21. BEFORE THE LEGEND OF NOAH mesopotamian flood stories which predate the Bible. Photos of clay tablets, map, satellite photo. http://home.att.net/~Atrahasis/index.htm

Before the Legend of Noah Flood Stories Predating the Noah Story Reconstruction of an ancient temple compound at Nippur founded by Ur Gur about 2800 BC. Construction and repairs continued until about 660 BC during the reign of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. 19th century photo of the ziggurat at Nippur after removal of sand that covered it. ACCORDING TO AN INSCRIBED CLAY TABLET DISCOVERED IN NIPPUR, IRAQ BY AN AMERICAN EXPEDITION 1883 - 1886; A MAN AND HIS FAMILY SURVIVED A CATASTROPHIC FLOOD BY RECEIVING ADVANCED WARNING FROM GOD, PROBABLY BEFORE 1800 BC. In ancient Mesopotamia writing was in use by about 3000 BC. The writings of ancient scholars were preserved on clay tablets. The ancient scribe formed a rectangular piece of clay and used a pointed stick to form characters in the soft clay. Some of the tablets were sun dried and placed on shelves or in jars. Others were fired in pottery kilns to make sure the valuable records might not be lost. The first writings seem to have been inventory records such as the amounts or types of items stored in clay jars. By 2000 BC there were shipping records describing maritime trade between the Persian Gulf coastal areas of Iraq and Bahrain, Oman, and Indian Ocean coasts of Pakistan, and the west coast of India (Lothal). The ancients sailed in huge reed bundle sailing boats in the Persian Gulf as described by anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl in

22. Detroit Institute Of Arts : Permanent Collection - Ancient Art - Mesopotamia The northern mesopotamian kingdom of Assyria, in existence by 1500 BC, would becomea great empire between the 9th and the 7th centuries BC The kings of this http://www.dia.org/collections/ancient/mesopotamia/mesopotamia.html

Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the fertile river plain where civilization was born and where writing first appeared. Southern Mesopotamia was under the control of a series of kings from 3000 B.C. to the 6th century B.C. In its early history, Mesopotamia was a collection of agricultural city-states. These later gave way to centrally controlled empires which spread through conquest. Gudea of Lagash Dragon of Marduk The northern Mesopotamian kingdom of Assyria, in existence by 1500 B.C., would become a great empire between the 9th and the 7th centuries B.C. The kings of this mountainous region were conquerors who led their armies on an endless succession of foreign campaigns and celebrated their success by building and decorating enormous stone palaces. Royal archives of inscribed clay tablets have left us a vast encyclopedia of Mesopotamian history. Tiglath-Pileser III Receiving Homage Eagle-Headed Deity Vase Glazed Brick Representing a Birdman Select an Ancient Art section from below: Ancient Art Home Page Mesopotamia Persepolis/Ancient Iran Egypt Greece The Etruscans ... Islamic Art

23. BSAI Home Page Founded in 1932, the BSAI is concerned with Iraq, the northern Gulf, and mesopotamian Syria. http://britac3.britac.ac.uk/institutes/iraq/index.html

British School of Archaeology in Iraq Welcome to the BSAI Home Page Please click on the relevant items listed below for more information A Short History of the School Addresses UK Office British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq Details of Officers and Council Members Areas of Academic Interest Supported Details of Grants Available UK Lectures / Conferences ... Membership Publications Journal and Newsletter List of Publications Archaeological sites under threat in Iraq - list maintained by Professor Nicholos Postgate Revisions by Joan Porter McIver , Secretary, BSAI Last updated March 2003

