41. Reducing Atmospheric Concentrations Of Greenhouse Gases Reducing Emissions. Reducing atmospheric concentrations of greenhousegases. The amounts of greenhouse gases, such as CO 2 , CH 4 http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/doc3a.htm

Reducing Emissions Reducing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases The amounts of greenhouse gases, such as CO , CH , in the atmosphere can be reduced either by controlling emissions or by increasing the rate at which they are removed. The principal anthropogenic sources of CO are combustion of fossil fuels and cement manufacture (about 6GtC/y) and deforestation (about 2GtC/y). Fossil fuels are used for power generation, transport, heating and many other purposes. The second most important greenhouse gas is methane. Anthropogenic sources of methane emit about 375 Mt/y (whereas natural sources only produce about 160Mt/y); methane is emitted as a result of production and use of fossil fuels but much more comes from disposal of solid and liquid wastes, agriculture, particularly growth of rice, and from ruminant livestock. Reducing emissions of CO could be achieved, for example, by reducing the demand for energy, by altering the way that energy is used, or by changing the method of producing/delivering energy. Demand for energy can be influenced by fiscal measures and changes in behaviour but, in the technical area, there are 3 distinct types of option for reducing emissions: improving energy efficiency switching to low carbon fuels switching to "no-carbon" fuels

42. EPA - File Not Found Researches, develops, and demonstrates air pollution prevention and control technologies for manufacturing and processing industries, power plants, incinerators, indoor environments, and sources of greenhouse gases. http://www.epa.gov/docs/crb/

Air Pollution Prevention and Control Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home National Risk Management Air Pollution Prevention and Control Administrative ... Services File Not Found (Error 404) Sorry - that page doesn't exist We've recently moved the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division pages. You can use the following information to help you find the new location for the material you are trying to access. If you typed the URL yourself or used a personal bookmark You can probably locate the new page by simply removing "/crb" from the URL. For example, the information that used to be found at "http://www.epa.gov/appcdwww/crb/iemb/child.htm" can now be found at "http://www.epa.gov/appcdwww/iemb/child.htm". If you followed a link from another page Please use the button below to send us an error report, which will automatically include the page you were trying to find and the page you came from, so we can correct the problem. After using the button, you will be taken to a page with suggestions for where to go next.

43. Top Story October 01, 2002 (date of web publication). LANDCOVER CHANGES MAYRIVAL greenhouse gases AS CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE, Image 1. While http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html

For more information contact: Krishna Ramanujan Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. (Phone: 301/286-3026) Brad Bohlander Colorado State University (Phone: 970/491-1545) Caption for Image 1: The Effect of Landscape Change on Central Great Plains Thunderstorms Credit: Conrad Ziegler, National Severe Storms Laboratory Caption for Images 2-5: Examples of Historical Land-Use Change These simulations are examples of how global land-use changed from 1700, 1900, 1970, and 1990. The human-disturbed landscape includes intensive cropland (red), and marginal cropland used for grazing (pink). Other landscape includes, for example, tropical evergreen and deciduous forest (dark green), savanna (light green), grassland and steppe (yellow), open shrubland (maroon), temperate deciduous forest (blue), temperate needleleaf evergreen forest (light yellow), and hot desert (orange). Of particular importance in this paper is the expansion of the cropland and grazed land between 1700 and 1900. Credit: from Klein Goldewijk, K., 2001: Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE Database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 417-433

44. EPA - Partnership & Outreach Programs Reduces greenhouse gases through energyefficiency and cost-effective partnerships with industries in all sectors of our economy where emissions reductions can be achieved. http://www.epa.gov/cpd.html

Climate Protection Partnerships Division Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home CPPD Climate Change Annual Reports Awards Other Activities Carbon Sequestration (coming) Economics of Non- CO ... Contact Us The Division works with businesses, organizations, governments, and consumers to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change by promoting greater use of energy efficient and other cost-effective technologies. We also work to improve understanding of the more potent greenhouse gases and options for sequestering carbon dioxide. a new EPA partnership with industry that encourages companies to develop long-term comprehensive climate change strategies. offers businesses and consumers energy efficient solutions - helping to save money while protecting the environment for future generations.

