41. EPA: ORD: NCER: Advanced Search Associated Project Details for Research Category endocrine disruptors R826127,endocrine disruptors and Host Resistance in Lake Apopka Alligators, Grant, http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.researchCategor

National Center For Environmental Research Contact Us Print Version EPA Home National Center For Environmental Research ... Personalize Associated Project Details for Research Category: Endocrine Disruptors Critical Stages in Avian Development: Estrogen Hazards to Altricial and Precocial Birds Grant Methoxychlor and Environmental "Estrogen" Receptors in ER-Minus Mice Grant Biochemical and Reproductive Effects of Gestational/Lactational Exposure to PCB's with Respect to Endogenous Sex Steroids and the Proestrogen, Methoxychlor Grant Examination of the Estrogen Response Pathways in a New Vertebrate Model Grant An in vivo Model for Detection of Reproductive Effects of Endocrine Disruptors Grant The Michigan PBB Cohort 20 Years Later Endocrine Disruption? Grant Xenoestrogen Effects During Premeiotic Stages of Spermatogenesis Development of an InVitro Test System and Molecular Markers of Action Grant Developmental Effects of Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens Grant Reproductive and endocrine effects of o,p'-DDT, an environmental estrogen, and p,p'-DDE, an antiandrogen in male and female Atlantic croaker during critical periods of their reproductive life history cycles

42. EPA: ORD: NCER: Advanced Search endocrine disruptors Effects on the Thyroid http//es.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/grants/97/endocrine/klaassen.html. ResearchCategory endocrine disruptors. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/

National Center For Environmental Research Contact Us Print Version EPA Home National Center For Environmental Research ... Personalize Endocrine Disruptors: Effects on the Thyroid http://es.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/grants/97/endocrine/klaassen.html EPA Grant Number: Title: Endocrine Disruptors: Effects on the Thyroid Investigators: Klaassen, Curtis D. Institution: University of Kansas Medical Center EPA Project Officer: Reese, David H. Project Period: December 15, 1997 through December 14, 2000 Project Amount: Research Category: Endocrine Disruptors Description: Approach: Expected Results: This study will provide critical information on the relationship between thyroid hormone imbalance, TSH secretion, and thyroid tumor promotion of rats treated with endocrine disruptors. If our hypothesis is true, then it has important implications in toxicology, for many endocrine disruptors. If our hypothesis is true, then it has important implications in toxicology, for many endocrine disruptors have been shown to reduce serum T4 levels. However, their effect on TSH is, at best, variable. Our expectations from the proposed studies is that increases in serum TSH, rather than reductions in serum T4, is a better indicator for thyroid tumorigenicity resulting from exposure to endocrine disruptors. If we demonstrate that the TSH mediates endocrine disruptor thyroid tumor promoting activity, then these endocrine disruptors could be regulated on knowledge rather than ignorance.

43. ECME: Environmental Estrogens & Other Hormones The EEOH web site gives a balanced account of what's known, and unknown, aboutthe biological effects of endocrine disruptors. (Science (NetWatch), 287(5453 http://www.som.tulane.edu/ecme/eehome/

"An educational service and an interactive forum where those interested in environmental estrogens and other environmental hormones can find accurate, timely information and can contribute to the ongoing public debate. " This page: EEOH Updates Research Headlines Government ... Announcements Main menu: EEOH home The Basics Estrogen What are EE? Modes of action EE effects ... Queries/replies More Sources Links Milestones Media coverage Online databases ... Conference summary Web Site Info Advisory board Free e-mail updates Related pages: ECME home e.hormone home October 16 - 18, 2003 Recognition: January 31, 2001 NAST's sciLINKS selects EEOH's endocrine system pages as textbook supplement. May 15, 2000 EEOH "provides an eclectic collection of information that scientists and nonscientists alike will find of value." Genetic Engineering News (On the Web), 20(10; 15 May 00):92). January 28, 2000, NetWatch . The EEOH web site "gives a balanced account of what's known, and unknown, about the biological effects of endocrine disruptors." Science (NetWatch), 287(5453; 28 Jan 2000):543).