24. Two Odonata Citations In Ancient Mesopotamian Literature, Cultural Entomology Di mesopotamian Literature, The greek word Mesopotamia (land between therivers) names the territory between the Euphrates and Tigris River. http://www.insects.org/ced1/mes_lit.html

by Dr. Carlos Betoret, Bonet Valencia, SPAIN The greek word "Mesopotamia" (land between the rivers) names the territory between the Euphrates and Tigris River. Actually the Republic of Iraq and the eastern part of the Republic of Syria bore the site of the oldest historical civilization of Sumeria. Forming a foundation for the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations, this area was occupied from approximately 3500 to 500 B.C. Mesopotamian civilizations are well known for their wonderful masterpieces of art; many of which can be seen in famous museums like the Louvre, the British Museum, and the Iraq Museum. Perhaps less well known is the extraordinary literary production of these people preserved on thousands of clay tablets discovered in archeological ruins including Uruk, Babylon, and Nineveh. Within this literature, citations of odonates (dragonflies) can be found in the Poem of Gilgamesh and the Poem of Atrahasis. Do we build for ever our houses, and forever do we steal of properties? Perhaps the brothers do divide their part for ever. Perhaps the hate does divide for ever Perhaps does the river always grow and make inundations.

25. Giorgio Buccellati Brief profile of this University of California, Los Angeles, Emeritus Professor. Research interests include the excavation of late prehistoric and early historic sites in Syromesopotamian, Anatolia, and the Caucasus. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/ioa/buccellati.htm

Giorgio Buccellati with co-director of Urkesh excavations, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (California State University, Los Angeles) Giorgio Buccellati Professor, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, Department of History, UCLA Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1965 " Tell Mozan/Urkesh is one of the largest, INTERESTS Stratigraphic theory; application of structural methods of analysis to specific aspects of ancient culture, and in particular to language (Akkadian and Amorite); political institutions; religious experience; literary expression; Syro-Mesopotamia in the third and second millennium BC LINKS Backdirt Article: Beyond Clay and Beyond Paper Article in Le Monde de la Bible Clay head of bearded man (Royal Storehouse, Mozan, ca. 2300 BC). buccella@ucla.edu A311 Fowler, Revised 10/28/02 About the Cotsen Institute Graduate Program Research K-12 ... Search

26. Mesopotamian Timeline mesopotamian Timeline. Pottery reaches it's height in all mesopotamian history.Probably had social but not economic classes. Ubaid 50003750 BCE. http://www.geocities.com/athens/olympus/8126/mesopot.html

Mesopotamian Timeline Hassuna period 5800-5500 Samarra period 5600-5000 Halaf period 5500-4500 Ubaid period 5000-3750 Uruk period 3750-3150 Jemdat Nasr period 3150-2900 Neolithic 7000 BCE. Jarmo site Progressive domestication of animals and edible plants. Villiages. Invention of pottery. First baked bricks. Close to modern Chemchemal, excavated by Professor R. J. Braidwood of the University of Chicago in 1948, 1950-51 and 1955. 7 meter high artificial mount has 16 layers of superimposed havitations. 11 layers absence of pottery and belong to a per- ceramic neolithic culture. Square, multi roomed houses with mud bricks and mud ovens. Bone and flint tools. Hassuna Samara 5600-5000 BCE. Hassuna ware gradually replaced by Samarra ware. Geometric designs in red, dark brown, or purple, arranged in neat, horizontal bands. Or, representations of human beings. Extrordinary sense of movement. Tell es-Sawan, 11 kilometers south of Samara. Used flint and stone tools, but practiced first form of irrigation agriculture using Tigris floods. Halaf 5500-4500 BCE. Large mound on Turkish-Syrian border. Beautifully painted pottery. Settlements stillof biliage type nad size, but cobbled streets and some sort of municipal caretaking. REctagular houses smaller than before while round houses (tholi) become more predominant, sometimes seperated into 2 rooms, sometimes surronded by rectangular rooms. Pottery reaches it's height in all mesopotamian history. Probably had social but not economic classes.