45. Press Release - 'LANDCOVER CHANGES MAY RIVAL GREENHOUSE GASES AS CAUSE OF CLIMAT 4911545). October 1, 2002 - RELEASE 02-142 LANDCOVER CHANGES MAY RIVALgreenhouse gases AS CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE. While many scientists http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/news-release/releases/2002/02-142.htm

Contact: Krishna Ramanujan Goddard Space Flt Ctr Greenbelt, Md. Phone: 301/286-3026 Brad Bohlander Colorado State University (Phone: 970/491-1545) October 1, 2002 RELEASE: 02-142 LANDCOVER CHANGES MAY RIVAL GREENHOUSE GASES AS CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE While many scientists and policy makers have focused only on how heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide are altering our global climate, a new NASA-funded study points to the importance of also including human-caused land-use changes as a major factor contributing to climate change. Land surface changes, like urban sprawl, deforestation and reforestation, and agricultural and irrigation practices strongly affect regional surface temperatures, precipitation and larger-scale atmospheric circulation. The study argues that human-caused land surface changes in places like North America, Europe, and southeast Asia, redistribute heat regionally and globally within the atmosphere and may actually have a greater impact on climate than that due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases combined. The study also proposes a new method for comparing different human-influenced agents of climate change in terms of the redistribution of heat over land and in the atmosphere. Using a single unit of measurement may open the door to future work that more accurately represents human-caused climate change.

46. Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming, And Greenhouse Gases Research / Global Methane Inventory. The Greenhouse Effect, greenhouse gases,and Global Warming. By Harvey Augenbraun, Elaine Matthews, and David Sarma. http://icp.giss.nasa.gov/research/methane/greenhouse.html

Research / Global Methane Inventory The Greenhouse Effect, Greenhouse Gases, and Global Warming By Harvey Augenbraun Elaine Matthews , and David Sarma 1. Introduction to the Greenhouse Effect greenhouse effect . The following sections provide overviews of the greenhouse effect, atmospheric greenhouse gases, and sources and sinks of the gases. 2. Natural Greenhouse Effect Much of the energy absorbed at the Earth's surface is radiated upward as infrared (IR) thermal energy. Several gases that occur naturally in the atmosphere absorb this infrared energy and re-radiate it back to the surface. Therefore, heat that would be lost to space is trapped near the surface. The effect of the atmosphere and its heat-absorbing gases warms the Earth's surface and the Earth's surface therefore reaches radiative balance at a higher temperature than if there were no atmosphere, or an atmosphere without IR-trapping gases. The term "greenhouse" is used to describe this phenomenon since these gases act like the glass of a greenhouse to trap heat and maintain higher interior temperatures than would normally occur. The atmospheric gases most responsible for this effect are water vapor (H O), carbon dioxide (CO

47. Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Additional material on greenhouse gases can be found in CDIAC's Reference Tools.Sources of the current atmospheric concentrations are given in the footnotes. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/current_ghg.html

Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations T.J. Blasing and Sonja Jones, revised and updated October 2002 Gases typically measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) by volume are presented separately to facilitate comparison of numbers. All pre-1750 A.D. concentrations, Global Warming Potentials (GWPs), and atmospheric lifetimes are from Table 4.1 of (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) IPCC 2001 unless otherwise indicated. Additional material on greenhouse gases can be found in CDIAC's Reference Tools Sources of the current atmospheric concentrations are given in the footnotes. The concentrations given are frequently derived from data available via the CDIAC web pages; many corresponding links are given in the footnotes below. These data are contributed to CDIAC by various investigators, and represent considerable effort on their part. We ask as a basic professional courtesy that when you refer to any of these data you acknowledge the sources. Guidelines for proper acknowledgment are found at the end of the page for each link, except for the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE database where acknowledgment guidelines are given in the "readme" files; links to those "readme" files are given in footnote 9, below.

