21. Think 3-2 An Overview An overview of three fundamental reasoning formalisms in artificial intelligence which can and have been used in modelling legal reasoning. These formalisms are deductive, inductive and analogical reasoning. http://cwis.kub.nl/~fdl/research/ti/docs/think/3-2/zelez.htm

Instituut voor Taal- en Kennistechnologie Institute for Language Technology and Artificial Intelligence An Overview of Some Reasoning Formalisms as Applied to Law Dan Hunter CLAIR Project, Law School University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia 3052 E-mail: dah@rumpole.law.unimelb.edu.au John Zeleznikow Visiting Fellow, ITK, Tilburg University P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg The Netherlands CLAIR Project, Database Research Laboratory Applied Computing Research Institute La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria Australia E-mail: johnz@latcs1.lat.oz.au Introduction In this paper we provide an overview of three fundamental reasoning formalisms in artificial intelligence which can and have been used in modelling legal reasoning. These formalisms are deductive, inductive and analogical reasoning. We do not insist that legal decision support systems must incorporate all three formalisms; however it is our belief that truly intelligent systems will eventually incorporate at least these three. There are of course many other artificial intelligence approaches which may be useful in legal decision support systems, but which have yet to be fully exploited in law. We will mention these in our conclusion and indicate where we believe they might be used, but focus in this paper on those approaches which are currently well established in law. We begin by giving a discussion of deductive systems and in particular how they have been used in legal decision support systems. We show how rules can be used to represent both statutory material and case law. We then consider reasoning with cases directly, and focus on induction. Then we examine the use that lawyers make of analogy, and how we may build systems which perform analogical reasoning. We conclude with a discussion of how researchers have gone about integrating the formalisms previously discussed. But before we begin, we need to agree on a common definition of deduction, induction and analogy. While many would dispute aspects of these definitions, we will nonetheless use them in the context of this paper since we believe they are the most useful definitions when working in the legal domain.

22. MachineBrain Robots, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, AI, And Kits. Directory of robots and artificial intelligence (AI). Information on cyborgs, androids, BattleBots and robotic toys. http://www.machinebrain.com/

MACHINEBRAIN.COM Calendar of Upcoming Robot Events Add a Website to the Robot Directory Robotics Forum Robotics Classified Ads ... Random Link Operator's Instructions Add Your URL Modify Your URL Submit an Article Send a News Release ... About MachineBrain New Honda ASIMO Features Intelligence Technology Tokyo, December 5, 2002 - Honda Motor Co., Ltd. has released a new model of its intelligent humanoid robot ASIMO which is capable of interpreting the postures and gestures of humans and moving independently in response. ASIMO's ability to interact with humans has advanced significantly - it can greet approaching people, follow them, move in the direction they indicate, and even recognize their faces and address them by name. Go to article. Military Robots Well Trained for War In future wars, robots may drop from the sky by the hundreds from unmanned aircraft, swarming like giant insects over battlefields in coordinated, terrifying assaults. Read article Diagram: How land robots maneuver in combat missions Links Directory General Robotics General Animatronics BEAM Robotics ... General Sponsors Evolution Robotics ER-1 - The world's first autonomous personal robot Rogue Robotics - Where's your Blue?

23. Damjan Bojadziev: Mind Versus Gödel Compares the mind to advanced computers and artificial intelligence, as Goedel would possibly view them. http://nl.ijs.si/~damjan/g-m-c.html

Damjan Bojadziev in M. Gams , M. Paprzycki and X. Wu (eds.), Mind Versus Computer IOS Press 1997, pp. 202-210 Slightly edited version, with added links, derived from , published in the special issue of Informatica , vol. 19, no. 4, Nov. 1995, pp. 627-34, MIND not equal COMPUTER Introduction Self-reference in Implications Non-implications Formal models of the mind The basic incompleteness argument Mind over machine omega:1 Reflexive sequences of reflexive theories Self-reference in computers Self-reference in minds Conclusion References Introduction At first sight, the designation of the topic of this special issue, "MIND <> COMPUTER", also transcribed as "Mind NOT EQUAL Computer", looks like a piece of computer ideology, a line of some dogmatic code. But there are as yet no convincing artificial animals, much less androids, and computers are not yet ready for the unrestricted Turing test. Although they show a high degree of proficiency in some very specific tasks, computers are still far behind humans in their general cognitive abilities. Much more, and in much more technical detail, is known about computers than about humans and their minds. Thus, the required comparison between minds and computers does not even seem possible, much less capable of being stated in such a simple formula. incompleteness might be called, following [Hofstadter 79, p. 468] and [Mendelson 64, p. 147], essential incompleteness.