27. Mesintro A description including emergence, excavation, discovery and decipherment, reconstructing history, and a table of mesopotamian chronology. http://www.ianlawton.com/mes1.htm

INTRODUCTION TO ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA st May 2000 Emergence Excavation, Discovery and Decipherment Reconstructing History Table of Mesopotamian Chronology Emergence Lying within the western regions of modern-day Iraq, Mesopotamia - literally 'The Land between the Rivers' - is the name given since ancient times to the great alluvial plain built up by the silt deposits of the Euphrates in the west and the Tigris in the east. It extends from north of Baghdad down to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, and is bordered in the north and east by the vast mountain ranges stretching down from Kurdistan to the Zagros in Iran, in the west by the Syrian desert. The land is rich and fertile, ensuring high yields for farmers especially in ancient times. Indeed it has been identified with the biblical 'Garden of Eden', especially since the Euphrates is one of the rivers quoted in Genesis 2:14 as flowing out of it. However this is to over-simplify the matter. The annual flood levels are entirely dependent on the degree of inundation coming down from the surrounding mountain ranges, and this is highly variable - unlike, for example, the Nile plains in northern Egypt. The resulting alternation between drought and devastating flood made the area at worst highly vulnerable to famine, and at best an unpredictable place to live. Small wonder, say the traditionalists, that the early settlers revered their gods and prayed so much for favourable conditions. This unpredictability was coupled with the inhospitable terrain surrounding the plains, which harboured many well-protected potential enemies and ensured escape was difficult. Furthermore the land was lacking in fundamental resources for building work; stone, timber and metal were in short supply unless brought in from surrounding areas some distance away. It was not therefore the paradise for the earliest civilisations on earth to develop and flourish which some commentators would have us believe.

28. Land Of Sumer And Akkad - Mesopotamian Archaeology History and Environment of the mesopotamian Plain. Selected Links mesopotamian Archaeology.The Land of Sumer and Akkad. mesopotamian Archaeology General. http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~kverhoef/owa.html

History and Environment of the Mesopotamian Plain Selected Links Mesopotamian Archaeology The Land of Sumer and Akkad Mesopotamian Archaeology General Mesopotamian Archaeological Sites Mesopotamian Languages Search Engines Near East ... Link to (Mesopotamian) Links Mesopotamian Archaeology General Links Oriental Institute Assyria On-Line Ex Oriente Lux (in Dutch) Netherlands Institute of the Near East - University Leiden - Netherlands ... Mesopotamia in the Era of State Formation Archaeological Sites Tell Ed-Der Iraq Tell Beydar North Syria Tell Beydar North Syria General Overview Haradum ... Tell es-Sweyhat Syria Search Engines Near East ABZU - Oriental Institute ARGOS Ancient and Medieval Internet Search - University Evansville Assyria On-Line Mediterranean Archaeology - University Michigan ... ARGOS Limited Area Search of the Ancient World Journals on Middle and Near Eastern Archaeology Journal Guide by S. Blaschke - excellent index Zeit. für Assyriologie Am. Journal of Archaeology Arabian archaeology and epigraphy ... Journal of Cuneiform Studies Journals on Archaeology Archaeology Journal Guide Journal of Archaeological Science World Archaeology American Antiquity ... Journal of World System Research Book Sellers on Archaeology OXBOW-BOOKS EISENBRAUNS OXFORD UP CAMBRIDGE UP ... ABZU Publisher and Book Dealer Index Mesopotamian Languages Arabic Links The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project Links relevant to the Akkadian language Gilgamesh ... LibInfo Univ. Chicago Ancient Near Eastern Languages

29. Hixenbaugh Ancient Art Authentic, museum quality ancient art and artifacts, including Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and mesopotamian pieces. http://www.hixenbaugh.net

HIXENBAVGH ANCIENT ART New York Greek art and artifacts Contact Roman art and artifacts Egyptian art and artifacts ... Etruscan art and artifacts Updated March 3, 2003 PreColumbian art and artifacts All Pieces Guaranteed Authentic in Perpetuity Celtic art and artifacts Integritas ~ Aestimatio ~ Peritia Egyptian Greek Mesopotamian Etruscan ... Chronologies

30. Land Of Sumer And Akkad - Mesopotamian Archaeology http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~kverhoef/

31. Lesson: Mesopotamia (Women In World History Curriculum) Discussion, analysis of mesopotamian cuneiform tablets and artifacts to define women's lives in ancient Mesopotamia from Women in World History curriculum. http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/lesson2.html