48. Chilly Forecast Worried about global warming? Maybe you should be. According to the science journal Nature, we may actually be in the early stages of a new ice age. Scientists in Antarctica, drilling more than two miles down through the ice, say there's evidence that the Earth has endured four long ice ages each lasting up to 100,000 years and that we appear to be about 18,000 years into a fifth. This, despite the fact that the temperature has been rising steadily now for 100 years. While industrial pollution is to blame for some of the temperature increase, at least part of it is caused by natural greenhouse gases which have always existed. Still, it seems at tad warm for being 18 millennia into an ice age. Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/news/story/20030.html

49. Clinton's $5 Billion Plan To Slow Global Warming In advance of December's world summit on climate change, the president outlines plans to reduce emission of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels. Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/news/story/7906.html

50. Climate Monitoring And Diagnostics Laboratory Conducts research related to atmospheric constituents that are capable of forcing change in the climate of the earth or that may deplete the ozone layer. CMDL monitors greenhouse gases, aerosols, ozone, ozonedepleting gases and solar and terrestrial radiation at global sites including four Baseline Observatories. http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov

Home About CMDL Data Publications ... Contact Us Baseline Observatories South Pole, Antarctica American Samoa Mauna Loa, Hawaii Trinidad Head, California Barrow, Alaska Search CMDL: What forces determine the Earth's climate ? What destroys the ozone layer? What will happen to air quality five research groups have been conducting sustained measurements for research related to climate, the ozone layer, and air quality at global Baseline Observatories and other locations for over 40 years in search of the answers which are needed to project the environmental future of this planet. [What does this figure represent? Invitation to the 2003 CMDL Annual Meeting CMDL FY2002 4th Quarter Milestones CMDL Biennial Report #26: 2000-2001 ... CMDL Operating Plan: 2002-2006 CMDL Research Groups Aerosols Radiation AERA Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) ... Contact Us 325 Broadway R/CMDL Boulder, CO 80305

51. NCDC: Global Warming Answers to frequently asked questions about climate change.Category Science Environment Global Change...... Top of Page Are greenhouse gases increasing? Human activity has beenincreasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/globalwarming.html

NCDC Climate Resources Climate Research / Global Warming / Search Help National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions Introduction What is the greenhouse effect, and is it affecting our climate? Are greenhouse gases increasing? Is the climate warming? ... Additional Information All figures linked from this page with the exception of global surface temperatures are from the IPCC 2001 report 'Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis'. Introduction This page is based on a brief synopsis of the 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , the U.S. National Assessment , published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program in the year 2000, and the National Research Council's 2001 report Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions , as well as NCDC's own data resources. It was prepared by David Easterling and Tom Karl, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, N.C. 28801. One of the most hotly debated topics on Earth is the issue of climate change, and the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

52. Index Studentcreated site compiles easy to understand/condensed data and other information on global warming, the greenhouse effect, and greenhouse gases. http://www.geocities.com/environmentca

Global Warming Awarness Hi and welcome to my site. 3 people were supposed to work on it, but I (Hudson) did all the pages. Please take my poll. Enter Site Here Search: All Products Books Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Electronics Software Kitchen Keywords:

53. NCDC: Greenhouse Gases Search / Help, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. GreenhouseGases. Top of Page Introduction. What are greenhouse gases? Many chemical http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.html

NCDC Climate Resources Climate Research Global Warming ... Help National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Greenhouse Gases Introduction Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide Methane ... Additional Information Introduction What are greenhouse gases? Many chemical compounds present in Earth's atmosphere behave as 'greenhouse gases'. These are gases which allow direct sunlight (relative shortwave energy) to reach the Earth's surface unimpeded. As the shortwave energy (that in the visible and ultraviolet portion of the spectra) heats the surface, longer-wave (infrared) energy (heat) is reradiated to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb this energy, thereby allowing less heat to escape back to space, and 'trapping' it in the lower atmosphere. Many greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide, while others are synthetic. Those that are man-made include the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), as well as sulfur hexafluoride (SF ). Atmospheric concentrations of both the natural and man-made gases have been rising over the last few centuries due to the industrial revolution. As the global population has increased and our reliance on fossil fuels (such as coal, oil and natural gas) has been firmly solidified, so emissions of these gases have risen. While gases such as carbon dioxide occur naturally in the atmosphere, through our interference with the carbon cycle (through burning forest lands, or mining and burning coal), we artificially move carbon from solid storage to its gaseous state, thereby increasing atmospheric concentrations.

