1. Mesopotamian Mathematics Discusses the development of numbers, addition tables, exercise problems and solutions for quadratic Category Science Math History......mesopotamian Mathematics. The purpose of this page is to provide asource of information on all aspects of mesopotamian mathematics. http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/

Mesopotamian Mathematics The purpose of this page is to provide a source of information on all aspects of Mesopotamian mathematics. We explain the origins of mathematics in Mesopotamia from the earliest tokens, through the development of Sumerian mathematics to the grand flowering in the Old Babylonian period, and on into the later periods of Mesopotamian history. We include some general surveys to get you oriented in each period, and some more detailed resources for those interested in specific aspects of this fascinating episode in history. Like most other Web pages it is under slow construction as time permits. Some of these resources are of general interest, others are intended mainly for use by students in my History of Mathematics class. Background History A very brief and biased summary of Mesopotamian (political) history. Intended to provide a context for the mathematical history in later pages. Chronology A summary chronology of the main periods of Mesopotamian history and the mathematics associated with them. Overview A short summary of the main phases of growth in Mesopotamian mathematics. The topics mentioned here will all be expanded upon in later pages.

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MESOPOTAMIAN MATHEMATICS BIBLIOGRAPHY OF mesopotamian MATHEMATICS. Return to top. OVERVIEWS OF mesopotamianMATHS, AND THE MAIN TEXT EDITIONS. Bruins, EM, and Rutten, M. (1961). http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/erbiblio.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MESOPOTAMIAN MATHEMATICS This bibliography is by no means exhaustive I've tried to give the most reliable and/or up-to-date references wherever possible, and I may well have missed out a work or two through my own inefficiency. For a more complete bibliography up to the early 1980s, see Friberg's contribution to Dauben 1985 cited below. Thereafter, one can chase relevant works and authors through the regular bibliographies in Historia Mathematica (annotated) and the Assyriological journal Orientalia (unannotated but well cross-referenced). I've assumed knowledge of English, French and German only which means omitting works in Russian and Italian in particular. histories of maths which include a section on ancient Mesopotamia overviews of Mesopotamian maths, and the main text editions pre-OB maths and numeration OB (Old Babylonian = early second millennium) maths ... general history and culture of ancient Mesopotamia. If you would like further information or advice on anything in particular , do e-mail me. I'll try my very best to help but I'm afraid I can't always respond immediately, particularly in term-time.

3. ORIENTAL INSTITUTE VIRTUAL MUSEUM MESOPOTAMIAN IMAGE MENU Photographer Sam Ruff and his images of mesopotamian archaeology and culture, 1954 1956, with RealAudio captions! http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/QTVR96/QTVR96_Image_ME_Menu.html

VIRTUAL MUSEUM - WHAT'S NEW!!! PLEASE NOTE: To view the Oriental Institute Virtual Museum's panoramic movies Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows users must have the FREE APPLE QUICKTIME VR PLAYER SOFTWARE installed on their computers. VISIT AN AREA OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN GALLERY CLICK ON THE IMAGE TO ACCESS THE AREA'S INFORMATION Mesopotamian Gallery: The Land and its History Mesopotamian Gallery: Building Of A Temple Mesopotamian Gallery: Temples, Palaces, and Cities Mesopotamian Gallery: Gifts to the Gods Mesopotamian Gallery: Writing Mesopotamian Gallery: Stamp And Cylinder Seals Mesopotamian Gallery: Evil And Protection Mesopotamian Gallery: Crafts Mesopotamian Gallery: Travel, Economy, And Warfare Mesopotamian Gallery: Daily Life Mesopotamian Gallery: Central Aisle (1) Mesopotamian Gallery: Central Aisle (2) Mesopotamian Gallery: Jewelry And Food - Central Aisle (3) - Send comments or questions regarding the Oriental Institute Virtual Museum to - John C. Sanders, Head Oriental Institute Computer Laboratory University of Chicago jc-sanders@uchicago.edu