44. ECME: Environmental Estrogens (What Are EE?) These terms describe endocrine disruptors, the synthetic chemicals and natural plantcompounds that may affect the endocrine system (the communication system http://www.som.tulane.edu/ecme/eehome/basics/whatareee/

This page: What are EEs? References Main menu: EEOH home The Basics Estrogen What are EE? Modes of action EE effects ... Queries/replies More Sources Links Milestones Media coverage Online databases ... Conference summary Web Site Info Advisory board Free e-mail updates ecme home environmental estrogen home ... comments WHAT ARE ENVIRONMENTAL ESTROGENS? These terms describe endocrine disruptors, the synthetic chemicals and natural plant compounds that may affect the endocrine system (the communication system of glands, hormones and cellular receptors that control the body's internal functions). Many of these substances have been associated with developmental, reproductive and other health problems in wildlife and laboratory animals. Some experts suggest these compounds may affect humans in similar ways. Endocrine disruptors alter hormonal functions by several means (1). Substances can: mimic or partly mimic the sex steroid hormones estrogens and androgens (the male sex hormone) by binding to hormone receptors or influencing cell signaling pathways. Those that act like estrogen are called environmental estrogens block, prevent and alter hormonal binding to hormone receptors or influencing cell signaling pathways. Chemicals that block or antagonize hormones are labeled

45. Endocrine Disruptors EPA Actions and Positions endocrine disruptors and the FQPA. EPA's EndocrineDisruptor 2001. Pesticides as endocrine disruptors. Acceptance Speech http://www.ecologic-ipm.com/endocrin.html

EPA Actions and Position s Endocrine Disruptors and the FQPA EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee Home Page (EDSTAC) Press Advisory (1/24/97) on Endocrine Disruptors Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) Meeting. Other Views Dioxin Study is a Political Hot Potato for EPA Dioxin has gone from being a 'possible' to a 'known' human carcinogen , San Francisco Chronicle, March 12, 2001 Genes may solve hormone-disrupter debate , Robert Triendl, Toyko, Nature, Volume 409, January 18, 2001 Pesticides as Endocrine Disruptors Acceptance Speech , by Dr. Theo Colborn, World Wildlife Fund scientist, upon receipt of the Rachel Carson Leadership Award from Chatham College. WWF-Canada Hormone Disruptor Site The Weybridge Report , by Peter Montague, RACHEL'S ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH WEEKLY #547, May 22, 1997. Evolutionary differences between natural and synthetic estrogens , November 16, 1997 SANET Post by Dr. Ann Clark. "Endocrine Disruptor Worries Here to Stay," by Dr. Allan Felsot, Washington Statue University. This article appeared in the September 1997 Agrichemical and Environmental News and includes the passage: "I've wondered a lot lately whether industry realizes what a potential mess it has gotten itself, and by association our farmers, into by its passive support of the FQPA last year."

46. CEHN: Index Of Children's Environmental Health Resources endocrine disruptors. See also Chemicals Looking for articles, reports,or scientific literature on endocrine disruptors? Click on the http://www.cehn.org/cehn/resourceguide/endocrinedisruptors.html

Endocrine Disruptors See also: Chemicals Pesticides Toxicants Glossary Terms Air toxics Any air pollutant for which a national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) does not exist (i.e., excluding ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide) that may reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer, developmental effects, reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders, heritable gene mutations, or other serious or irreversible chronic or acute health effects in humans. Endocrine disruptors Synthetic chemicals and natural plant compounds that may affect the endocrine system (the communication system of glands, hormones and cellular receptors that control the body's internal functions). Many of these substances have been associated with developmental, reproductive and other health problems in wildlife and laboratory animals. Some experts suggest these compounds may affect humans in similar ways. Information Sources and Organizations Looking for information on Endocrine Disruptors? Click on the following summary databases to learn more! Catalog of Teratogenic Agents (Shepard's Catalog) Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products (CTCP) EXTOXNET Hazardous Substance Release/Health Effects Database (HAZDAT) ... Reproductive Effects of Chemical, Physical and Biologic Agents (REPROTOX)