54. Firms Climb Toward 'climate Neutral' | Csmonitor.com Some of the world's largest corporations, responsible for spewing millions of tons of greenhouse gases into the air, are taking the bold steps to trim their emissions. Article from the Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0820/p15s1-wmcr.html

WORLD USA COMMENTARY LEARNING ... MonitorTalk Search: Consumer Personal Finance / Investing Workplace Also see: USA Economy In this week's Wizards, or windbags? Airline industry nosedives as oil prices soar, war looms How to build motivation in today's workplace Student-loan twist: you owe if you earn ... History speaks as US preps for peacekeeping Experts contend that the history of US peacekeeping efforts should be instructive. Most-viewed stories: (for 03/20/03) Keep One Eye on the Saudis War within the war: shaping perceptions Iraq may favor a city war, Stalingrad-style Airline industry nosedives as oil prices soar, war looms ... Corporate from the August 20, 2001 edition NEW STANDARDS: Ford’s Jacques Nasser showed off an eco-friendly TH!NK vehicle in Detroit last year. MICHAEL SAMOJEDEN/ FORD/REUTERS Firms climb toward 'climate neutral' Boldest bids to cut emissions now being led by some big polluters of yore By Laurent Belsie Here's a quiz. For all the talk about slowing global warming, which of the following have taken steps to do it: a) Countries that have just agreed to implement the Kyoto Protocol?

55. Many Scientists Believe Runaway Greenhouse Effect Possible!! A Greenpeace poll (in 1992) shows that a worryingly high proportion of climate scientists believe it possible that continuing emissions of greenhouse gases can awaken synergistic feedbacks capable of generating a runaway greenhouse effect. http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/database/records/zgpz0638.html

MANY SCIENTISTS BELIEVE RUNAWAY GREENHOUSE POSSIBLE. A Greenpeace poll shows that a worryingly high proportion of climate scientists believe it possible that continuing emissions of greenhouse gases can awaken synergistic feedbacks capable of generating a runaway greenhouse effect. Bad though the best- estimate of the future, as portrayed by the IPCC would be, there is a worst-case view, which is that the IPCC estimates will prove to be underestimates, and that natural amplifications of warming (positive feedbacks) will be awakened, potentially even generating a point of no return beyond which might lie unstoppable heating of the planet, no matter how deeply anthropogenic emissions might ultimately be cut. The results of an opinion survey on this subject, published by Greenpeace at the 1992 American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Chicago, show that almost half of surveyed world climate scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is possible if action is not taken to cut greenhouse gas emissions. More than one-in-ten of those polled believe this worst-case analysis - a point of no return beyond which lies unstoppable heating of the atmosphere - to be probable. Greenpeace International polled 400 climate scientists during December 1991 and January '92. The sample included all scientists involved in the 1990 study of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and others who have published on issues relevant to climate change in `Science' or `Nature' during 1991. Scientists were asked whether they thought there would be a point of no return at some time in the future, if emissions continued at their present rate. By the end of January 1992, 113 had replied, in the following way: probably - 15 (13%), possibly - 36 (32%), probably not - 53 (47%). In other words, 45% believe the runaway greenhouse effect to be possible.

56. NGA Center For Best Practices greenhouse gases and Air Quality. State Actions to Reduce greenhouse gases Examplesof actions states are voluntarily taking to reduce greenhouse gases . http://www.nga.org/center/divisions/1,1188,C_ISSUE_BRIEF^D_4666,00.html

NGA Home Center Home Governors News Room ... Legislative Update Issues Brownfield Redevelopment Clean-up of the Nuclear Weapons Complex Energy Environmental Regulatory Innovations ... Resource Management What's New Environmental Technology Verification A number of states and the federal government have established environmental technology verification programs to... Growing with Less Greenhouse Gases This report cites expanding transportation choices, conserving greenspaces, and promoting new community designs as effective... State Actions to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Examples of actions states are voluntarily taking to reduce greenhouse gases.... Funding Long-term Stewardship of DOE Weapons Sites How can states ensure that funding will be available to protect public health and the... Performance-Based Environmental Cleanups Pay for Performance (PFP) is an efficient alternative for environmental remediation programs. The PFP concept... All Documents Environment, Natural Resources, and Energy Text Version Growing with Less Greenhouse Gases Contact: Jena Carter Natural Resources Policy Studies This report cites expanding transportation choices, conserving greenspaces, and promoting new community designs as effective smart growth strategies for reducing greenhouse gases.