4. History Of Mesopotamian Medicine History of mesopotamian Medicine. of New Hampshire (US); Spiritual Systems ofMesopotamia LE Huddleston; Insects and mesopotamian Literature C Betoret; http://www.mic.ki.se/Mesop.html

search help staff History of Mesopotamian Medicine Historical texts from ancient Mesopotamia [ed. P Halsall ] - Internet Ancient History Sourcebook, a Map , and a Mesopotamian Timeline R Hooker Mesopotamia Algaze et al. , 1998] - SAR (US) Mesopotamia Information J Heise ] - (NL) Comments on the Origin and Development of Writing in Mesopotamia A Eby About the Cuneiform Writing System J Heise ] - (NL), and an example of a cunieform tablet S Maul Mesopotamia Study Resources CE Jones ] - ABZU, Chicago (US) A Summary of the Story of Epic of Gilgamesh R Hooker ] - World Cultures, and en essay on the Meaning of Life and The Epic of Gilgamesh AA Brown The Epic of Gilgamesh: A Spiritual Biography TS Thackara A collection of Mesopotamia Images links [ MA Andrade ] - Collin County Community College Accessing Women's Lives in Mesopotamia - Women in World History Some brief notes on Medicine in Mesopotamia Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia N Demand ] - Classics Technology Center La Enfermedad y la Farmacopea en Mesopotamia N Sierra ; in Spanish] - (AR) - CultureOfIran.com

5. Ancient Mesopotamia By History Link 101 Resoures of Art, Biographies, Daily Life, Maps, Pictures and Research on Mesopotamia. Judaism and other mesopotamian Religions. Other Daily Life Sites http://www.historylink101.com/ancient_mesopotamia.htm

Ancient Mesopotamia History Link 101's Ancient Mesopotamia page connects you to the best of Art, Biographies, Daily Life, Maps, Pictures, and Research on Ancient Mesopotamia. City of Babylon Code of Hummurabi Judaism and other Mesopotamian Religions Other Daily Life Sites Metropolitan Museum Mesopotamian Art Assyrian Gallery Near East Galleries Ishtar Gate Picture Picture Tour of Jerusalem Sumerian Cities Other Pictures Political Maps Mesopotamia Empire of Sargon Extensive History of Mesopotamian Cultures Code of Hummurabi Dead Sea Scrolls Gilgamesh Story Mythology Archaeology Timelines Abraham, Hummurabi, and Cryus the Great Other Biblical Biographies Mesopotamian Art Lesson - Brief look at Mesopotamian Art with links for further study, bibliography, and follow-up questions. Mesopotamian Cities and Farming - Raw research notes on the development of cities and farms in Ancient Mesopotamian. New - Rome and Italy Picture Gallery Other Picture Galleries Greek Egyptian Other new Areas Ancient Egypt Religion Cultures - Time Periods Prehistory Africa China Egypt ... Home By Subject History of Art Biographies Farming and Cites Games ... Search this site powered by FreeFind Join our Mailing List Sign and View our Guest Book Site Map ... Building better Web sites through better information.

6. Mesopotamian Mathematics Discusses the development of numbers, addition tables, exercise problems and solutions for quadratic equations in one of oldest known civilizations. http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/index.html

Mesopotamian Mathematics The purpose of this page is to provide a source of information on all aspects of Mesopotamian mathematics. We explain the origins of mathematics in Mesopotamia from the earliest tokens, through the development of Sumerian mathematics to the grand flowering in the Old Babylonian period, and on into the later periods of Mesopotamian history. We include some general surveys to get you oriented in each period, and some more detailed resources for those interested in specific aspects of this fascinating episode in history. Like most other Web pages it is under slow construction as time permits. Some of these resources are of general interest, others are intended mainly for use by students in my History of Mathematics class. Background History A very brief and biased summary of Mesopotamian (political) history. Intended to provide a context for the mathematical history in later pages. Chronology A summary chronology of the main periods of Mesopotamian history and the mathematics associated with them. Overview A short summary of the main phases of growth in Mesopotamian mathematics. The topics mentioned here will all be expanded upon in later pages.