Classroom Lesson Series Ancient Tablets, Ancient Graves: Accessing Women's Lives in Mesopotamia This lesson is in response to a communication from a Napa, California teacher who says that her textbook is "woefully remiss in including roles, contributions and lives of women" in Mesopotamia. Can this statement be made about your textbook too? In general, women's rights in Mesopotamia were not equal to those of men. But in early periods women were free to go out to the marketplaces, buy and sell, attend to legal matters for their absent men, own their own property, borrow and lend, and engage in business for themselves. High status women, such as priestesses and members of royal families, might learn to read and write and be given considerable administrative authority. Numerous powerful goddesses were worshiped; in some city states they were the primary deities. Women's position varied between city-states and changed over time. There was an enormous gap between the rights of high and low status women (almost half the population in the late Babylonian period were slaves), and female power and freedom sharply diminished during the Assyrian era. The first evidence of laws requiring the public veiling of elite women come from this period. Read the following excerpts gleaned from Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets and artifacts. Then find the sentence, phrase or idea that shows:

32. Mesopotamia mesopotamian MATERIALS. European Centre for Upper mesopotamian Studies CentreEuropéen de Recherches sur la Haute Mésopotamie (ECUMS) WWW Home Page. http://www.theology.edu/mespotam.htm

MESOPOTAMIAN MATERIALS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES INSTITUTIONS MUSEUMS AND COLLECTIONS LANGUAGE - PHILOLOGY - TEXTS - TRANSLATIONS ... RESOURCES LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Adab Banks, Edgar James: Bismya or The Lost City of Adab. (Scanned from the University of Chicago Regenstein Library copy of the New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912 edition of the book, ex libris Robert Francis Harper, with marginalia in an unidentified hand). Tell Afis Venturi, Fabrizio: Mission archŽologique de Tell Afis (Syrie), campagne 1996 . (Orient-Express: 1997/1 - mars) Arslantepe-Malatya Frangipane, Marcella: Scavi ad Arslantepe-Malatya, 1996. (Orient-Express: 1997/1 - mars) The Tall-E Bakun Project Reports Bakhtiari Mountains (Iran) Bakhtiari Archaeological Finds Balikh Valley (Syria) The Archaeological Landscape of the Balikh Valley: 1994-95 Annual Report A Balikh Prospect: (This article originally appeared in The Oriental Institute News and Notes, No. 147, Fall 1995, and is made available electronically with the permission of the editor.) Tell Barri (Syria) Pecorella, P. E.: La missione archeologica italiana a Tell Barri (Siria) - 1996.

33. Flectere Magic Bibliographies And Resources Scholarly bibliographies of books on folk magic. Topics include Witches or Magic Users in Greek Literature; Necromancy; Cursing; Anthropological and General Theories of Magic, Papyri Graecae Magicae; and Magic and Religion in Egyptian, Coptic, Jewish, Syrian, Anatolian, Hittite, and mesopotamian Cultures. http://www.rdg.ac.uk/~lkpbodrd/magbib/.

Magic Bibliographies and Resources John-Gabriel Bodard These bibliographies so far contain only a few works which I have consulted for my PhD research into ancient Greek perceptions of magic. The content inevitably reflects my interests (particularly archaic and classical Greek literary sources). A comprehensive bibliography of magic (even ancient magic) would in any case be prohibitive. Feel free to suggest additions, etc. Please let me know if you find this of any use. In case you have found this page while looking for something else, I have included links to other online magic resources. You are visitor number to my site since its conception in 1996. This whole site will soon be restructured to make it simpler, more attractive and hopefully more useful (and so it will involve less work to keep it updated). The current change of face of this page is the first step. The bibliographies are currently still in their unwieldy form, as listed below. There is a Text-Only Version of the full bibliography in a single document; this is more up-to-date than any of the subdivided bibliographies. The following sub-sections, divided into topics for for convenience, remain accessible but are no longer updated pending the restructure of the site (which will happen when I have more time):