24. Computer Science Department, University Of Regina Department of Computer Science. Major research areas include artificial intelligence, graphics, image processing, expert systems, mathematical software and modeling, distributed computing, and theory of computation. http://www.cs.uregina.ca/

U N I V E R S I T Y O F R E G I N A The University of Regina's B.Sc. and B.Sc. Honours degrees in Computer Science have been accredited by the Canadian Information Processing Society's (CIPS) Computer Science Accreditation Council (CSAC). The CSAC works with academic institutions to ensure that educational programs prepare students for the demands of the Computing and Information Systems profession. Completion of accredited computer information systems programs, assist graduates in pursuing the Information Systems Professional of Canada (I.S.P.) designation. More information about CIPS and the professional certification program can be obtained at http://www.cips.ca or (905) 602-1370. This WWW page is an official communication of the University of Regina. Best viewed with a 1024x768 High Color (16 or 24 bit) resolution. If you experience any problems with this server, please email webmaster@cs.uregina.ca Last Modified: Tuesday, 25-Feb-2003 09:18:55 CST Credit: Template and some images used in this web site courtesy of Art for the Web The template has been modified by the author of this web site.

25. Computer Science And Artificial Intelligence In COGS Computer Science and artificial intelligence Subject Group. Research interests Foundations of Computing; Natural Language Processing; HumanCentred Computing Technology; Evolutionary and Adaptive Systems; Neural Computation; Computer Vision and Medical Imaging. http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/csai/

26. Applied Intelligence: Home Page A consultancy specialising in realworld applications of artificial intelligence and data mining. http://www.applied-intelligence.co.uk/

The Company Technologies Projects Case studies ... Contact Real world applications of artificial intelligence Business intelligence through data mining and knowledge-based systems: - consultancy in intelligent systems technologies - business analysis and requirements collection - systems design and methodology definition - e-commerce applications development Informed, independent advice and support.

27. Advanced Stock Technical Analysis, Prediction And Trading Software Stock technical analysis and trading system based on advanced artificial intelligence http://www.deepinsight.com

Home Products Download Order Significantly Enhanced V8.1 Released ! Free Upgrade for All V8 Users Click for Details For a long time, charting has been the main technical analysis approach. It needs many years of experience to be successful. Now, DeepInsight can learn all that intelligence and much more in a few minutes by combining statistical analysis with Neural Networks . It is far more accurate, powerful and objective than traditional technical analysis. DeepInsight analyzes stocks from different aspects and is able to catch good buy or sell opportunities in real time or daily basis. With DeepInsight you'll never miss major trends in both directions. Making a trading decision is a complex issue. By using its intelligent Expert System, DeepInsight automatically accumulates profitable trading patterns, analyzes the effectiveness of various indicators and trading strategies. The Expert System then makes optimal trading recommendations by taking all related information into account. With the best principle and technology, DeepInsight offers unparalleled and consistent

28. International Symposiums On Artificial Intelligence And Mathematics 7th International Symposium. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA; 24 January 2002. http://rutcor.rutgers.edu/~amai/

International Symposiums on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics Fort Lauderdale, Florida Next Meeting Eighth International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 2004 To be announced ... Past Meetings 7th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 2002 6th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 2000 5th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 1998 4th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 1996 3rd International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 1994 2nd International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 1992 1st International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics, 1990

29. CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository Collection of files, programs, publications, of interest to artificial intelligence researchers, educators, students, practitioners. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/repository.html

CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository Notice - the official home of the comp.ai Artificial Intelligence FAQ is now at UCLA. These pages are kept for reference purposes only. UCLA AI FAQ The CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository was established by Mark Kantrowitz in 1993 to collect files, programs and publications of interest to Artificial Intelligence researchers, educators, students, and practitioners. CMU AI Repository WWW Interface Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition (HTML Version) Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM) Other Major AI Resources Entry Submission Form The Artificial Intelligence Repository gratefully acknowledges the support of Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science Prime Time Freeware , and ACM SIGART Snapshots of this repository are available on CD-ROM as Prime Time Freeware for AI http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/air.html /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/html/air.html AI.Repository@cs.cmu.edu Last modified: July 8, 1999 16:14:13 EDT