7. CyberMuseum: Mesopotamian Links Links relating to ancient Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Sumer by Jay D'ambrosio. http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mlinks.html

Mr. D's Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia Home I CyberMuseum l Contact Us I Terms of Service © Jay D'Ambrosio 1998

8. Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia Read primary source texts from ancient Sumeria, Babylonia, Akkadia, Assyria, and other mesopotamian civilizations and empires. Modern Perspectives on Mesopotamia. Common Issues mesopotamian/Egyptian/Hebrew/Greek History http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook03.html

Halsall Home Medieval Sourcebook Modern History Sourcebook Other History Sourcebooks: African East Asian Indian Islamic ... Human Origins Mesopotamia Egypt Persia Israel Greece ... Christian Origins See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections. Contents Ancient Near East Sumeria (c. 3100-c. 2000 BCE) The Epic of Gilgamesh Sumerian Language Art Connections with India Akkadia (c.2350-2200 BCE) Babylonia (c.2000-1600 BCE) Code of Hammarabi Cities Creation Myths Religion Kassites and Hittites (c.1600-717 BCE) Kassites Hittites Hittite Texts Material Culture Assyria (c.1350- 612 BCE) Chaldea/Neo-Babylonia (612-539 BCE) Syrian Cities: Ebla, Ugarit, Emar Phoenicia 950 BCE on Carthage: The Punic Empire ANE Arts and Architecture ANE Mathematics and Astronomy Gender and Sexuality ... Common Issues: Mesopotamian/Egyptian/Hebrew/Greek History Centuries of Darkness? Ancient Near East MEGA Abzu: Guide to Resources for the Study of the Ancient Near East Available on the Internet [Website-OI] Mesopotamia [Modern Account][At ruu.nl] Emergence of Civilization in Ancient Near East [At UNT][Modern Account] The Near East 3000-1200 BCE [At UNT][Modern Account] The Near East 1250-500 BCE [At UNT][Modern Account] Arden Eby: The Origin and Development of Writing in Mesopotamia : An Economic Interpretation [At Teleport][Modern Illustrated Account] Southern Mesopotamia from Space [At NASA] Back to Index Sumeria (c. 3100-c. 2000 BCE)

9. Mesopotamian Timeline A timeline of ancient mesopotamian history up to and including thePersians. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM

Timeline ©WSU, 1993 BC Earliest evidence of human culture in Mesopotamia BC Hassunah period: earliest pottery making culture BC Halaf period: pottery culture with knowledge of metal BC Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; the Ubaids give the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture BC Warka period: first civilization after the Ubaid in southern Mesopotamia; the Warka period marks the beginning of the Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia BC Gawra and Ninevite periods BC Pre-dynastic Sumerians BC First Sumerian dynasty of Ur BC Sargon I begins the Akkadian rule in Mesopotamia BC Third Sumerian dynasty of Ur BC Old Babylonian period BC Hammurabi, author of the first known Code of Laws BC Staggered periods of Hittite hegemony over Mesopotamia BC Periods of Kassite dominance BC Assyrian period BC Reign of Sennacherib, whose conquest of Judah resulted in the first deportations of the Hebrews BC Reign of Ashurbanipal, the most energetic of the Assyrian conquerors BC Fall of Nineveh BC Neo-Babylonian Period BC Zarathustra, the founder of Persian

10. Gateways To Babylon Ancient and modern texts on mesopotamian mythology, religion, and deities. http://www.GatewaysToBabylon.com/

Gateways To Babylon Ancient and modern texts on Mesopotamia Religion, Mythology, Magic, Gods and Goddesses. A Tribute to Mesopotamia. Sorry, your browser does not support frames. Please get yourself the latest version of your browser. Internet Explorer Opera