47. CEHN: Endocrine Disruptors Fact Sheet Information on endocrine disruptors, from a Congressional briefing by the Children'sEnvironmental Health Network, a national multidisciplinary project whose http://www.cehn.org/cehn/CongBriefEndo.html

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Fact sheet from a Congressional Briefing conducted by the Children's Environmental Health Network Over the last 50 years, there has been an enormous increase of man-made persistent chemicals in our environment. Many of them are biologically active. Many years ago, it was recognized that the persistent pesticide DDT was impairing the reproduction of birds, particularly large predator birds, including hawks and eagles. This recognition was brought to the public in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring. It has been recently recognized, through the consistency of many lines of investigation, that many of these persistent chemicals disrupt the endocrine systems of a wide variety of animals and of humans. A recent National Academy of Sciences report identified 47 environmental chemicals as hormonally active. In 1995, the United Nations Environmental Programme reached international agreement on a list of 12 priority persistent organic pollutants to be removed from the global environment. Biology of Cells: It has been demonstrated by scientists who examine the function of cells in the body that these chemicals attach to proteins in cells known as "hormone receptors." Under usual conditions, these receptors attach to such hormones as the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, and allow them to complete their functions in regulating female (estrogen) and male (testosterone) functions. When hormonally-active chemicals attach to these receptors, they may mimic the normal hormone, increasing female or male functions, or they may block the normal function, resulting in decreased female or male functions.

48. Endocrine Disruptors And Children's Health endocrine disruptors and Children's Health. Join our mailing list. Wewill alert What are endocrine disruptors? Hormones are chemical http://www.childenvironment.org/factsheets/endocrine_disruptors.htm

Endocrine Disruptors and Children's Health Join our mailing list. We will alert you on how to protect your children and family from toxic chemicals. Enter your email address in the field below Science Background Papers for NY TIMES Ads Scientific Endorsers of NY TIMES Ads ... Home What are Endocrine Disruptors? Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands in the body such as the pituitary, the thyroid, the adrenal glands, the ovaries, and the testes. They circulate throughout the body and control metabolism, growth, development, and some aspects of human behavior. Evidence is increasing that some synthetic chemicals in the environment can interfere with hormone function. They can do this by blocking the effects of a natural hormone, by mimicking a natural hormone, or by directly interfering with the endocrine glands. Chemicals that have this capability are called endocrine disruptors. These substances have been shown to be able to alter the function of estrogen, androgen, thyroid hormone, and even the hormones of the pituitary gland. What Chemicals are Responsible?

49. Abstracts From The Conference On Endocrine Disruptors And Children's Health Abstracts from the Conference on endocrine disruptors and Children'sHealth. Join our mailing list. We will alert you on how to protect http://www.childenvironment.org/conferences/1999-05_abstracts.htm

Abstracts from the Conference on Endocrine Disruptors and Children's Health Join our mailing list. We will alert you on how to protect your children and family from toxic chemicals. Enter your email address in the field below Science Background Papers for NY TIMES Ads Scientific Endorsers of NY TIMES Ads ... Home The Renaissance in Children's Environmental Health Thomas A. Burke, Ph.D., M.P.H Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health Baltimore, MD In recent decades, the role of environmental protection policies in protecting children's health has been largely overlooked. Despite the lessons of lead poisoning, environmental health activities have been fragmented and there are fundamental gaps in our understanding of the role of the environment in children's health. Over the past three years there has been tremendous progress in the recognition of the unique vulnerability of children to environmental pollution. This has lead to a broad range of policy initiatives, and increased support for research and intervention strategies. Could this be a Renaissance in Children's Environmental Health? This presentation will trace the recent chronology of events in environmental health and discuss the opportunities and challenges. Understanding the impact of environmental exposures on the developing brain presents a vexing challenge. The lessons of lead poisoning have taught us of the vulnerability of children, yet the current eroding infrastructure for public health makes it difficult address even the most fundamental questions about neurological, developmental, and behavioral disorders. Reaching the Renaissance will require multi-faceted approach to redefine the practice of environmental health. Approaches to be discussed include:

50. Phthalates Information Center -- Phthalates And Your Health -- Endocrine Disrupt impeded the sexual development of male rats. Hence, phthalates appearon a number of lists of socalled endocrine disruptors. . http://www.phthalates.org/yourhealth/endocrine.html

Search: Asthma Cancer Endocrine Disruptors Food Packaging ... Site Terms Background The endocrine system in humans and other animals has an important job. It produces the hormones that regulate the body's various processes, such as metabolism and reproduction, that are vital to the chemistry of life. Insulin breaks down sugar. Adrenalin pumps us up so we can deal with stress or danger. Estrogens are hormones that impart female characteristics, and androgens impart male characteristics. The risks from "endocrine disruption" received wide publicity in 1996 with publication of a book dramatizing the impact of chemical spills and other incidents on animals, and proposing that humans were also being harmed. What gave the book an added fear factor was its emphasis on sex. It suggested that even extraordinarily low levels of some chemicals delivered at just the wrong time could have calamitous consequences on sexual structure, function, behavior and even identity. Some have even coined a catchy phrase for it - "gender benders." Issue Anything from diet to drugs to exercise to exposure to beneficial or harmful substances can alter the operation of the human body, including the endocrine system. The precise issue of disrupting hormonal function is however still very murky - and the issue of disrupting sexual structure or function is both murky and anxiety inducing. Everyone agrees that a few chemicals and some natural substances (for example, soybeans are a weak estrogen mimic) can impact the endocrine system to some degree.

51. 2002 GRC On Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Environmental endocrine disruptors The next Gordon Research Conference on Environmentalendocrine disruptors will be held on July 1419, 2002, at Mt. http://www.grc.uri.edu/programs/2002/enviend.htm

Environmental Endocrine Disruptors July 14-19, 2002 Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, MA Ana M. Soto , Chair Daniel M. Sheehan , Vice-Chair The next Gordon Research Conference on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors will be held on July 14-19, 2002, at Mt. Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. ABSTRACT: THE SITE: Mt. Holyoke is a small liberal arts college located in a picturesque town in the beautiful Berkshire Mountains of Western Massachusetts. Both the lecture hall and lodging facilities are modern and comfortable. Hiking in the nearby Berkshire Mountains is easily accessible. Other activities include tennis (indoor and outdoor), canoeing, "championship" golf course (on campus), an arboretum, swimming, racquetball, basketball, volleyball, squash, softball, indoor and outdoor tracks, and a well-equipped fitness center. For those who wish to prolong their stay in the area, cultural activities include Tanglewood, the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in nearby Lee, MA. The Conferences site can be easily reached by flying into Boston, Hartford, or New York. SUNDAY 7:30-9:30 pm Panel Discussion: Evolution, Development and Endocrine Disruptors

52. Endocrine Disruptors/modulators endocrine disruptors/Modulators. Chair J. Miyamoto (IUPACJapan) Co-chairJ. Burger (USA). Disruption of endocrine systems by anthropogenic http://www.icsu-scope.org/projects/endocrine.htm

Endocrine Disruptors/Modulators Chair: J. Miyamoto (IUPAC-Japan) Co-chair: J. Burger (USA) Disruption of endocrine systems by anthropogenic as well as natural compounds has become an important global issue over the last decade, encompassing not only humans but also a wide range of other organisms, in the present and subsequent generations. Massive research efforts, at national and international agency levels, are currently underway to assess the practical significance or reported adverse effects to endocrine systems from exposure to xenobiotics over varying time-scales. The basis of confidence in assessing the risks of exposure to chemicals with endocrine effects and their consequences will be a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the chemicals produce their effects. Knowledge of the metabolic fate of these chemicals and their mechanisms of action at the molecular, cellular and whole organism levels are an urgent research priority. This study is undertaken in collaboration with IUPAC, the

