1. Khayyam omar khayyam. Born 18 May 1048 in Nishapur, Persia (now Iran) http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Khayyam.html

Omar Khayyam Born: 18 May 1048 in Nishapur, Persia (now Iran) Died: 4 Dec 1131 in Nishapur, Persia (now Iran) Click the picture above to see four larger pictures Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Omar Khayyam 's full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami. A literal translation of the name al-Khayyami (or al-Khayyam) means 'tent maker' and this may have been the trade of Ibrahim his father. Khayyam played on the meaning of his own name when he wrote:- Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science, Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned, The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life, And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing! Khayyam studied philosophy at Naishapur and one of his fellow students wrote that he was:- ... endowed with sharpness of wit and the highest natural powers ... However, this was not an empire in which those of learning, even those as learned as Khayyam, found life easy unless they had the support of a ruler at one of the many courts. Even such patronage would not provide too much stability since local politics and the fortunes of the local military regime decided who at any one time held power. Khayyam himself described the difficulties for men of learning during this period in the introduction to his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (see for example [1]):- I was unable to devote myself to the learning of this algebra and the continued concentration upon it, because of obstacles in the vagaries of time which hindered me; for we have been deprived of all the people of knowledge save for a group, small in number, with many troubles, whose concern in life is to snatch the opportunity, when time is asleep, to devote themselves meanwhile to the investigation and perfection of a science; for the majority of people who imitate philosophers confuse the true with the false, and they do nothing but deceive and pretend knowledge, and they do not use what they know of the sciences except for base and material purposes; and if they see a certain person seeking for the right and preferring the truth, doing his best to refute the false and untrue and leaving aside hypocrisy and deceit, they make a fool of him and mock him.

2. The Internet Classics Archive | The Rubaiyat By Omar Khayyam The complete text translated into English. Part of the Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Khayyam/rubaiyat.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help The Rubaiyat By Omar Khayyam Commentary: Many comments have been posted about The Rubaiyat Read them or add your own Reader Recommendations: Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work, list recommended Web sites , or visit a random recommended Web site Download: A 18k text-only version is available for download The Rubaiyat By Omar Khayyam Written 1120 A.C.E. I Wake! For the Sun, who scatter'd into flight The Stars before him from the Field of Night, Drives Night along with them from Heav'n, and strikes The Sultan's Turret with a Shaft of Light. II Before the phantom of False morning died, Methought a Voice within the Tavern cried, "When all the Temple is prepared within, Why nods the drowsy Worshipper outside?" III And, as the Cock crew, those who stood before The Tavern shouted"Open then the Door! You know how little while we have to stay, And, once departed, may return no more." IV Now the New Year reviving old Desires, The thoughtful Soul to Solitude retires, Where the White Hand Of Moses on the Bough Puts out, and Jesus from the Ground suspires.

3. The Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam ~ Presented By ELF Welcome to the Electronic Literature Foundation's presentation of The Rubaiyat of omar khayyam. This site features several illustrated editions of the Rubaiyat in translations by Fitzgerald, Whinfield and others. http://www.arabiannights.org/rubaiyat/index2.html

Welcome to the ELF presentation of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. We have several editions of the popular poem available in translation, illustrated by Dulac and others. In order to use this site, you will need a frames-capable browser.

4. Life Of Omar Khayyam includes information about the life of omar khayyam and his poetry as well as hisphilosophy of life. Rubaiyat of omar khayyam. The Life of omar khayyam. Birth http://www.okonlife.com/life/

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam The Life of Omar Khayyam Birth: Date: 1048 CE Place: Nishapur, Persia (Iran) Name: A bu ol-Fath ebn-Ebrahim 'Omar ol-Khayyami of Nishapur Khayyam means " tent maker " Work: Mathematician Scientist Astronomer Philosopher Poet Major Contributions: Jalali Calendar (more accurate than the Julian, and almost as accurate as the Gregorian intercalation system) Contributions to Algebra (geometric solution of cubic equations) Astronomical tables And the Rubaiyat Death: Date: 1123 CE Place: Nishapur, Persia (Iran) More Information: Click below Biography (by Edward J. Fitzgerald) Philosophy 1998, Vancouver Canada, 1999 - 2002, Los Angeles, CA You may use any part presented herein for non-commercial purposes only, on the condition of giving full credit to the author and to this home page, including a hyperlink, if you wish to use these material over the Internet. This page was last updated on Tuesday, September 21, 1999