30. Our Molecular Future By Douglas Mulhall; Prometheus Books, 2002, ISBN 1573929921. Examines vast potential of new technologies to help us cope with many problems. Site has table of contents, excerpts, news release. Prometheus Books Publishers http://www.ourmolecularfuture.com/

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31. Site Officiel D’A.I. Site officiel fran§ais du film de Steven Spielberg avec Jude Law et Haley Joel Osment. http://www.ai-lefilm.com/

var javascript_version = 1.0; Informations légales/de protection de la vie privée pour ce site

32. Eric Brill's Home Page Johns Hopkins University Empirical natural language processing, speech recognition, spoken language systems, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Lexical disambiguation, parsing, classifier combination, spelling correction, language modelling. http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~brill

Eric Brill's Home Page I am no longer at Johns Hopkins. I have moved to Sunny Seattle to join the Natural Language Group at Microsoft Research. To contact me: *E-mail You can access my Microsoft web page HERE HERE HERE HERE HERE HERE HERE You can still get my tagger HERE RESEARCH The primary goal of my research is to make information access and the use of computing devices a natural and painless task. As a step towards this goal, we are trying to make computers proficient at processing human language. We are pursuing a line of research that falls under the rubric of Empirical Natural Language Processing: trying to get a computer to automatically or semi-automatically learn linguistic and world knowledge from on-line resources. I am the co-editor of a recent special issue of AI Magazine on this topic, which has some excellent introductory articles for anybody who wants to learn more about this field. I am on the editorial board of Computational Linguistics , and the Journal for Artificial Intelligence Research . I have also served as the program committee chair for: the 1996 International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-96) Session on Corpus-Based Language Processing, the 1996 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (Sponsored by the Association for Computational Linguistics) and the 1995 Speech Recognition Symposium, Corpus-Based NLP Session. I served as a

33. Chinese Room Argument [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Article by Larry Hauser, on Searle's wellknown thought experiment opposing the possibility of artificial intelligence. The argument and several counterarguments are considered. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chineser.htm

The Chinese Room Argument The Chinese room argument - John Searle's (1980a) thought experiment and associated (1984) derivation - is one of the best known and widely credited counters to claims of artificial intelligence (AI), i.e., to claims that computers do or at least can (someday might) think. According to Searle's original presentation, the argument is based on two truths: brains cause minds , and syntax doesn't suffice for semantics . Its target, Searle dubs "strong AI": "according to strong AI," according to Searle, "the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind, rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states" (1980a, p. 417). Searle contrasts "strong AI" to "weak AI". According to weak AI, according to Searle, computers just simulate thought, their seeming understanding isn't real (just as-if) understanding, their seeming calculation as-if calculation, etc.; nevertheless, computer simulation is useful for studying the mind (as for studying the weather and other things).

34. Udine, University Of Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. Research areas include databases, software engineering, medical informatics, artificial intelligence, programming languages, formal methods, robotics, and computer vision. http://www.dimi.uniud.it/

DiMI Statistiche di accesso Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at University of Udine Welcome to our Web Site! The Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Udine is devoted to basic and applied research in the areas of Mathematics, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. The Department runs several programs for graduate students and offers various services to undergraduate students for their thesis work and projects for advanced courses. General Info Services News Research ... Internet World For any information about this Site, please contact DiMI WebMaster

35. Eric Hansen's Home Page Mississippi State University artificial intelligence, planning and reasoning under uncertainty, and resource-bounded computing. http://www.cs.msstate.edu/~hansen

36. Index Page 26 December 2002 in Canberra, Australia. Workshops, tutorials, invited speakers, call for papers, topics, registration and accommodation information. http://www.cs.adfa.edu.au/~abbass/AI02/

These pages best viewed with Internet Explorer v4 or later 15th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Canberra - Australia December 2nd - 6th, 2002 Essential Information AI'02 is a forum for exchanging results on research and applications in Artificial Intelligence. Theory and technology presented at AI'02 are of interest to researchers and practitioners who want to know about both theoretical advances and the latest applied developments in Artificial Intelligence. The conference technical program can found here [ PDF HTML AI'02 is affiliated with ALife 8: The 8th International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems Conference Information AI'02 will be co-located with: The 6th Australia-Japan Joint Workshop on Intelligent and Evolutionary Systems The Australasian Workshop on Computational Logic (AWCL) The Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Logic (AAL) Call for workshops and tutorials Deadline for workshops and tutorials: 31-May-2002 Submission of proposals should be sent to ai02.events@cs.adfa.edu.au