53. BRD Endocrine Disruptors USEPA Endocrine Research Site /US Interagency Research Inventory andReport EPA's endocrine disruptors Research Initiative website. http://www.cerc.cr.usgs.gov/Other_Webs/endocrine/endocrine.htm

Biological Resources Division Central Region Columbia Environmental Research Center USGS-BRD Endocrine Disruptor Research USGS-BRD Framework for Endocrine Disruptor Research USGS-BRD Summary of Endocrine Disruptor Research USEPA Endocrine Research Site /U.S. Inter-agency Research Inventory and Report EPA's Endocrine Disruptors Research Initiative website USEPA Requests for Grant Applications for Endocrine Effects Research Tulane University Environmental Estrogen Website An environmental estrogen website that contains an extensive searchable bibliography. OECD Endocrine Disruptor Activities Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 29 countries CERC Home About CERC What's New ... U.S. Geological Survey , Reston, VA, USA URL: http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/ Operating Status Last Updated: 10/11/01 Viewer Access Statistics FOIA Accessibility Contact CERC Web Server Team - Marcia Nelson ( Outreach) and Chris Henke (Webmaster)

54. State Of The Science Of Endocrine Disruptors GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATEOF-THE-SCIENCE OF endocrine disruptors. Chapter 7.Causal Criteria for Assessing endocrine disruptors - A Proposed Framework. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/who/

Publications Search INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE-OF-THE-SCIENCE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS These files are in Adobe PDF format. If you need information on how to view PDFs, you can find it here An assessment prepared by an expert group on behalf of the World Health Organization, the International Labour Organisation, and the United Nations Environment Programme. Edited by: Terri Damstra, Sue Barlow, Aake Bergman, Robert Kavlock, Glen Van Der Kraak The issue of this document does not constitute formal publication. It should not be reviewed, abstracted, or quoted without the written permission of the Director, International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1. Executive Summary Chapter 2. Introduction/Background ... References

55. Endocrine Disruptors & Dioxin Research Project http://www.nies.go.jp/edc/index-e.html

56. Endocrine Disruptors & Dioxin Research Set up as a national center for research on environmental endocrine disruptorsBuilding and infrastructure endocrine disruptors and analytical chemistry In http://www.nies.go.jp/edc/english/Efacility3.html

Facility Set up as a national center for research on environmental endocrine disruptors Building and infrastructure Endocrine disruptors and analytical chemistry In Vitro assay systems for endocrine disruptors Effects of endocrine disruptors on freshwater organisms Adverse effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on marine organisms ... To Top

57. Endocrine Disruptors Assessing Potential Hazards of endocrine disruptors Concerns aboutpotential problems posed by endocrine disruptors have motivated http://www.battelle.org/Environment/publications/EnvUpdates/Winter2002/article3.

Assessing Potential Hazards of Endocrine Disruptors Concerns about potential problems posed by endocrine disruptors have motivated the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design an Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). The program will develop, standardize, and validate a suite of in vitro, mammalian, and ecotoxicological screens and tests that identify and characterize endocrine effects in pesticides, industrial chemicals, and environmental contaminants. To support this program, EPA has contracted Battelle to provide comprehensive toxicological and ecotoxicological testing services, including chemical and statistical analyses, data management, and quality assurance/quality control. An EDSP Data Coordination Center (DCC) has been established at Battelle in Columbus, Ohio, where Battelle staff will coordinate the efforts of the multi-year program. Information scientists, data managers, computer programmers, biostatisticians, and statistical programmers will staff the center, coordinate management and dissemination of all data and information across the program, and provide program-wide statistical design and analysis support. The figure above illustrates the present and anticipated roles of the EDSP DCC, which will be implemented in phases, making it functional and yet expandable as the program evolves. The first phase includes the development of data transfer and tracking protocols, data warehouse designs, and consistent data collection strategies. Statistical and programming support will also be provided.