11. McClung Museum - Royal Tombs Of UR - Woolley And The Great Flood Online exhibition examining mesopotamian flood traditions from archeological findings and literature. http://mcclungmuseum.utk.edu/specex/ur/ur-flood.htm

TREASURES FROM THE ROYAL TOMBS OF UR WOOLLEY AND THE GREAT FLOOD THE MESOPOTAMIAN TRADITION OF THE FLOOD The story of a devastating flood is a key element in a number of Mesopotamian compositions. In the literary-historical work popularly known as the Sumerian King List, which probably dates in its original form to the early second millennium BC, a flood separates antediluvian dynasties ruling from the cities of Eridu, Babtibira, Sippar, Larak, and Shuruppak, all of whose kings had reigns of fantastic length, from a longer list of dynasties ruling from nine different cities, the first after the flood being Kish. After Kish, kingship was transferred to Uruk and the later kings of the dynasty include Enmerkar, Lugalband, and Gilgamesh, figures well known from Mesopotamian literature. The Sumerian flood story is preserved on a six-columned tablet from Nippur (B 10637), only the lower third of which is preserved. The complete original would probably have had 260 lines. The tablet can be dated by its script to the late 17th century BC. The story inscribed on the tablet deals with the creation of humans and animals, the antediluvian cities and their rulers, and the flood. This clay tablet, now known as the Nippur Tablet, is displayed in the exhibition. NIPPUR TABLET In the episodes preserved, Enki reveals the gods' plan to destroy the human race with a flood to Ziusudra and urges him to heed his advice. The wind and storms come and with them the flood, which lasts for seven days and seven nights before the sun returns. Ziusudra emerges from his boat and offers sacrifices. Enki mollifies the gods, and An and Enlil grant Ziusudra life like a god's.

12. Jewelrymaker.com Original channel inlay by Danny Stewart, master jeweler, 30 years experience. NeoClassic designs inspired by ancient Egyptian and mesopotamian jewelry. Sterling silver, 14-18K gold, precious and semi-precious stones. http://www.jewelrymaker.com/

Please provide feedback about this page Created by Angel Fire Internet Services For site design and hosting info contact Anna Stewart Last Updated on 11/02/02 08:03 PM -0500 , 1999 by Anna Stewart

13. Mesopotamian Civ. mesopotamian Civilization. OIP 111. Nippur, Volume 3 Kassite Buildingsin Area WC1. RL Zettler. SAOC 46. The Organization of Power http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/CATALOG/Mesopotamia.html

what's new announcements public programs comments ... ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS CATALOG Mesopotamian Civilization OIP 111. Nippur, Volume 3: Kassite Buildings in Area WC-1. R. L. Zettler. SAOC 46. The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East. McG. Gibson and R. D. Biggs, eds. SAOC 44. Nippur Neighborhoods. E. C. Stone. Uch Tepe I: Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed Al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat. McG. Gibson, ed. Uch Tepe II: Technical Reports. McG. Gibson, ed. OIP 104. Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus. I. J. Gelb, P. Steinkeller, and R. M. Whiting, Jr. OIC 23. Excavations at Nippur: Twelfth Season. McG. Gibson, et. al. OIP 98. Old Babylonian Public Buildings in the Diyala Region. Part One: Excavations at Ishchali, Part Two: Khafajah Mounds B, C, and D. H. D. Hill, Th. Jacobsen, and P. Delougaz, et. al. OIP 97. Nippur, Volume 2. The North Temple and Sounding E: Excavations of the Joint Expedition to Nippur of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. D. E. McCown, R. C. Haines, and R. D. Biggs, et. al. OIC 22. Excavations at Nippur: Eleventh Season.

