked by experience, and all history shows that the most masculine intellect will ofttimes lose his orientation and waste his efforts in directions (W3.246) which bring him no nearer to his goal, or even carry him entirely astray. He is like a ship in the open sea, with no one on board who understands the rules of navigation. And in such a case some general study of the guiding principles of reasoning would be sure to be found useful.

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