58. Measures Against Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Home Environmental activity infomation Measures against Environmental EndocrineDisruptors. Measures against Environmental endocrine disruptors. http://eco.fujitsu.com/en/info/eco20010814_e.html

Home News Commitment to the Environment Environmental activity infomation ... Environmental activity infomation Measures against Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Since fiscal 1997, Fujitsu has been evaluating and reducing the use of 67 chemicals designated as exerting a potentially harmful effect on the human endocrine system by its plants. We plan to switch to substitutes and revise our processing formulae to move further toward elimination of those chemicals. Environmental Endocrine Disruptor Usage Status in Plants (Unit:kg) 2000 Fiscical year Substance Amount used*1 Principal uses Nonyl phenol Degreasing agent Di-n-butyl phthalate Raw material for resins *1: Amount used: amount of a substance used exceeding 1/100 of 1.0 t/year, which is over the limit for management under the PRTR Law. Contact Terms and Privacy

59. Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Environmental endocrine disruptors. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs)are one of several categories of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). http://www.envirofacs.org/eeds.htm

EnvirofACS American Chemical Society / Division of Environmental Chemistry Newsletter www.envirofacs.org Environmental Endocrine Disruptors Environmental Endocrine Disruptors (EEDs) are one of several categories of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). Other categories include pharmaceuticals (such as diethylstilbestrol [DES]) and phytoestrogens (which occur naturally in certain foods such as soybeans, wheat, peas, etc.). EEDs are of interest to the Environmental Chemistry Division because they include a wide variety of pesticides, heavy metals, and certain industrial chemicals which are environmental pollutants. A list of 103 known and suspected EEDs was presented at the WTQA '97 symposium in July, 1997. This symposium, sponsored by the EPA and the Division of Environmental Chemistry, was one of a series of symposia focused on these important pollutants. Another symposium on this topic was held at the national ACS meeting in Boston, MA in August 1998. A third symposium was organized for the ACS National Meeting in San Francisco, CA in March 2000. In August 1999 at the American Chemical Society (ACS) 218th National Meeting in New Orleans, LA the Division of Environmental Chemistry held a major symposium on Analytical Challenges for Assessing Environmental Exposures to Children . The symposium was organized by Dr. Larry Needham, Chief of the Analytical Toxicology Branch at the National Center for Environmental Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and it was cosponsored by the ACS Committee on Environmental Improvement. Information from this symposium was abstracted from the Division's Preprints of Extended Abstracts and notes taken at the symposium. Endocrine disrupting chemicals were some of the topics of concern at this symposium.

60. Environmental Building News - The Hazards Of Endocrine Disruptors The Hazards of endocrine disruptors. From EBN Volume 5, No. 6 November/December1996. Our Stolen Future by Theo Colborn, Dianne http://www.buildinggreen.com/news/stolen.html

Back to: Articles The Hazards of Endocrine Disruptors From EBN Volume 5, No. 6 November/December 1996 Our Stolen Future by Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers. Dutton, 1996. Hardcover, 306 pages, $24.95. We knew that this was an important book when, not long after we got a copy, a report from the right-wing Competitive Enterprise Institute attempting to discredit it arrived in the EBN mailbox. The basic thesis of Our Stolen Future is that a wide range of pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been released into the environment over the past 50 years are wreaking havoc with the hormone systems of humans and other animals. Called "endocrine disruptors," these chemicals either mimic natural hormones such as estrogen, or they inhibit the action of those hormones. During embryo development, such interference can have a major impact on reproductive organ development, and the effects can extend for several generations. While there are also endocrine disruptors in nature, these compounds generally break down quickly and thus pose less long-term risk, according to the book's authors. Far more significant, they say, are long-lasting, synthesized chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, DDT and its breakdown products, kepone, nonylphenols (which are often added to polystyrene and PVC plastics as antioxidants), and bisphenol-A (which is commonly added to polycarbonate). Many of these are chemicals that bio-accumulate in fatty tissue and whose concentrations can be magnified millions of times as they move up through aquatic food chains. In polar bears (at the top of the food chain) PCB concentrations can be multiplied as much as 3 billion times! A dead beluga whale was found in Canada with a PCB level of 500 parts per millionten times the level that qualifies a material as hazardous waste!

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