37. Prolog For Artificial Intelligence Programming With The AI4U Textbook Open Source AI projects in Prolog. http://mind.sourceforge.net/prolog.html

Summon a Robot AI Mind into your presence with Prolog for AI Textbook Software by A.T. Murray based on a Theory of Mind 1. Overview and Brain-Mind Diagram for Artificial Intelligence Programming in Prolog See the mindloop.html diagram of how the AI is coded in software. 2. Prolog AI Projects on SourceForge PESS - Prolog Expert System Shell is a project with an Inference Machine driven by a Knowledge Base (KB), and may therefore share knowledge-base theory and practice with the AI Mind project that implements a Knowledge Base. http://sourceforge.net/projects/pess/ is the summary page. Prolog Image Processing may eventually provide visual sensory input for an AI Mind written in Prolog. http://sourceforge.net/projects/proimpro/ is the summary page. 3. Implementing a Consensus AI Theory The artificial Mind diagrammed above has already been released at http://sourceforge.net/projects/mind in the Artificial Intelligence category. Although many of the hundreds of Open Source AI projects at Sourceforge are technically more advanced than the Mind project and show far better programming skills than is evident in the Forth and JavaScript AI Mind code

38. Department Of Cybernetics And Artificial Intelligence Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia. http://www.tuke.sk/kkui/kkui-a.html

Department at a Glance Address Management Activities at a Glance Annual Reports Personnel Directory and Home Pages PhD. Students Directory and Home Pages Education Courses Research Groups Projects Publications Conferences 2. Euro-International Symposium on Computational Intelligence (E-ISCI) 2002 1. E-ISCI 2000 IEEE Conference INES 1999 Please e-mail us with any comments, suggestions, or problems Editor: Jan Paralic, Contact: paralic@tuke.sk Last change: February 9, 2000

39. Artificial Intelligence [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Describing the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computers. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/artintel.htm

Artificial Intelligence As a theory in the philosophy of mind, artificial intelligence (or AI) is the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computing machinery. Accordingly, an intelligent system is nothing but an information processing system. Discussions of AI commonly draw a distinction between weak and strong AI. Weak AI holds that suitably programmed machines can simulate human cognition. Strong AI, by contrast, maintains that suitably programmed machines are capable of cognitive mental states. The weak claim is unproblematic, since a machine which merely simulates human cognition need not have conscious mental states. It is the strong claim, though, that has generated the most discussion, since this does entail that a computer can have cognitive mental states. In addition to the weak/strong distinction, it is also helpful to distinguish between other related notions. First, cognitive simulation is when a device such as a computer simply has the same the same input and output as a human. Second, cognitive replication occurs when the same internal causal relations are involved in a computational device as compared with a human brain. Third, cognitive

40. Mind.Forth AI4U Program For Robot Artificial Intelligence Robot AI (in Win32Forth) based on an original theory of mind. http://mind.sourceforge.net/mind4th.html

Summon the Tutorial AI Mind into your presence with The Robot AI Mind (with Programmer and User Manual You do not need to know Forth to bring the Robot AI Mind to life. You do need to download Win32Forth by Tom Zimmer et al. from ftp://ftp.taygeta.com/pub/Forth/Compilers/native/windows/Win32For/ http://home.planet.nl/~josv/w32for42_671.exe http://sourceforge.net/projects/win32forth or ftp://pweb.netcom.com/users/zforth onto your hard disk. The Mind.f source code below has been updated to conform with Since the JavaScript AI has become the instantly accessible "teaching" version of the AI Mind, the original Forth version as updated below no longer caters primarily to the human user and no longer contains tutorial material. On the contrary, the AI-centric Mind.Forth software is being coded as if for the sake of the AI or robot itself evolving towards full civil rights on a par with human beings and towards superintelligence beyond any human IQ (intelligence quotient). Because memory space and other implementational options are limited in the hardware of an autonomous mobile robot, the tutorial burden

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