5. Account Expired Details on the life of this 11th century Persian poet. Britannica Online subscribers can access a translation of the Rubaiyat. http://www.stanford.edu/~yuri/Omar/omar.html

Account Expired Sorry, the Leland account for /~yuri has expired and those pages are no longer being served by this webserver. When students or staff leave the university, their Leland accounts are removed. That means that their web pages will no longer be available. We don't have any information on the new location of a user's web page, or even whether they currently have one somewhere. One place you might try looking for them is at the Stanford Alumni Association Also, you could try searching via some of the large search sites such as Google WhoWhere Lycos Infoseek ... Excite

6. Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam Read the bio and philosophy of this C11th Persian poet, find translations of his works, or view images designed to accompany the "Rubaiyat." http://www.promotionalguide.com/ok

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7. Omar Khayyam - The Persian Poet This site is dedicated to the eleventh early twelfth century poet omar khayyam. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/5568/

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8. Omar Khayyam On Cubics Questions and answers regarding algebra and geometry. http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath448.htm

Omar Khayyam on Cubics Return to MathPages Main Menu

9. Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam, At Everypoet.com The Rubaiyat (an English translation) presented in a pleasant, readable format. http://www.everypoet.com/archive/poetry/Omar_Khayyam/omar_khayyam_contents.htm

Poetry of Omar Khayyam The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam poetry free-for-all all-poetry encyclopedia poetry showcase ... Advertise Here!

10. Omar Al-Khayyam, 1044-1123 C.E. Bertrand Russell remarks that omar khayyam was the only man known to him who was both a poet and a mathematician. He was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer, and was also well known as a poet, philosopher, and physician. http://users.erols.com/zenithco/khayyam.html

OMAR AL-KHAYYAM (1044 - 1123 C.E.) by Dr. A. Zahoor Click here to proceed

11. Rubbayat Of Omar Khayyam - Index - IntraText CT Edward FitzGerald translation. Full text, with concordances and word frequency lists. http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0044.htm

Index Help Words Alphabetical Frequency Inverse Length ... IntraText Library The Rubbayat of Omar Khayyam Translated into English in 1859 by Edward FitzGerald II IntraText Edition CT 2002 - See also: Credits IntraText CT is the hypertextualized text together with wordlists and concordances. Overview Lists Concordances Glossary ... For easier reading... - Index - Statistics and graphs (Occurrences: 3034. Words: 1086) Credits Printed source Not available Source of the electronic transcription Internet ETML tagging

12. Omar Khayyam (abu-l-Fath Omar Ibn Ibrahim Khayyam) - Mathematics And omar khayyam (abul-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam) - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts http://math.truman.edu/~thammond/history/OmarKhayyam.html

Omar Khayyam (abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam) - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts To expand search, see The Islamic World . Laterally related topics: The Hindu-Arabic Numerals Abu Abdullah Muhammed ibn Musa al Khwarizmi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi , and Abu Kamil (b. 850) The Mathematics and the Liberal Arts pages are intended to be a resource for student research projects and for teachers interested in using the history of mathematics in their courses. Many pages focus on ethnomathematics and in the connections between mathematics and other disciplines. The notes in these pages are intended as much to evoke ideas as to indicate what the books and articles are about. They are not intended as reviews. However, some items have been reviewed in Mathematical Reviews , published by The American Mathematical Society. When the mathematical review (MR) number and reviewer are known to the author of these pages, they are given as part of the bibliographic citation. Subscribing institutions can access the more recent MR reviews online through MathSciNet Biggs, N. L. The roots of combinatorics.

13. Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat - Philological Translation And Commentary The site presents a research book on the whole poetry of omar khayyam. It is a selection of three hundred quatrains, their philological (literal) translations in Bulgarian and English, transliteration and elaborate comments. http://firetin.internet-bg.net/khayyam/door.htm

This site presents a special book about the poetry of Omar Khayyam - one of the most famous and loved poets of the Middle Ages If You are curious to find out what ideas disturbed the minds of the men of wisdom in the Early Middle Ages, or You are a connoisseur of eastern philosophy, or You love the Persian poetry - one of the most penatrating and richest in the world, or You admire the topics of beauty and wine, of love and meaning of life, or You appreciate the shining poetic brilliance of Omar Khayyam's verse, if you want to get in touch with all this or to contribute to its popularization, Then you have arrived at the right spot. See the page of Ivo Panov's book Omar Khayyam Volume 1 Rubaiyat

14. Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam By Omar Khayyam English translation (not Fitzgerald) with adjustable sized text and automatic bookmarking. http://www.classicbookshelf.com/library/omar_khayyam/rubaiyat_of_omar_khayyam/

Site Map Electronic Library Omar Khayyam Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam Use our free reading applet for easier e-reading. Choose the best combination of text size, spacing and color. You'll enjoy reading more with the right settings. Try it, click the Open button now. Would you prefer simple text instead? Choose a chapter link from this list. (You may find the applet better!) Introduction First Edition Fifth Edition Notes

15. Khayyam Biography of omar khayyam (1048-1122).Category Arts Literature Authors O omar khayyam......omar khayyam. Born 18 omar khayyam's full name was Ghiyath alDinAbu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami. A literal http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Khayyam.html

Omar Khayyam Born: 18 May 1048 in Nishapur, Persia (now Iran) Died: 4 Dec 1131 in Nishapur, Persia (now Iran) Click the picture above to see four larger pictures Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Omar Khayyam 's full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami. A literal translation of the name al-Khayyami (or al-Khayyam) means 'tent maker' and this may have been the trade of Ibrahim his father. Khayyam played on the meaning of his own name when he wrote:- Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science, Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned, The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life, And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing! Khayyam studied philosophy at Naishapur and one of his fellow students wrote that he was:- ... endowed with sharpness of wit and the highest natural powers ... However, this was not an empire in which those of learning, even those as learned as Khayyam, found life easy unless they had the support of a ruler at one of the many courts. Even such patronage would not provide too much stability since local politics and the fortunes of the local military regime decided who at any one time held power. Khayyam himself described the difficulties for men of learning during this period in the introduction to his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (see for example [1]):- I was unable to devote myself to the learning of this algebra and the continued concentration upon it, because of obstacles in the vagaries of time which hindered me; for we have been deprived of all the people of knowledge save for a group, small in number, with many troubles, whose concern in life is to snatch the opportunity, when time is asleep, to devote themselves meanwhile to the investigation and perfection of a science; for the majority of people who imitate philosophers confuse the true with the false, and they do nothing but deceive and pretend knowledge, and they do not use what they know of the sciences except for base and material purposes; and if they see a certain person seeking for the right and preferring the truth, doing his best to refute the false and untrue and leaving aside hypocrisy and deceit, they make a fool of him and mock him.

16. References For Khayyam References for omar khayyam. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography(New York 19701990). DS Kasir, The Algebra of omar khayyam, trans. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Khayyam.html

References for Omar Khayyam Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: J L Coolidge, The mathematics of the great amateurs (Oxford, 1949). J N Crossley, The emergence of number (Singapore, 1980). D S Kasir, The Algebra of Omar Khayyam, trans. from Arabic C H Mossaheb, Hakim Omare Khayyam as an Algebraist (Tehran, 1960). Sources and Studies in the History of Arabic Mathematics (Aleppo, 1981). B A Rozenfel'd and A P Yushkevich, Omar Khayyam (Russian), Akademija Nauk SSSR Izdat. 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1965). R Rashed, The development of Arabic mathematics : between arithmetic and algebra (London, 1994). R Rashed, (Paris, 1984). S G Tirtha, The Nectar of Grace, Omar Khayyam's Life and Works (Allahbad, 1941). Articles: Texas J. Sci. R C Archibald, Notes on Omar Khayyam (1050-1122) and recent discoveries, Pi Mu Epsilon J. A V Dorofeeva, Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) (Russian), Mat. v Shkole (2) (1989), i, 145-147. A E-A Hatipov, Omar Khayyam and Newton's binomial (Russian), Trudy Samarkand. Gos. Univ. (N.S.)

17. Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam Some verses in Persian, German, and three English versions (including Fitzgerald). Plus biography. http://www.OKonLife.com

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Life Poetry Picture Gallery Links ... Support This Site Also visit A Tribute to Rumi Divan-e Hafiz Zarathushtra Shahriar Shahriari ... Join Shahriar's e-mail list 1998, Vancouver Canada, 1999 - 2002, Los Angeles, CA You may use any part presented herein for non-commercial purposes only, on the condition of giving full credit to the author and to this home page, including a hyperlink, if you wish to use these material over the Internet. - This page was last updated on Saturday, October 06, 2001

18. Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam Some verses in Persian, German, and three English versions (including Fitzgerald). Plus biography.Category Arts Literature Authors O omar khayyam......Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam includes omar khayyam's poetry in its originallanguage as well as in English. Rubaiyat of omar khayyam. http://www.okonlife.com/

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Life Poetry Picture Gallery Links ... Support This Site Also visit A Tribute to Rumi Divan-e Hafiz Zarathushtra Shahriar Shahriari ... Join Shahriar's e-mail list 1998, Vancouver Canada, 1999 - 2002, Los Angeles, CA You may use any part presented herein for non-commercial purposes only, on the condition of giving full credit to the author and to this home page, including a hyperlink, if you wish to use these material over the Internet. - This page was last updated on Saturday, October 06, 2001

19. B.H. Far's Treasures Of Persian Literature English translations of Gulistan of Saadi, Bustan of Saadi, Robaiyyat of Hafez, Ghazal (Sonnets) of Hafez, Masnavie-Ma'navi (spiritual couplets of Rumi), Robaiyyat (Quatrains) of omar khayyam and Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. Famous Persian poems are also available. http://www.enel.ucalgary.ca/People/far/hobbies/iran/

Welcome to Persian Classic Literature WWW Page. This is a collection of world famous Persian literature in the original form and/or English translation. I f you want to know more about Iran, please visit Iran: Country of The Nobles page. This is a collection of articles related Iran. I've arranged and compiled this material in order to answer to many questions I've been asked, related to Iranian culture and customs, together with introducing a few interesting sites to visit. It may give you a better idea of Iran and its cultural inherits. P lease visit Picture Gallery and The Persian Art of Visual Poetry (Miniature) for a collection of pictures of various places in Iran and an exhibition of Persian paintings. I f you are interested in Persian classic literature, please visit Robaiyyat (Quatrains) of Omar Khayyam (in Persian). Also come and enjoy Ghazal (Sonnets) of Hafez (in Persian) and Couplets of Parvin Etesami (in Persian). E nglish translation of Gulistan of Saadi Bustan of Saadi Masnavi-e-Ma'navi (spritual couplets of Rumi), Robaiyyat (Quatrains) of Omar Khayyam and Shahnameh of Ferdowsi , famous Persian poems are also available.

20. INSAP3 Excerpts and commentary with reproductions of some of Elihu Vedder's illustrations. http://www.minaret.org/INSAP3.htm

ASTRONOMICAL REFERENCES IMAD-AD-DEAN AHMAD Minaret of Freedom Institute 4323 Rosedale Avenue Bethesda, MD 20814 USA Delivered to the Third International Conference on the Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena, Mondell, Sicily, January, 2001 ABSTRACT. Omar Khayyam was both an astronomer and a poet. We examine the astronomical references in different translations of his poetry and in Elihu Vedder's illustrations of the first American edition of Edward Fitzgerald's famous translation as the takeoff points for discussing the controversy as to the meaning of his poetry and the differences in culture between 11th-century Iran where he wrote them and 19th-century Britain and America where Fitzgerald and Vedder respectively were born. Coming from a society in which science and religion are viewed as antagonists, Fitzgerald misconstrued Omar’s poetry as a materialist diatribe against religious belief. Like all great poetry, Omar’s verse is so deep and so rich in meaning that it can be understood on many different levels and in different ways. Thus, many people from atheists to Christian clerics, from materialists to mystics, have professed that Omar is one of them. Speaking as an astronomer, I can say without fear of contradiction, that Omar was definitely "one of us." For that reason it is appropriate for this meeting to take a look at the astronomical allusions in his poetry and compare how their interpretation is affected by cultural context. I here focus on the literary translations of the Iranian-American scholar Ahmad Saidi (1991) and the British poet Edward Fitzgerald and the artistic interpretations of the American artist Elihu Vedder who illustrated the first American edition of the Rubaiyat (Fitzgerald 1884). Given the location of this conference, I should mention that Vedder executed his illustrations during his lengthy stay in Italy in the early 1880’s. My research has also been informed by reviewing a number of literal translations, notably those of Graves and Ali-Shah (1967) and Arberry (1952).

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