34. Encyclopedia Mythica: Mesopotamian Mythology. The index file for the area on mesopotamian mythology. http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/asia/mesopotamian/articles.html

Sorry, your browser does not support frames. Please obtain a more recent version Back to the home page

35. History Of Astrology - Part 2 A historical view of mesopotamian Astrology. http://accessnewage.com/articles/astro/rhist2.htm

The History of Astrology Another View by Robert Hand Part II Mesopotamian Astrology First Stages In the beginning Mesopotamian astrology was much like that of other cultures, a simple examination of the heavens for omens that might affect the kingdom. Often these observations of omens would include weather phenomena intermixed with true astronomical ones. What made the Mesopotamians different is that they began at an early time to make systematic observations of phenomena with an eye to finding regular patterns in the heavens that might correlate with patterns in human events. According to Van der Waerden (Science Awakening, Vol. II, Oxford Univ. Press) the earliest astronomical writings known in Mesopotamia are from the old Babylonian period, roughly the time of Hammurabi. It is not known whether the Sumerians were involved in astronomical studies or not, but it would seem plausible that they were. There are also some writings which refer to the Akkadian period and which may date from about 2300 B.C.E. Here is an example of one of these early writings. If Venus appears in the East in the month Airu and the Great and Small Twins surround her, all four of them, and she is dark, then

36. Mesopotamian Maps By History Links 101 Click Here. mesopotamian Maps. Welcome to History Link 101's mesopotamianMap Page. Here you will find maps of the mesopotamian kingdoms. http://www.historylink101.com/ancient_mesopotamia/ancient_mesopotamia_maps.htm

Mesopotamian Maps Welcome to History Link 101's Mesopotamian Map Page. Here you will find maps of the Mesopotamian kingdoms. History Link 101 is a site developed for World History Classes, by a World History Teacher. Political Maps Political Map of Mesopotamia 3000-1000 B.C. Click on the map and it will show you the different kingdoms in that time period. Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3000 Mesopotamia Map at 2500 B.C. Very crisp map. Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3010 Mesopotamia to 1200 B.C. Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3020 Political Map of Mesopotamia 700 - 300 B.C . Click on the map to show different kingdoms in that time period. Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3030 Map of Ancient Mesopotamia Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3040 Map of Middle East Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3060 Map of Sumer and Middle East Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3070 Simple map of Ancient Mesopotamia Has been labeled and outlined for a quiz. Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3080 Map of Assyrian Empire Visual = 5 Content = 4 M3110 Empire of Sargon Visual = 5 Content = N/A M3120 Israel and Judah to 733 B.C.

37. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Maruthas St. Maruthas, writer, greatly devoted to the martyrs, mesopotamian bishop, d. before 420. Feast day 4 December. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09748a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... M > St. Maruthas A B C D ... Z St. Maruthas Bishop of Tagrit or Maypherkat in Mesopotamia, friend of St. John Chrysostom , d. before 420. Feast, 4 Dec. He is honoured by the Latins, Greeks, Copts, and Syrians. He brought into his episcopal city the relics of so many martyrs that it received the name Martyropolis . In the interests of the Church of Persia, which had suffered much in the persecution of Sapor II, he came to Constantinople, but found Emperor Arcadius too busily engaged in the affairs of St. John Chrysostom . Later Maruthas was sent by Theodosius II to the Court of Persia, and here, in spite of the jealousy and intrigues of the Magi, he won the esteem of King Yezdigerd by his affability, saintly life, and, as is claimed, by his knowledge of medicine. He was present at the general Council of Constantinople in 381 and at a Council of Antioch in 383 (or 390), at which the Messalians were condemned. For the benefit of the Persian Church he is said to have held two synods at Ctesiphon. He must not be confounded with Maruthas (Maruta), Monophysite Bishop of Tagrit (d. 649). His writings include: (1) "Acts of the Persian Martyrs", found partly in Assemani, "Acta SS. mart. orient. et occident.", I (Rome, 1748), and more completely in Bedpan, ibid, II (Paris, 1891), 37-396. W. Wright's English translation was printed in "Journal of Sacred Literature" (Oct., 1865-Jan., 1866). Zingerle published it in German (Innsbruck, 1836). A school edition was made by Leitzmann, "Die drei altesten Martyrologien" (Bonn, 1903). See Achelis, "Die Martyrologien" (Berlin, 1900), 30-71. (2) "History of the Council of Nicaea", on which see Braun in "Kirchengeschichtliche Studien", IV, 3, and Harnack's "Ketzerkatalog des Bischofs Maruta" in "Texte u. Untersuchungen", XIX, 1, b. (3) "Acts of the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon", edited in Syriac and Latin by Lamy (Louvain, 1869), on which see Hefele, "Conciliengeschichte", II, 102. He also wrote hymns on the Holy Eucharist, on the Cross, and on saints.