14. Islamic Arts And Architecture Organization From mesopotamian coins to Moorish palaces, this educational website offers a fascinating introduction to the Muslim world. http://www.islamicart.com

Islamic Arts and Architecture (IAAO) is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing information on arts and architecture. With a strong commitment to research and service, IAAO strives to offer a Web presentation of the highest quality and to promote the awareness of Islamic arts as a humanistic study, recognizing the inter-relationship between the arts and other academic disciplines ... more :: Publications :: Floral, Geometric, and Desktop Themse We invite you to publish your articles, essays, or papers on the IAAO Web site. Click here for more information. Click here to download floral, geometric patterns and designs, as well as desktop themes for your PC. :: Glossary :: Islam Empire of Faith This Glossary is designed to be a comprehensive and un-authoritative source of definitions for the Islamic and Arabic-related terms and abbreviations: A B C D ... PBS produced one of the best multimedia presentation about Islam arts, faith, and culture. " Islam Empire of Faith " Video/DVD, Book, and Web site present as broad a portrait of Islamic art and culture as possible, in order to show the great diversity as well as the fundamental unity of Islamic civilization in its long and varied history. Last updated: Sunday March 23, 2003

15. Mesopotamia Web mesopotamian Art and Archaeology. Ancient Art Mesopotamia. The selection providesprovides illustrations of various aspects of mesopotamian culture. http://www.providence.edu/dwc/mesopot1.htm

Mesopotamian Art and Archaeology Ancient Art: Mesopotamia Location: http://www.dia.org/galleries/ancient/mesopotamia/mesopotamia.html This site is created by the Detroit Institute of Art and examines various aspects of art in Ancient Mesopotamian society. Six artifacts can be selected to view and to get further information. Information can be gathered on Gudea of Lagash, the Dragon of Marduk, the Tiglath-Pileser III Receiving Homage, an Eagle-Headed Deity, a vase, and a glazed brick representing a birdman. A large version along with detailed information about each artifact is provided. Through this site, the art that was created in Ancient Mesopotamia can be explored and learned about. Andrew Delery Ancient Near Eastern Art: Introduction Location: http://www.emory.edu/CARLOS/n.east.html This site examines the collection of Near Eastern Art housed at the Carlos Museum. The selection provides provides illustrations of various aspects of Mesopotamian culture. These illustrations include examples of cuneiform writing, cylinder seals, engraved seals, stone vessels, and primitive forms of sculpture. The Near Eastern Collection expands to include not only Mesopotamia, but also ancient Iraq, the Levant, Anatolia, and Northwest Africa. The author traces the history of the collection as well as the interest and development of Near Eastern archaeology. The site is lively and vibrant, and easy to understand. It also provides a good amount of useful information concerning Near Eastern culture and daily life. The page is maintained by Emory University.

16. Sumerian Language Page Halloran lexicon of Sumerian, paper analyzing the protolanguage, and other mesopotamian-related sites. http://www.sumerian.org/sumerian.htm

Sumerian Language Page Sumerian Lexicon, version 3.0 The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process Symbolic Counting Tokens from the Early Near East Map of Sumerian Neolithic and Chalcolithic Archaeological Sites ... Ancient Near East Books from Undena Publications This page maintained by: John A. Halloran P.O. Box 75713 Los Angeles, CA 90075 U.S.A. E-MAIL: jah7@pacbell.net Last modified on September 2, 2002. http://www.sumerian.org/sumerian.htm You are Visitor: since August 25th, 1999

17. Dynamic Directory - Society - Religion And Spirituality - Pagan - Mesopotamian Top SocietyReligion and SpiritualityPaganmesopotamian (8) http://www.maximumedge.com/cgi/dir/index.cgi/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/P

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18. Mesopotamian Web2 Ancient mesopotamian History. Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions. Location http//wwwoi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/ARI/ARIIntro.html. PamGray. mesopotamian Bronze Age. http://www.providence.edu/dwc/mesopot3.htm