57. Home Page Investigating the performance of technologies to mitigate and monitor greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. http://www.sri-rtp.com/

Greenhouse Gas Technology Center An Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Organization Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development COMM Engineering EVRU Verification Completed Submit a Request or Contact Us Note: Any document in PDF (Portable Document Format) can be viewed with Adobe Acrobat Reader software. You can obtain this free software at Adobe Acrobat Reader Software For problems or questions regarding this Web site contact: lindabeard@sri-rtp.com Last updated: December 02, 2002

58. Climate Change - What Is Climate Change - The Greenhouse Gases The Earth is a Greenhouse. The greenhouse gases. Maps and Graphs. Current ResearchPrograms. What are the greenhouse gases (GHG) and how are they produced? http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/english/issues/what_is/greenhouse_gas.shtml

Read More The Earth is a Greenhouse The Greenhouse Gases Maps and Graphs Current Research Programs Find Out More Primers, Pamphlets, Presentations Read More Changes to our Environment Regional Impacts Our Health and Well-being Global Impacts Find Out More Canada Country Study More Information on Impacts Read More Using Energy More Efficiently At Home At Work On the Road ... Adapting Today to Tomorrow's Changes DO MORE Hot Tips Find out what Canadians are doing! Find Out More More Resources on Actions National Plan Federal Regional and Local ... More Resources What are the greenhouse gases (GHG) and how are they produced? We know that our atmosphere is a complex mixture of gases that trap the sun's heat near the earth's surface, similar to how the glass of a greenhouse traps the sun's warmth.  The main greenhouse gases are water vapour (H 0), carbon dioxide (CO

59. Index Aims to study severe storms, surges and waves in the present climate and in a scenario with increased CO2concentration. More specifically the project is a joint atmospheric/oceanographic numerical modelling effort aiming at constructing and analysing storm, wave and surge climatologies for the North Atlantic/European region in a climate forced by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases and to compare with present day conditions. http://web.dmi.dk/pub/STOWASUS-2100/

STOWASUS-2100 Regional STO rm, WA ve and SU rge S cenarios for the century RIKZ Home page Description Partners Partnerinfo ... Other projects The STOWASUS-2100 project is supported by the European Commisions 4th FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Environment and Climate Research Programme " under contract number ENV4-CT97-0498.

60. Climate Change - Workroom - Students Climate Lab - The Earth Is A Greenhouse Read More. The Earth is a Greenhouse. The greenhouse gases. Maps and Graphs. Thiskeeps the Earth warm using what are called “greenhouse gases”. http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/english/workroom/students/greenhouse.shtml

Read More The Earth is a Greenhouse The Greenhouse Gases Maps and Graphs Current Research Programs Find Out More Primers, Pamphlets, Presentations Read More Changes to our Environment Regional Impacts Our Health and Well-being Global Impacts Find Out More Canada Country Study More Information on Impacts Read More Using Energy More Efficiently At Home At Work On the Road ... Adapting Today to Tomorrow's Changes DO MORE Hot Tips Find out what Canadians are doing! Find Out More More Resources on Actions National Plan Federal Regional and Local ... More Resources A lot of people think that the atmosphere is just air. But it’s more complex than that. It’s actually a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth, performing many functions and helping to support life on our planet. The Earth is a huge greenhouse? As you know, greenhouses use glass to keep the heat in. And just as the glass in a greenhouse holds the sun’s warmth inside, so the atmosphere traps the sun’s heat near the Earth’s surface. This keeps the Earth warm using what are called “greenhouse gases”. Without these gases, the sun’s heat would escape and the average temperature of the Earth would drop from 15 degrees Celsius to – 18 degrees Celsius!

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