38. BEFORE THE LEGEND OF NOAH Essay about mesopotamian flood legends recorded before the bible. http://home.att.net/~atrahasis/index.htm

Before the Legend of Noah Flood Stories Predating the Noah Story Reconstruction of an ancient temple compound at Nippur founded by Ur Gur about 2800 BC. Construction and repairs continued until about 660 BC during the reign of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. 19th century photo of the ziggurat at Nippur after removal of sand that covered it. ACCORDING TO AN INSCRIBED CLAY TABLET DISCOVERED IN NIPPUR, IRAQ BY AN AMERICAN EXPEDITION 1883 - 1886; A MAN AND HIS FAMILY SURVIVED A CATASTROPHIC FLOOD BY RECEIVING ADVANCED WARNING FROM GOD, PROBABLY BEFORE 1800 BC. In ancient Mesopotamia writing was in use by about 3000 BC. The writings of ancient scholars were preserved on clay tablets. The ancient scribe formed a rectangular piece of clay and used a pointed stick to form characters in the soft clay. Some of the tablets were sun dried and placed on shelves or in jars. Others were fired in pottery kilns to make sure the valuable records might not be lost. The first writings seem to have been inventory records such as the amounts or types of items stored in clay jars. By 2000 BC there were shipping records describing maritime trade between the Persian Gulf coastal areas of Iraq and Bahrain, Oman, and Indian Ocean coasts of Pakistan, and the west coast of India (Lothal). The ancients sailed in huge reed bundle sailing boats in the Persian Gulf as described by anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl in

39. Ancient History Sourcebook: A Collection Of Mesopotamian Laws, C. 2250 - 550 BCE Back to Ancient History Sourcebook . Ancient History Sourcebook ACollection of mesopotamian Laws, c. 2250 550 BCE. Laws governing http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/2550mesolaws.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: A Collection of Mesopotamian Laws, c. 2250 - 550 BCE Laws governing private as well as public and political life were written up in Mesopotamia as early as 2250 B.C. Unfortunately, most of these early documents have been preserved in very fragmentary condition, so that only a few phases of early law and procedure are now known to us. The following fragments date from the Akkadian through the Neo-Babylonian periods. BE it enacted forever and for all future days: If a son say to his father, "You are not my father," he [the father] can cut off his [the son's] locks, make him a slave and sell him for money. If a son say to his mother, "You are not my mother," she can cut off his locks, turn him out of town, or (at least) drive him away from home, deprive him of citizenship and of inheritance, but his liberty he loses not. If a father say to his son, "You are not my son," the latter has to leave house and field and he loses everything. If a mother say to her son, "You are not my son," he shall leave house and furniture. If a wife be unfaithful to her husband and then says, "You are not my husband," let her be thrown into the river. If a husband say to his wife, "You are not my wife," he shall as a fine pay one half mana of silver. If some one hires a servant and the latter dies or is rendered useless otherwise (e.g.,by flight, rebellion, or sickness) he shall give to the owner as daily wages ten

40. Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) A multiyear excavation and survey project aimed at defining archaeological correlates of ancient imperialism, colonialism and culture contact in the area of the mesopotamian frontier zone. http://128.125.139.148/index.html

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