Ancient Mesopotamian History Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions Location: http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/ARI/ARIIntro.html This site, created by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, is a presentation of the royal scripts form the time of Cyrus the Great to the invasion of Alexander the Great. Along with the texts are "translations, glossaries, grammatical indexes, basic bibliographic apparatus, basic text critical apparatus, and some graphic apparatus" as the introduction explains. Although thorough, the texts are therefore rather lengthy, which may make them too cumbersome for the student trying to extract useful information. Ryan Ainscough Ancient Economies Location: http://members.tripod.com/%7Esondmor/index.html Matt Gorski Ancient Economies II Location: http://www.angelfire.com/ms/ancecon/index.html Ancient Economies II is created through the ideas of Morris Silver, an economist teaching in New York City. This page is a continuation of his first page, Ancient Economies which dealt with a general overview of the economies of the cultures from the Mesopotamians to the Mycenaean Greeks. This page is much more in depth than the first and takes a very philosophical and scholarly look at economies in myths of these ancient times. The page has numerous references to the Bible and other writing of the time and he analyzes the use of money or the structure of an economy in that piece. The site contains no pictures or links and is well organized text throughout. Silver also gives an extensive bibliography at the end of the page to back up his many listed sources. Ancient Economies is definitely a better place to begin research, but this page will do well for anyone looking to extend that research even further.

19. Moorilla Private antiquities collection including African, Egyptian, mesopotamian, PreColumbian and Roman items. Open to the public. http://www.moorilla.com.au/museum.php3

Home Moorilla Wines Moorilla Museum of Antiquities Accommodation ... Contact Us Search Order Help Register View Shopping Cart Moorilla Museum of Antiquities Moorilla is a place to ponder the meaning of life and the history of civilisation through the great cultures of the world. AFRICAN GALLERY Gold, sculpture and beaded artefacts (500 BC – 20th century) showing how the cultural history of Africa, birthplace of the human race , matches anything produced by the West during the past 2,000 years. COIN ROOM Gold, silver and coins ranging from one of the first examples of coinage in the world, a rare piece struck in about 600-550 BC, to a Tyrian shekel that was in circulation at the time of Jesus Christ and of a type that would have formed part of the “thirty pieces of silver” handed to Judas Iscariot for betraying his master. Also includes royal coins of the renowned Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander The Great , plus other famous figures from Greek history. EGYPTIAN GALLERY A sarcophagus (mummy case, circa 600 BC) considered an outstanding example of the high point in Egyptian art featuring extensive text about funerary and afterlife beliefs from the Book of the Dead , plus statues and scarabs MESOPOTAMIAN GALLERY Babylonian terracotta barrel (2,000 BC) and square

20. RELS 011: Religions Of The Ancient Near East: Mesopotamian Gods mesopotamian Gods. Here are some useful links dealing with mesopotamianGods Sumerian Mythology Babylonian and Assyrian Mythology. http://www-relg-studies.scu.edu/netcours/hb/sess3/mesopgod.htm

Mesopotamian Gods The principal Mesopotamian Gods were identified with the forces of nature, such as Anu (sky god), Sin (moon god), Enki (water god), and Enlil (wind god). The goddess Ishtar, goddess of love and war, was portrayed as the lover of the shepherd Dumuzi. Once, Ishtar descended to the underworld to challenge her sister Ereshkigal, the Queen of the Underworld. Ishtar was abused there but released in exchange for another god. While in the underworld, the world's fertility was disrupted. Upon her return, she found that her lover Dumuzi had not been mourning and so she sentenced him to the underworld. His sister procured his release during the year in exchange for her presence in the underworld. While the connections with the cycle of the seasons is obvious, it is also clear that the story of Ishtar and Dumuzi was enacted by monarchs to ensure the fertility of the land. The major God of Babylon, Marduk, forms the central figure of the Babylonian creation epic, the Enuma Elish. Marduk successfully defeated the mother goddess, Tiamat, and proceeded to create the universe out of her. Later Marduk created humans from the blood of her defeated general, Qingu, before creating his temple complex, Esagila, in Babylon. Note that Sumerian mythology from southern Iraq of the 3rd millennium B.C. formed the background for the later Babylonian and Assyrian developments.

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